And it was one of the primary engines of industry in the city. It has a legacy going all the way up to the present. Ok, cspan, you ready . Thomas j. Brown is a professor of history at the university of south carolina. He not only got his ba and phd from harvard. He also got his law degree. Despite the severe temptation i will spare you law your jokes. We are so ecumenical in this invite lawyersn to participate. More important than his professional credentials is dr. Browns expertise in all varieties of Civil War Monuments , and his discussions and in his discussions about the details of this program said that dr. Brown is the ultimate utility player in this field. Your Program Notes of many of his book publications including his most recent book civil of confederates memory in south carolina. Aat is canon with one n, not boom cannon. The publictoday is art of civil war commemoration a brief history with documents. I expect he will have an opportunity to share his wide expertise on Civil War Monuments, but for now his formal presentation is entitled the invention of the american Soldier Monument. The invention of the american Soldier Monument. Ladies and gentlemen, dr. Tom brown. [applause] dr. Brown thank you for that very kind introduction. Thanks to the American Civil War involvedd the center in this program. Dedication orders like to declare the common Soldier Monument formed a tradition that dated back to antiquity, but there are relatively few precedents and europe or the United States for what became so common after the civil war. That is monuments where rankandfile soldiers lay buried or monuments put up by communities are institutions went to war. To the best of my knowledge, none of the american precedents predates the obelisk in massachusetts, installed on the town green, inscribed with the names of local residents who died a quarter of a century earlier in the opening engagement of the revolutionary war. Almost four decades passed before the town of concorde placed a similar outlets, which gained National Attention through Ralph Waldo Emersons dedicatory program. Where once the embattled farmers stood and fire world. Heard round the the biblical allusions promise it is worth noting that emerson refers to battle farmers. Farmers, not soldiers were the freetypical citizens of postrevolution america. The chosen people of god if he ever had edges and people. Even the most famous monument the war trade a diffidence toward soldiers. The granite shaft marks a place notable history. It did not single out for recognition the men bury there who had been buried in common trenches, as almost all common soldiers were to that point. The bunker till monument was also unsatisfactory to many aged survivors. They tended to see the project as a grandiose of his case and of public disregard for the ordinary folk who had filled the ranks. Ast sense of the monument fundamentally hypocritical was central to Herman Melville from which herael potter, published in 1855, which he began with a dedication to to his highness, the bunker hill monument. The contrast illustrated the republican tradition of iconoclasm through its well though it is well summarized by a jeffersonian congressman who declared in 1800 since the envision of types, monuments are good for nothing. Republican iconoclasm referred to of types, monuments are good for nothing. Citizen soldiers. The mexican war. Trends in urban planning, the mobilization of history and sectional politics all looked at an uptick in american politics in the 1850s. A National Leading magazines skeptically observed as the editor put it the truth is the genius of our people does not incline them to monuments or s. Mmemorative statue the civil war did not preordained the response to the war. Neither did that response stem directly from northern or Southern Experience in the war. The was wide latitude for experimentation, memorials separately billed with a highly thattralized process constitute a series of debates over the meaning of the war and the future of the postwar nation. Historical firsts can often unimportant,ng or tributes to the local dead outlined some of the key ways in which postwar monuments precedent ando wartime experience. The person behind the First Cemetery monument was thoroughly steeped in the most extensive mid 19th century system to come, whose german remembrance of the wars of liberation trained at the military academy, he became a leader of mark oracle antimonarchical traditions. He charged the crown had subverted the peoples army that arose in resistance to napoleon. War memorials were an important example for the usually affirmed allegiance to the king rather than voluntarism. Young radicals mocked and sometimes vandalized these monuments. The editor of a socialist magazine in new york city was externally wellprepared to command a germanspeaking and thisegiment included a readiness to develop a different kind of war memorial after 13 men of his unit died in their first engagement in december 1861. The surviving members of the unit of individual graves were their comrades, making an informal Soldiers Cemetery than anticipated one of the major cultural innovations of the the National Military cemeteries established at gettysburg, pennsylvania, arlington, virginia, and about 70 other spots by 1871. A stonecutter in the 32nd indiana carved a limestone monument near the graves that declared in german that the men gave their lives for the free institutions of the republic. It listed not only the names, but the birthplaces and birth dates of each followed soldier. As aonument serves resource for unit cohesion while in winter camp. On a cold sunday morning in february 1862, he gathered his men around the monument and delivered a long lecture on the basis of socialism. We probably should not exaggerate the foundations of but comradesory, accounted for many of the early War Memorials and had a huge impact on the civilian imagination as well. The First Community monument resulted from the joint efforts of the minister and photographer whose study offered a tremendously popular new heading for young men off to their possible debts. Theyafter the collaborated on a book very much in the vein of melvilles israel potter in stressing how america had ignored is military veterans. And we might think of it as an antibunker hill monument. For the kensington dead. Remember the bodies of the rank and file rarely returned home. Those innovative National Military cemeteries eventually received three fourths of all union dead who were buried in all sorts of improvisational ways during the war. An important audience for kensingtons gesture was potential volunteers. Theugh the monument, families. Upport for the monument was dedicated shortly after congress enacted the enrollment act of 1863 which put pressure on municipalities from the north to find more volunteers or else face of federal draft. The system of prodding localities with the process of requirement of recruitment was not Genuine National conscription. Than 2 million men who served in the army, only about 50,000 work on scripts, on the order of 2 . That is because northern 5icipalities spent about million in recruitment incentives. They encouraged enlistment, but lots of monuments were the cap stands for recruitment and results. This mediated between personal local memories of individuals and public powers. Before we move from the wartime president s into the postwar era, i want to stress that the republican iconoclasm that we saw did not die in the civil war. The town of wayland, massachusetts reasserted the superiority of the renting press by part renting press by listing the individual soldier acting press by listing the individual soldiers rather than a town monument. Weell wrote are not a military people wrote wean howell are not a military people. It followed that proliferation of Soldier Monuments would misrepresent us in our age to posterity. Hes adjusted instead memorial fountains, chapels, libraries, school houses, town halls. Ofignificant percentage communities follow this line of thinking through the 1860s and 1970s in massachusetts, the state that took the early lead and commemorations of the war. Halls situated soldiers sacrifices within a broader field of education and civic action. Producted virtue as a of what they had learned in civilian institutions. The building of harvard Memorial Hall was an important moment in the post world takeoff of universities. Universities were institutions where the postwar north announced where it was heading, most notably in the institutions established after the postwar memorial act. Harvard Memorial Hall was a new model for a financial vision of higher education. The building was primarily a dining hall, large enough to accommodate fundraising dinners for the alumni who were playing an increasingly prominent role in universitys support. The architecture of Memorial Hall candidly declared an aim to and cambridge as a national university. At the same time, the decision monument express the antimilitary sentiment that ells had articulated. The dedication order was Charles Francis adams senior, president of the alumni society, and welcome the wartime minister chewing with. Adams personified the diplomacy and arbitration that had avoided possible war between the United States and britain as an offshoot of the civil war. Adams devoted his address to the irony that the universities should consecrate such an elaborate war memorial when it did not include military instructions in its expanding curricular ambitions. The schools dead deserved honor, he said, not because its young men and barks in military its young men embarked in military enterprises. It was a Police Action. An Unlikely Police action, but a Police Action unlikely to require repetition. Moreial buildings were far expensive. Moreover, proponents of monuments argued that the alternatives failed to function substitute graves for bodies that did not come home, which were so numerous. Then, too, a significant proportion of monuments like the famous hollywood pyramid were as cement taps. Ther as some attacks or whether as great markers, it was important because it gave rise to a Remarkable National ritual, more real day, i ritual celebrated around the country memorial day, a ritual celebrated around the corner at the decoration of soldiers graves and monuments that stood in for soldiers graves. The Military Cemetery and the Soldier Monuments where link linked, building on the sensational enthusiasm for cemeteries built outside boston in 1831 and, as illustrated here in richmond, by the opening of Hollywood Cemetery in 1849. Like the decision whether to Memorial Hall or monument, was the decision was made to go with a monument, it was highly decentralized into hundreds of local cases, thousands of local cases, most of which involve negotiation among different interested groups. The listing of fallen was sos names immediate that many municipalities decided there was nothing else necessary. A nearly unanimous judgment considered the inclusion of any other name inappropriate. The prominent minister brooks distinguished the dead from survivors with unusual candor when he indicated in in 1873 dedication speech he was glad to recall the scene of soldiers returning home, but only the names of the dead were written it waset because themselves they consecrated and a man is always more precious than his work or code the memorial is not so much a reminder of service as it was of loss. Designs of an early soldier statute also tended to come down more on the side of intimate relationships rather than national citizenship. The first turns out to be revealing mostly because it was not popular enough to attract imitation. The statue that sculptor Randolph Rogers made in italy for Spring Grove Cemetery in cincinnati failed to appreciate that northerners regarded themselves as a peaceable people drawn into a defensive war, rather than warriors advancing with rifles raised and bayonets fixed. Patriotic expat rogers did not comprehend the desperation with which americans feared disposable anonymity as a soldier of the line, the title an immense and impersonal army. Much more popular worthy work. Eses to rogers these were not aggressive or even a lurch figures. They were clearly contemplative, sharply downward. Mid19th century american sculpture was tenaciously narrative, and was studio published the presumably authorized report that the artist to pick did the soldier battle,he din of fatigue, dejected. Wandering alone, he comes upon moanraves of his new comrades and there he stops to muse. These monuments seized on a motif with a strong currency during and shortly after the war. Winslow homer shows as one of his major paintings of the war what whitman chose it for one of his major poems of the war in which the speaker happens across the hasty tree side grave of an unknown soldier inscribed bold, cautious, true, and my loving comrade. That epitaph, the image of directed atourner attention to what whitman called passionatel and attachment of mantoman. Alternatively you might think of pictures here of a soldiers in counter with a perhaps anonymous grave as a variation of the at renaissance theme of death is present even in arcadia. In the upside town upside down arcadia which was ubiquitous, the american landscape. Whether the soldier was mourning or meditating, whether he knew the debtor not, his presence inverted the convention that women were the caretakers of the dead and offered reassurance that the Community Response was spontaneous rather than conventional. Early soldier statues also corresponded with other cultural narratives of death. Popular because on flight all quiet on the made the picket aarding his fallen comrades popular figure. He was lost in his thoughts and was especially vulnerable to a unseen attack. The picket who guarded sleeping comrades also regarded these statue with a text monuments tried to realize in three dimensions. Theodore oharas poem of 1850 bivouac of the dead. The muffled drums have rolled their beat last tattoo and glory guards with solemn round the bivouac of the dead. Tablets withred these last lines. The trustees of Antietam National cemetery asked for a colossal statue of a soldier standing guard over the remains of the loyal dead. What wase versions of called the sentimental soldier. Between the National Mobilization and the popular insistence on dynamic relationships, a dynamic that applies to the north and the south, both of which are going with National Mobilizations and both have tensions with the supremacy of private relationships. It foreshadowed a different approach to Soldier Monuments. Theas not a component of union army. It was a state militia unit that established itself long before the war as one of the most prominent organizations of the manhattan elite. During the war of became a seabed for officers and thatteers, an organization was comprised of the union forces, much separate from the union army. Supporters believe that the wartime record refuted the common antebellum charges it was a home of elite dandy is him and political irresponsibly. Delete dandyism. Debatese prominently in. Public parks, and especially central parks were model institutions of the postwar nation like the university. Linkedard Memorial Hall class privilege to very organization of higher education, the seventh regiment memorial resonated social entitlement justified by martial virtues. It depicted what one critic called the ideal citizen shoulder, the man of culture, refinement, and social position whoer than the urban poor comprise the bulk of the regular army before, during, and after the war. One dedication the heroic man hood that one day can build cities or railways or lighten the seas with sales. With sails. Ward exhibited in his studio in 1869 was the first to be widely publicized as a soldier posed in the military stance known as parade rest. It was raised for it alert and active expression rather than many a sensitive remembrance of dead comrades. Remarkably the memorial failed to list the names of the men who died in the civil war. Also honored survivors of the war. Centennial showed how Civil War Monuments were reshaping the antebellum inheritance. It was giving way to an emphasis on the war for independence. Supplementation of the concorde obelisk was acord study. They shared a sense of the sentimentality associated with soldiers and anguished meditation. Both sculptors wanted to highlight instead the confident readiness of the volunteer. French had a lot more latitude to represent energetic action. Veterans were a much discussed social problem, frequently associated with psychological trauma, italy nation, alcoholism, and crime. They were the figure of the tram. Psychological trauma, alienation, alcoholism, and crime. They were the figure of the tramp. The scope for celebrating martial vigor expanded. The relationship between emphasizing social discipline assertive masculine force on the other hand became the key duality and later Civil War Monuments, replacing the earlier tension between public and private attachments. To of the main ways distinguish between early and later monuments is the way that they treated veterans. The monuments began to outnumber those who died in the war and the same change too