Womens baseball leagues. Her class is about an hour and ten minutes. All right, you guys ready to talk about world war ii on the home front . Last time you guys saw a part of a documentary called total war. I know some of those images were probably pretty gruesome. One of the reasons i show that to you is to give you a sense of what that concept total war means. I dont care what we were talking about, war is never about two armies fighting one another on a battlefield. It is allencompassing and i hi that video probably helped to show that. It gives you an opportunity to see and i think the news reels a remember at the beginning of the semester i told you guys my mantra. I dont know if you remember that or not. But its all about perspective. That he was how i teach, thats how i teach history, thats the my mantra when it comes to my own research and scholarship, its all about perspective. And when i talked to you about that at the beginning of the semester, i used world war ii to illustrate that. The imamgs you saw from the battlefield and from the bombing in europe, thats one perspective. If all you do is see that video, if all you do is hear the stories of the infantry men who were on the beaches in normandy. If all you do is talk about the impact of war on sailors, youre only getting one perspective and you really dont understand world war ii. You might understand one piece of that military history, but you dont really understand world war ii. Apps i said to you before, in order to really understand warp war 2, you have to look at world war ii from all different perspectives. In order to understand it, yes, its important to look at it through the eyes of that 20yearold marine on normandy. But its also important to look at it through the eyes of japanese americans. Through the eyes of women and africanamericans. You semimply cannot understand e total war impact unless you do that. So what were going to do today is sort of flesh that out a little bit. The greatest effect that war has on the people involved is change. In war time, change only curse, and that seems like a very simple statement, but it doesnt just occur on a global scale or a national scale. It changes us individually. It changes the wale. We see the world. It changes the way well are in the world. Whether were talking about world war ii or whether were talking about van or whether were talking about the war with iraq, people change as a result of war. And its not just the people pointing guns at one another. People change as a result of war. One of the most incredible changes and one theyve guerin teach you if you spend any time talking about or studying world war ii, i suspect this is not a change or piece it have that youve talked about but one of the most incredible changes is innoid, individual identity. The changes that happen to us as individuals. World war ii specific clip, aali bleach can you make this argument about any war but we happen to being talking about world war ii, world war ii enabled people to letter about each other, about other cultures, different races, ethnicities, cultures, genders. All of a sudden wering to similar things out in the world. Were working in similar jobs. We had a common enemy. That change was huge. And it was felt long after world war ii. War in general and specific clip world war ii for many women and africanamericans particularly was about gaining strength and mobt. From the beginning of this countrys history, women and first africans and then afternoon have always been limited in their mobility. War helped to change that. War was very much a door wave through which women ventured out of the homes where they had been and for africanamericans, it was a way to overcome the racism, at least temporarily. Now im not trying to suggest that, ah, thank god there was a war because now africanamericans and women have an opportunity to bust out and gain some ef quality. It was just the effects of war. It was a byproduct of war. Keeping in mind this idea of it all about perspective and this independent dethat of idea fo truly understand world war ii and to understand the total impact of the war, we have to look at individuals beep could spend the entire semester talking about the impactin of world war ii on africanamericans and certainly another semester talk about women. And were going to in a cls period or two, we were going to be april dressing the Civil Rights Movement, the modern Civil Rights Movement and well talk more specifically about the connections between world war ii and the modern Civil Rights Movements then. Ill going to spend a little time talking about the impact on africanamericans burke there will more on it when we got to the Civil Rights Movement. Evens have served valiantly in every single war on conflicted this first of all, prior to say 1941, there were fewer than 4,000 africanamericans serving in the military. And only 12, 12 africanamericans had become officers. Bip 1945 mo by 1945, more tha africanamericans were serving in the military, in the pacif , pacific, by 1945. We all have seen those images of what happened to recruiting stations after pearl harbor, havent we . After pearl harbor, after the United States was attacked by japan at pearl harbor, every young man, old man, middle age man, just about every man that could possibly do so went to a recruiting office and signed up. You dont get to attack us. Young men lied about their ages and got in. Old men lied about their ages and got in. Men who were probably physically not in. Men who were probably not physically capable lied and got in. And the same was true of africanamerican men. This was not just white men. It was everyone. Including some of those asianamerican men who were not taken too kindly. Africanamerican men joined in huge numbers. In huge numbers. Unfortunately, however, the segregation that was present in the United States at the time spilled over into military life. Africanamerican soldiers were given in many cases supplies that were maybe not up to snuff. They were given boots that didnt fit. Now, not always. Obviously im being very general to make a point. Sometimes the uniform did not fit and we did not want them in combat. They were expected to do kitchen work, supply, maintenance, transportation. Now this was in the beginning of the war at least. Many drove supplies during dday. How many of you have seen the movie saving private ryan . I mentioned this to you before but its a perfect image, that 30 minutes, that first 30 minutes of saving private ryan, horribly, horribly bloody and, as i understand it, fairly accurate portrayal. Theres a scene, a shot at the very end of that 30 minutes and its a shot thats down the beach. Theres no one talking and there are bodies littered everywhere. Off in the distance for just a few seconds you can see hot air balloons. Africanamerican men piloted hot air balloons over the beaches on dday. Im not sure which end to hold but i could shoot that down. Those are incredibly dangerous jobs, by the way, not really a movie critic here but i will say that appeared to be the only nod to africanamericans in Steven Spielbergs movie. The efforts of africanamericans were second to none. The bravery second to none, but those are the kinds of jobs they were given. It was invaluable. The information they were able to radio back from being at that Vantage Point very valuable. Very, very different. They loaded live ammunition. Still, we did not want them in, quote, combat. That started to change, as you can imagine, as the war continued. And we needed more and more men in battle. We started to include africanamericans in some of those ba talians. One of the things the armyair force did was recognize we needed more pilots. We needed people to protect fighters. We needed pilots who would fly supply missions. So a group of africanamerican pilots that became known as the it Tuskegee Airmen how many of you have seen the Tuskegee Airmen . A couple of really good movies about the Tuskegee Airmen. [ inaudible ] im sorry . Tuskegee, the it Tuskegee Airmen. They protected bombers over southern italy. They flew more than 15,000 missio missions. 66 it Tuskegee Airmen died in combat. Certainly the Tuskegee Airmen were not the only africanamerican men to serve valiantly during the war, but its the one most of us have heard of. Africanamerican men it continued to serve in every branch of the military. By the way, every branch of the military was segregated until 1948 when harry truman decided that was not appropriate. They served in segregated military units. They went off to war, they fought and they died for defensem democracy. Yep . [ inaudible ] 1948. They went off to war and they fought and they died for democracy. They fought and died for the United States yet they lived in a segregated world. Remember our conversations about jim crowe from the cradle to the grave. They lived in that segregated world. A man named a. Phillip randolph, the initial a. , phillip randolph. A. Phillip randolph was extremely important figure in the black community. And he said to africanamerican men, fight for freedom. If you fight for freedom, they cannot take away your freedom when you get home. He helped to institute something called the doublev campaign, v as in victory. It said victory overseas and equality at home. You cannot expect the United States of america to give you your freedom, your equality. Earn it. The message was, victory overseas and equality at home. The doublev campaign was put into place to help encourage aftricanamerican men and women to do their part during the war. It was a. Phillip randolph who convinced fdr that he needed to stop Racial Discrimination in job programs, in new deal job programs. He also went to fdr and he said, this doublev campaign, understand were willing to fight for our country but we expect you to fight for us when we get back. Africanamerican men served tirelessly in the United States military. And africanamerican women did their part, too, believe me. Were going to talk about the impact of world war ii on women in this country and talk specifically about some images that youve all seen. Most of these images are of white women because those are the women that the propagandists wanted us to see. Black women were very much a part of the war effort. Well talk about that in a little bit. For women life changed during world w world war ii like no other point in American History. Prior to world war ii if women worked outside the home, and many did its a misconception to think there was this perfect family of 2. 5 children and mom and dad and, you know, that was an image. Women often worked outside the home. And when they did, they worked in something called pink collar jobs. What is a pink collar job . What does that mean . Any ideas . Yeah . Something that would be suitable for a woman, quote unquote, for a woman to o do. Exactly. Suitable womens work. Now if you had to define that, what would that be . Whats an example of a pink collar job . Im sorry . Cleaning. What else . Making clothes. Seamstress. Exactly. What else . [ inaudible ] child care. Anything else . Nurses im sorry, go ahead. Waiting tables. Waiting tables. Service industry, acceptable womens work. What do you think is something all those jobs have in common aside from the fact theyre service jobs . Any ideas . Low pay. It was perfectly legal to pay women less money. Now may not be the time for me to have a conversation about pay equity today but it was certainly nowhere near equal in the 1940s. Womens work, its not career, its not a career. Its a job. One of those things women did before they got mayrried. Prior to world war ii, if women are working outside the home, they were working in these pink collar jobs. Certainly there were exceptions to that but not as many. After the war began, as you know, many, many women go to work in factories because so many men had gone off to war. We talked last week about the fact that it was fdrs move into war production that ultimately got us helped to get us out of the depression. That war production had to continue and especially after the United States had entered the war. So who is going to do that job . Well, some people suggested to the war department, what if we let women into the factories, what if we allow women to do those jobs . And the initial responsibilities was, no, no, no. Women are not going to get out of bed in the morning and go do these awful, dirty jobs. Well, as you know, that was not the case. Women answered the call just like men did and there are a lot of different ways women participated in the efforts in world war ii. One of them factory workers and well talk about that first. They were used, images of women were used as propaganda. Well talk about that as well and i have some images i want to show you. Women joined the army the Womens Army Corps and the womens corps. There were a lot of ways women participated in the war effort. The first one, as i said, the one most of us are familiar with and that is they went to work. They went it to work in factories. Youve all seen this image, havent you . This was a propaganda poster. We can do it. Propaganda was important in getting women to, quote, do their part. Many of you may even have grandparents or greatgrandparents who worked in the factories. Anybody have a Family Member who worked in the local factories . There were a number of those rosies who worked in this area. Most of these women who went off to work in the war industry at the beginning, anyway, were single women, often boyfriends or brothers or fathers or other Family Members had gone off to war. Industry, war industry, the shipping industry, all kinds of war industry reached out, they recruited women from everywhere. They sent out you know those posters, those uncle sam wants you, they did those kinds of posters directed at women. We need you to work. Go ahead, kaitlyn, and click to the next. Women answered the call in huge numbers. Think about this for a minute. These women and this is this really wonderful photograph of these women leaving i dont know what the factory is, but as you can tell theyre dressed like workers. These women had an opportunity for the first time in their lives. They left home. At this time women stayed home with their parents until they got married. And then they moved in, of course, with their husband. There were very few opportunities for women to live on their own. All of a sudden these women are coming from small towns all over the United States into Industrial Centers around the country and they can go to work dressed like that. There is an incredible accepts of independence these women have they live in an apartment with, say, two or three or four other women. They go to work in coveralls and hard hats and bring lunch pails just like the men did. They sit outside and have lunch at a cigarette, stop at the l k local bar and have a beer. This sounds like no big deal to us, right . It was a huge deal. It was a sense of independence, but, also, a sense of im doing my part. Women had an opportunity with this to make their own money, to participate in the war effort. Were they getting paid the same as men were . Oh, of course not. In fact, im glad you brought that up. The kinds of jobs women did in these factories varied. They could have they became welders, electricians, ritors, all kinds of things. Jobs that, believe me, were not pink collar jobs, and jobs that they would never have had access to before. But all was not equal. They worked in very dirty and unhealthy conditions. They worked long hours. And certainly their pay was nowhere near what it was for a man. And here is an example. If a woman had training and one Year Experience as a welder, she could make 31. 21 per week. If a man was trained as a welder and had one Year Experience, he made 54. 65 a week. Now, im not suggesting that women didnt complain about that, but i suspect they didnt a whole lot. Thats just the way it was done. Thats just what happened. Women, as i said, worked in all kinds of industry go ahead and click the next. This is another example of one of those war propaganda posters. Victory waits on your fingers. Women were also expected to do some of those jobs that were considered womens work, pink collar jobs, but do it in the war industry. These kinds of posters put pressure on women to do their part. Go ahead and do the next one. Do the job he left behind. Again, there was all kinds of recruitment. These posters were everywhere, in womens magazines, on posters in local small towns. Go ahead, kaitlyn. And then theres this. The propaganda against japaneseamericans, and this one is frightening but theres one coming up thats even more frightening, one of the things that we needed to do was to convince women, and men for that matter, we needed to convince them that theres a big, bad enemy out there. If you take a day off and, see, that was their biggest fear, that women were just not going to take this seriously and take too many days off. Theyd sleep in and they wouldnt be able to handle the rigors of a fulltime job. So the images of japaneseamericans are very a animalistic. Its very clear what will happen if you dont do your job. Go ahead, kaitlyn. In addition to working, make sure youre buying war bonds. There are posters directed at women that encourage women to do things like grow Victory Gardens. Not all of them were about working in factories. Go ahead. And this one is the one i was talking about. One of the most disturbing images of all i told you women were often used the images were used during wartime as propaganda. This is an example of that. As you can see this japanese soldier, again, does not look human. He is he is a monster. And hes after these poor, defenseless women. There are several of these. One has the same sort of japanese soldier and he has this woman thrown over his shoulder as he goes skulking off with her. At the bottom it says, this is what were fighting for, to protect the virtue of our women. These images, again, were everywhere. Go ahead. This is one and you may have seen something similar to this when you saw the total war movie the other day this one is actually from britain. And one of the earlier images. Now women were strong workers in t