There was never it wasnt just the amount of money that was invested in the community. Its the programs, how far reaching they are. To help them learn english and pass the certification exams that would allow them to practice their professions in the United States. Many of the cubans who were arriving during the 1960s, were the highly skilled of their socie societies. They had skills that were important to the u. S. Economy. They couldnt practice those professions, they couldnt speak english or had to pass the certification exams that would allow them to pass the certifications. The program worked with local colleges in south florida so that the cuban doctors and dentists and lawyers could take these courses and retool for life in the United States. But the Cuban Refugee Program also helped individuals establish new careers, so the federal government noticed that there were many women who were arriving without their spouses, in the United States because their spouses were imprisoned in cuba. These women had never worked in the labor force before. They helped train these women as secretaries as teachers or teacher aids. The Cuban Refugee Program also distributed monthly relief checks to help pay the rent and surplus food like cheese and meat so that families wouldnt go hungry until they became financially established in the United States. Thats atypical. Weve never seen a program like the Cuban Refugee Program since in american society. Most refugees today when Syrian Refugees come to the United States, they qualify for the same assistance that other refugees receive. Theyre entitled to eight months of intensive assistance from the federal government. The federal Government Works with relief agencies across the United States. Like Catholic Charities the lutheran relief services. And they help place refugees around the country. At the local level, communities help become established. You will be fully integrated into u. S. Society. You mention how the quota has never been filled before, now that the Obama Administration is increasing it to 100,000. Do you think it will still go unfilled. If i thought the quota once its increase increased whether that quota will be filled. If past history is any indication, given how long it takes to vet a refugee for security reasons. Its highly doubtful we will reach that 100,000 quota. Thank you. Do you think well exceed the usual 70,000 . Yes. Kristen asked whether we will exceed the 70 to 80,000. Yes, i think we will. Well probably if i had to guess, it will be somewhere between 85 and 90,000 people that will be brought in. Bear in mind that 100,000 are not all Syrian Refugees. The quota has been expanded presumably to accommodate more Syrian Refugees. Its not guaranteed that all those spaces will go to Syrian Refugees. So i know refugees have a unique legal status in the country. How do things like deportations work. I know we have an expedited process for people at ports of entry. Once theyre accepted as refugees, it seems like they cant be deported. If they commit a crime in the United States or are discovered to have lied about their past in some way they can be deported. If they have not become permanent residents. Once they become permanent residents. There have been cases of individuals who became citizens and stripped of their citizenship and deported. We know of cases over the past 10 years of rwanda refugees who were later discovered to have lied about their participation in the again side. And once that information came to light, these individuals who had normalized their status and become citizens were stripped of their citizenship and deported to face the consequences back then in their homeland. Thank you. Theres a lot of talk about the screening process for refugees, is it strict enough it wouldnt let terrorists through . If i could comment on the screening process for refugees and whether it will allow would be terrorists to enter the United States. No screening process is 100 fail proof. Theres just no way to guarantee safety, theres no way. However, i think its less likely that it would be a terrorist will enter through the refugee track if youve been reading the news, many individuals who were opposed to syrian to bringing in more Syrian Refugees, always highlight the example of the tsarnaev brothers, they were not refug refugees, they came with their families, with their parents as children as tourists. Once they are on u. S. Soil they asked for asylum and were vetted. They established roots here in the u. S. There was no way to predict that these young men who immigrated as children, would become radicalized on american soil and cause us harm they did not come in as refugees, through the refugee track. Its less likely for a would be terrorist to enter through the refugee track than the tourist track. Any other questions . Thank you. Does the United States have any long term plans in the future for large influxes of refugees or maybe even disasters in our neighboring bordering countries to take in large numbers . Thats an excellent question. Are there any policy debates underway about expanding a more humanitarian response to victims of Climate Change. At present, not that i know of. The word refugee has a precise legal meaning. We would need to reconsider perhaps expand our definition of refugee in order to accommodate people who are victims of Climate Change. As i mentioned earlier, sometimes its really hard to tease out the climate refugee from the political refugee. If a victim of some kind of climate disaster can prove persecution based on one of these other five categories, then, yes, that individual may be able to receive Refugee Status in the United States based solely on Climate Change or climate migration, its highly doubtful. At least at present there isnt any move on congress to expand the definition to include Climate Change. Any other questions you might have . Ill wish you a wonderful afternoon. Let me pass out the final prompt and ill wish you all a great afternoon. Thanks for the attention and the excellent questions. This week, washington journal will devote the entire program each day to the key issues facing the new Trump Administration in congress. On wednesday morning, our issue topic is energy and environmental policy. Well discuss how energy and climate issues might be impacted by the new congress and the incoming Trump Administration. Thursday well talk about immigration and how president elect trump and the new Congress Might change immigration policy on friday morning, well take a look at the future of the Affordable Care act and how the Trump Administration will repeal and replace the aca. Be sure to watch washington journal at 7 00 a. M. Eastern. Sunday indepth will feature a live discussion on the presidency of barack obama. Were taking your phone calls, tweets, i mails and facebook questions during the program. Author of the presidency in black and white, upclose view of three president s and race in america. Princeton University Professor author of democracy in black, how race still enslaves the american soul. And david mariness. Author of barack obama, historian. On lectures in history, Westville State UniversityGeorge Michael teaches a class on white supremacist groups in the mid to late 20th century. He explains the difference between white supremists and separate separatist groups. Good evening. Today were going to take a look at the history of the white separatist movement in the United States. At the present time, white separatism is a very marginal Political Movement the movement could become more salient in upcoming years. White separatism should be distinguished from this notion of white supremacy. There are white separatives that are White Supremacists. It denotes long term objectives. Essentially separatists want to establish an exclusive ethnic or racial state. Supremacists seek to dominate other racial or ethnic groups. Now, supremacists might also be segregationists, that is to say they advocate separating different racial groups, within the same state. Examples would include the jim crowe system of the American South or apartheid in south africa. There are some critics that claim white separatism is little more than a facade. Adopted by White Supremacists to make their goals White Nationalists can present their aspirations in a way unlike other movements around the world today. Such as the Tibetan Independence movement. By cloaking their aspirations. In the verbiage of selfdetermination. Let me give you some historical background on the White Supremacist Movement. The 1960s was a time of great social upheaval in america. The vietnam war spawned a culture. Eventually jim crow was dismantled in the south. There were vigilante groups such as the ku klux klan. Ultimately they failed. Urban unrest convulsed Many American cities in the 1960s there were some people that thought that the country might actually implode under the weight of racial strife. They thought it would be impossible for blacks and whites to occupy the same country and any kind of amicable way. Blacks were no longer accepting sub orders nat status. There were some instances in which both white and black separatists, established a dialogue in the hope of coming to coming to some modus operandi. George Lincoln Rockwell and members of his American Nazi Party met with the nation of islam because whites were a large newumerical majority at tt time, the early white separatists assumed the vast amount of territory in the United States would be reserved for the white population. Blacks would be given relatively small territory. Perhaps in the American South to build a so called new africa. The status of other racial minorities. Because they were negligible was left largely unaddressed. The emergence of the White Supremacist Movement grew out of the failure of the larger White Supremacist Movement. White supremacists failed to establish anything resembling a Mass Movement in america. Rockwell believed that trends such as race riots and rising crime would lead to may hem thus create favorable conditions for his party to take power. He even entertained the idea that his party could win National Power by elections in 1972 rockwell fell to an assassins bullet in 1967. And some elements of the extreme right became disillusioned with his conservative approach. Furthermore, the immigration and nationality act of 1965 really ushered in a sea change in the United States as a consequence of that particular law, the population in america became more ethnically and racially diverse. Due primarily to widespread immigration from asia and latin america the white separatist movement in america really emerged around the 1970s, around this time there were some white supremacist groups that began to reformulate their strategies. Instead of trying to take over the whole country. They believed it would be more feasible to establish a small separate white nation in which only like winded whites would reside. Theres an obscure creed that became a vehicle for white separatists. Its a religion that has its origins in british israelism. That first gained popularity, the creed posits are the true decen tends of the ten lost tribes of israel. After a period of captivity, under the syrians and later the babalonians, these 10 tribes made their way through the caucuses mountains here, and eventually settled in western europe. In the early 20th century, this secretary made its way into America Wesley swift was considered to be the single most important figure in the history of the Christian Identity Movement in america in the 1960s, he recruited someone named Richard Butler into the creed. In june of 1978 Richard Butler created the Aryan Nations to serve as a political arm of a religious group that he had previously founded which was called the church of jesus christ christian. So it was really butler who first proposed the establishment of an exclusively white republic and Pacific Northwest. He called this the butler plan. To that end he created a compound which served as the headquarters of the Aryan Nations. By the early 1980s the compound had become an important venue for right wing extremists. Butler held annual ariane congresses at the compound where like minded people and the sub culture would meet now, the Aryan Nations was not directly involved in terrorism however, its compound was the focal point where the idea for creating a clandestine terrorist group really crystallized. It became known as the silent brotherhood was formed there in december of 1983. Right around the same time the federal marshalls killed a tax protester. The posse advocated an extreme form of localism. Members of the group believed that the county sheriff should be the highest level of Political Authority at the annual Aryan Nations congress which was held in 1983, someone by the name of robert j. Matthews came up with the idea of creating an underground Resistance Group to revenge the death of gordon call. The group conducted a campaign of terror in the Pacific Northwest, that included things like armored car heists, bank robberies, bombings, even a few homicides. One armored car heist took in a whopping 3. 6 milli 3. 6 million stolen money, the group hoped to fund the white separatist movement in the United States the fbi caught up with matthews at Whidbey Island in washington state. He hunkered down at a cabin eventually the s. W. A. T. Team which had sur rounded the cabin lost its patrons and launched a pyrotechnic device. The cabin burnt down to the ground and matthews was kill ed strategically, the order did not really accomplish much, however, its campaign really crystallized the revolutionary orientation of the american extreme right. Now, the u. S. Government was seen as the enemy. The extreme right began to take on a revolutionary posture no longer did it seek to keep the status quo it sought to overthrow the government the order was valorized in the extreme right sub culture. Tom metzger and his organization, white ariane resistance lionized the enkarser ated members of the war. Readers to his number were encouraged to write letters to them, and show their support. The idea of separatism began to gain more and more popularity in the extreme right sub culture. The order was inspired by a book called the turner diaries. It was published in 1978. And it went on to become an underground bestseller. It sold about 450,000 copies. The book was written by the late dr. William l. Pierce, under the nomeger donald. He would go on to lead a neonazi Organization Called the National Alliance the turner diaries is a story of a race war that convulses america into late 1990s. In the story, the protagonist is a member of the group called the organization the organization fights the u. S. Government. So in the novel the government is controlled by a jewish conspiracy that seeks to destroy the white race, the story begins when the new law, called the cohen act takes effect federal agents begin to round up peoples firearms, that act serves as a catalyst for the rebellion. The organization commences attacks against the government the story has a lot of violent episodes, interspersed with ideological digressions, theres one particularly grizzly episode called the day of the rope, in which race traders are hanged from lampposts in california on the night before his final mission, earl turner is inducted into the inner circle of the Organization Called the order, for his final mission, hes inducted into the group and hes supposed to fly a crop duster plane into the the pentagon. And so his mission succeeds and in doing so the organization creates this new order. And so out of all this destruction, a new order emerges. Its worth mentioning that not only would the turner diaries inspire a number of right wing terrorists, but the novel also established a genre of literature in the