Ways about the war. And so its very hard to its very hard to pin that down. But i really think that the kinds of evidence that im looking at, it is not just data. These are the words that the participants used, and everyone says nothing but slavery. Now you mentioned in passing, reconstruction. Thats a whole nother book and whole nother field. But basically my take on reconstruction, very subjective. Just like Everything Else ive been saying. Reconstruction would not have been so bad if the southerners had done had responded appropriately to what the war was about, and that, in good faith, ended slavery and truly ended slavery, and slavery relate practices and provided blacks with the right to participate in politics, to vote, and to have representatives in government which was only allowed for the short time while the north was there to enforce it. So the stories about all the economic ravages on the south, there wasnt much left to ravage. And what the south was really concerned about, southerners as a rule were concerned about, that blacks were being given rights. And this was not something that they could tolerate. And so they once we stopped it, you had jim crow laws and you did not have legitimate black rights until at least the mid 1960s. So i think there are a lot of aspects of the myth that carry over into what was reconstruction all about. Im not an expert in reconstruction. There are those who are, but again i would approach the traditional view of reconstruction with a great deal of skepticism. Yes, sir, last question. Should lee have been executed as a traitor . And if he had, what effect would that have had on the myth of the lost cause . Okay. Executing lee as a traitor would have been totally inconsistent with what lincoln wanted to do and would have served no real purpose. It would have served no real purpose. And it might very well have aggravated the south so that the myth would even be worse than it is. That would be an extreme step but lincoln would not have wanted to do that. Okay. Thank you very much again, ladies and gentlemen. This week in prime time, cspan3 has been showing American History tv programs. Tonights focus is the civil war. Starting at 8 00, it is a class on the evolving aims of the north during the conflict between unionism and emancipation. At about 9 10, the president of the Georgia Historical Society talks about Union General william sherman, his background, the march to the sea, and how hes remembered. After that, how postwar arguments made by confederates sought to justify their split from the union. All of this tonight in prime time on American History tv on cspan3. Coming up this weekend on American History tv on cspan3, saturday night at 8 00 eastern on collection tulectures in hist instructional films that were made during the cold war out of fear the u. S. Population was falling behind the soviet union in science education. And sunday morning at 10 00 on road to the white house remind, the 1952 and 1948 national conventions. In 1952, Dwight Eisenhower accepted the republican nomination and adelaide stephenson received the democratic nomination on the third ballot. In 1948, the first televised conventions where president harry truman accepted his partys nomination. The failure to do anything about high prices, and the failure to do anything about housing. My duty as president requires that i use every means within my power to get the laws the people need on matters of such importance at urgency. And at 6 00 on american artifacts, well take an early look at the new Smithsonian Museum of africanAmerican History and culture with its director, lonnie bunch. The you moo semuseum opens its the public in early september. We got an amazing collection of movie posters such as the ones behind you. Thats an early Oscar Michelle movie poster from the 1920s. Part of our job is to help people relearn history they think they know. That movie poster is from spencer williams. Hes known by most people as playing in amos and andy. Yet he was one of the most important film directors in the late 30s and 40s. Sunday night at 00 on the presidency, historians jon meacham, Annette Gordon reed and ron chernow talk about the process of writing a president ial biography. Go to cspan. Org for our complete schedule. Wheaton College History professor Tracy Mckenzie teaches class on the evolving northern war aims during the civil war between unionism and emancipation. He dedescribes how public support for emancipation correlated with whether union forces were perceived to be winning the civil war. He also argues that lincolns reelection and even his president ial nomination was seen as unlikely because of the state of the war in 1863. His class is about an hour. Now this morning were really going to be more or less wrapping up the chronological overview of the war, moving at a very rapid pace. Our focus today is going to be on the period roughly from lincolns announcement of the emancipation proclamation through the end of the war. Ill try to emphasize some theme matt iemphasis. But just to go back to what we think our primary areas of concern for this part of the course. Someone mention one major theme in mind . Views on race and slavery. One of the things were going to come back to over and over again, trying to think carefully about what our visitation of the American Civil War tells us about Popular American attitudes in two regards, attitudes with regard to slavery, attitudes with regard to racial equality. Always reminding ourselves that the interrelationship between those two is very complicated. It is not in any sense a simple kind of relationship. Yes, it is one of the themes. Transformation of northern aims . Transformation of northern war aims is something that we have already visited somewhat, how the civil war begins as a war. Announcer which the only focus is preservation of the union. Hich the only focus is preservation of the union. Which preservation of the unioarwhich preservation of the unioewhich preservation of the unio which preservation of the union. A lot of what were going to be talking about this morning is the way in which northern popular opinion responds to that tro transformation of war aims. I think it will help us deal with the first theme which is the relationship of attitudes between slavery and attitudes toward race. Those are probably the two themes that are most relevant this morning. Just keep those in mind as you interact, as you listen. I think it will help us in gleaning whats most important here. So lets touch base where we ended last time. That is just to remember that by december of 1862 Abraham Lincoln for variety of reasons came to the conclusion there is a window of opportunity to strike out slavery that he did not anticipate when the war began. We talked about variety of factors at play. The length and cost of the war in and of itself is polarizing northern opinion and at least creating a kind of opportunity in terms of popular opinion to pursue a more aggressive war effort. Thats part of whats going on. There is also a constitutional window of opportunity that lincoln believes the war has presented to him. The role of the enslaved people themselves in eliminating any kind of neutral role that the north might play with regard to slavery i think is a factor, also. Two other things, quickly. Lincoln had been hesitant to strike at slavery in 1861 in part because he was concerned about the border states. You recall that. One thing i think that lincoln has concluded by summer of 1862 is border states dont play the role they would have in 1861. Part of that is because of what the war has done itself. The war has drawn about 100,000 proconfederates from the border states into the Confederate Army. But in a very interesting way now they cease to play a political role at that point. Theyre not going to vote. Theyre not in the union states at all anymore in most cases. And the fear that the border states now might switch sides and support the confederacy is no longer very pressing in lincolns mind. Remember also he had been concerned about having bipartisan support for the emancipation policy if he ever went in that direction. Knowing that he could not have any kind of bipartisan support for it. By the summer of 1862 i think lincoln has pretty much given up on the possibility of bipartisan support for the war, generally. The Democratic Party in the north is opposing him on just pretty much every kind of congressional initiative. The idea that this war is not going to be one that divides the north politically is something i think lincoln, more or less, has abandoned. What we see is new factor making emancipation desirable, auld kinds of obstacles failing by the wayside with the result that by august, if not earlier of 1862, lincoln has decided that when the time is right,of o wayside with the result that by august, if not earlier of 1862, lincoln has decided that when the time is righp3f3fkinds of o the wayside with the result that by august, if not earlier of 1862, lincoln has decided that when the time is right, he will announce a new aim to the war effort which will add to the effort union freedom. In summer of 1862 with lincolns announcement of the preliminary emancipation proclamation effectively defining it as a war measure in slavery in any area actively in rebellion against the authority of the United States government. It is not going to apply to the border apply. Not to the areas of the confederacy now subdued and under military occupation. Entire state of tennessee is is exincluded, part of louisiana is excluded. But even with those exceptions, no one denies the war has been fundamentally redefined. What we want to focus on this morning is the aftermath of that. One thing that i think james mcphersons book is helpful for, it shows you that union has the potential to unify northern opinion. Emancipation always divides. Its always a divisive issue in northern opinion, and we see that in the years after the announcement of the policy. I want to begin with just some images that give us a sense of the way in which northern opinion is to some degree polarized. Lets start with this popular image. This is a paint being thats done in 1864, and it is aimed at in some sense sort of imaginatively recreating the context of lincolns fashioning of the emancipation policy. Some of the details im sure are just too small for us to pick up on. But i think there are some things that i could call your attention to. First this is supposed to be lincolns study in the executive mansion. All kinds of paraphernalia scatter around him. The far right hand, supposed to be a map of the United States. The artist has put this sword hanging down across the map, sort of figuratively showing how war has divided the country. Some of the pieces of paper to our right, to lincolns left, are various petitions from antislavery organizations that are imploring the president to strike against human bondage. Behind lincoln is a copy of his president ial oath. Why lincoln would have a copy of his oath hanging up, its hard for us to imagine. But the artist puts it there for a reason. On the shelf opposite lincoln is in fact the bust of Andrew Jackson who in the context of the 1860s is probably the embodiment of the kind of staunch preservation of the union and the willingness to use whatever means necessary to maintain a national supremacy. On lincolns lap, copy of the bible. All right . So the artist is telling us this is the context in which the emancipation proclamation is ultimately from which it is emerging. Can you think outloud with me just a little bit about the message here . What is the artist wanting to convey about the prom cla macla about how americans should think of it . Any thoughts at all . Christian, you have a thought . Well, the bible is kind of like an illustration of a more like moral ideal when it comes to emancipation, but then his oath is like what he is sworn to do and then Andrew Jackson obviously preserving the union. So his goal is to preserve the union, but at the same time he has these moral obligations to free the slaves. Does that resonate with the rest of you . You see that the artist is really trying to show ot collectithe complexity, motives, the way lincoln is balancing these competing loyalties. The bible sort of the embodiment of moral obligation. The oath on the wall the embodiment of constitutional. You have the sense the artist is saying that what lincoln is doing is trying to resolve that tension between moral obligation and his constitutional responsibility and were supposed to see the emancipation policy as successfully doing that. With the flag over the window, with the bust of Andrew Jackson, we always have that commitment to union. I think this is the message, very sympathetic message. And it is really the way i think lincoln would want northern opinion to think of his policy. Weve talked about lincoln as being a constitutional antislavery politician, always wanting to present his views as consistent with the constitution but always wanting some kind of moral dimension palpably there, if possible. Compare that image with this one. So this is a kind of pencil sketch. It is not colorful in the way that the drawing that we just looked at is. This comes from an immigrant to the United States who comes to the United States before the civil war from one of the german states. He lives in baltimore. He is a northern democrat who is very critical of the policy. I dont know if you can see the tail on this image well enough to pick up on the message. Can you see any details well enough . Kyle, what do you see . Hes standing on the bible, his foots stomping on it. Rather than having the bible on his lap where hes cherishing it, hes standing on it, showing contempt. What . There appears to be a demon on the table. There appears to be a demon. I think thats fair enough. If thats an imp of help or something, yeah. It is like a st. Lee representation of john brown. In the back if you can see the framed picture on the wall is supposed to be john brown who is best known for the raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859. Browns carrying one of those pipes that he actually had built specifically to arm slaves after the raid at Harpers Ferry was the plan. He has a say low. He halo. Hes sort of st. John. Halo. Hes sort of st. John. Halo. Hes sort of st. John. Halo. Hes sort of st. John. Halo. Hes sort of st. John. Halo. Hes sort of st. John. Halo. Hes sort of st. John. Halo. Hes sort of st. John. Halo. Hes sort of st. John. Halo. Hes sort of st. John. Halo. Hes sort of st. John. Halo. Hes sort of st. John. Halo. Hes sort of st. John. What do you think is the significance of brown being shown positively . Maybe like brown was sort of reckless or overly violent and didnt really consider and light weigh other possibilities or options. Yeah. Brown is sort of the embodiment of violent fanaticism. Compare it again to the previous picture where lincoln is weighing the constitution very carefully versus his moral obligation. Brown doesnt do that. Brown, if the constitution defends slafb very, the constitution is simply part of the problem and violence is the answer. Also like in the last picture his study was like a mess and it looked like he was really laboring over the document. This one kind of insinuates that this is just kind of a fabrication of his own thinking. Fair enough. Theres not those influences. There is not the constitution here. He is doing this either alone or we might say in consultation with the devil. Right . Finally, what little offering lincoln . Its almost certainly meant to be alcohol. Theres a decanter on the far side table. This devils offering him a drink at the moment for inspiration. This sort of i think these two pictures encapsulate that kind of polarization that the emancipation policy creates in the north. Back to the theme union u. N. Nu, emancipation always divides. I want to put this in a larger context. Emancipation is not the only issue that makes the middle of the civil war in the north an extremely contentious period. Were not going to have time to develop this a lot but we can list other factors at play. Probably the most important thats linked to emancipation is the recruitment of black soldiers into the United States armed forces. United States Congress had authorized the president of the United States to employ men of color for military purposes as early as the summer of 1862. But in the summer of 1862 lincoln is not prepared to take that step seeing it as far too controversial. He authorizes some experiments with the enlistment of black soldiers as early as the summer of 1862 but he keeps it under the radar. In areas on the coast of south carolina, areas out in kansas, on the far remote frontier, there will begin to be the enlistment of black soldiers. But in areas that would attract attention, that doesnt happen until after his emancipation policy is announced. When it is announced, lincoln authorizes in a very aggressive way the recruitment of black soldiers. You begin to see posters like this one. This is a poster that is publish in philadelphia in 1863. Some and join us, brothers. These kinds of appeals ultimately will lead to the enlistment of somewhere along the number of 180,000 men in the American Armed forces. Always in segregated forces called the United States colored troops. Maybe as many as a quarter of a million other africanamerican males serve in nonmilitary ways, in labor details and other capacities with United States forces. So it is a very large addition to the armed forces of the United States. I would argue that the sort of government impromter, if i asked is you why, do you have a thought . Why is this kind of image if anything even more troubling . It implies a sort of equality between the two races that just emancipation doesnt really do on its own. Michael says there is an implication of equality here that emancipation doesnt