Americans played in the expectation. In the expedition. The library of congress hosted this hourlong event. Thank you john. Herman and i are going to act as a tag team today. We have been doing this for many years. We did a trail together a number of times going over the bitterroot mountains, following in the footsteps of lewis and clark. We initiated that for the smithsonian, carried that on. I was lucky enough to be involved in a number of those. That is how we became interested in lewis and clark. Of course, he is a historian. He came at it from that point of view. I am a historian of cartography. Together we put this book together. As far as we know, its the only book that talks primarily about the maps of lewis and clark. Of course, a huge number of books since the bicentennial of lewis and clark on them and on the various activities. Some touch on maps. There is a fine atlas that was put together of lewis and clark maps. We are trying to correct this imbalance by guiding and documenting the root of these maps. Before i continue, i want to thank a number of people that were involved with this production. Beginning with my publisher. A number of books done with the library of congress. I took this to her about 2 years ago and she was very interested in it. We met with one of the publishers in our publishing office. She carried on from there. I want to thank both of them. I want to thank peggy, particularly. And peter from the publishing office. And diane from geography maptivism, who scanned over the 100 maps in the book. They had to be scanned from the library of congress. The majority are from the map division. I want to thank jackie nolan, our photographer in the Geography Map Division that compiled a number of the map. And our reference section, who helped a great deal when i was working on the book. The theme of our book is a biography of lewis and clarks great 1814 map. Is measures 12 by 28 inches. We have a copy here. Tony is going to hold it up. Just to give you an idea. Could you speak up just a little bit . Ralph we cant turn this up at a higher . You cant hear me any better . No . Its not working . How about this . Well, well have to speak louder. [laughter] but here is the map. Our book is a biography of this map. The power wasnt on. This is the original copperplate engraving. There is an american and british addition. This was published in 1814. The book is the background, the stories behind the story. This map was First Published with lewis and clarks journal, the history of the expedition under the command of captains lewis and clark, as edited by nicholas biddle. Thomas jefferson was the inspiration. He wrote the specifications for the map. For lewis, but most of the mapmaking was done by his coleader, clark, who was a cartographer. Military training, and self educated in map making. Over 200 maps survived. 30 by american indians. The majority compiled by clark. Although jefferson wrote i cannot live without books. He also wrote an inspection of a map will give any better description than writing. Thomas jefferson himself was a cartographer. He published a map of virginia in 1787. He comes from a family of mapmakers. Joshua fry and Peter Jefferson published the first map of the state of virginia in the 1750s. I will move ahead here. This is a map the doctor is showing you. Its the biography of this map we are focusing on. Today, the lewis and clark map can be reduced in a few hours, or probably a few minutes, using simple programming language and geographic data downloads from onboard earth orbiting satellites or digital elevation models. The one we see here was done in 2003 by the u. S. Geological survey. It took three hours at that point. But 200 years ago, the production of this map required a team of some 50 explorers, soldiers, american indians, mountain men, cartographers, copperplate engravers, printers, and an american president and secretary of state. Each took this group some 10 years to produce and publish the map that the doctor just showed you. Our book is focused on the story of this map and its back story. We will begin with a short overview of the expedition. Then we will share several map stories and vignettes within the story, and conclude with a description of several special features of the book. Herman thank you ralph. Lets see if we can get this thing to work. I have a very weak voice and the mic isnt working. That is too bad. No way you can get that working . Does this help a bit . Ah, terrific. This is why we are a good team. [laughter] i am herman viola, a curator emeritus at the smithsonian. We have done a lot of lewis and clark adventures together. We did a trail on horseback, i think 20 times. We really got into it. Especially the american indians. That is why i got particularly interested in this story. We interacted with so many different Indian Tribes. As most of you probably know more about this than we do, but were not telling you the history of the expedition, we are focusing on the story about map. The expedition started out in 1804, ended in st. Louis in 1806. It was jeffersons inspiration. He wanted to know what was beyond the mississippi river. He wanted to do this several times, could not figure it out. He hired a scientist to come to the west coast by way of russia, and the kossacks stopped him. Him. Ssaks stopped [laughter] once he became president he was able to make this a reality. He picked meriwether lewis, a man that knew the family quite well, and talked him into coming on board. Theoretically, i do want to offend anybody, these were probably republicans at the time. The congress did not want to waste any money. [laughter] anyhow, jefferson had to convince congress this was actually an economic adventure that would pay off for the United States. He needed 2500 or so to fund the soldiers to go west. He said we are doing this so that we can make contact with the native peoples that without west. We dont know anything about them. We dont know how many warriors they havent these tribes. Weve already had a couple of wrar with indians to begin withs. The last thing we want to do is to go west and find people we cannot cope with. Congress thought that was a good idea. Of course, jefferson secretly was hoping to discover new animals. All these stories about extinct creatures. He hoped some of those creatures were still alive. The only president that had a mastodon skeleton in the white house. [laughter] he wanted to make sure that the fellows who did this cap good notes, documented the plants and animals, and by priority, make friends with the native people they met. The last thing we wanted was a conflict with people all across the american west. Anyhow, the expedition saint out from st. Louis in 1804 in may. You can see this wonderful chart, which gives you an idea of the route back and forth. The reality is they actually thought there would be a ship on the Pacific Coast so that they would not have to walk all the way back again. There would be a boat that could take them. There was a lot of shipping going along the Pacific Coast. As it turned out, lewis and clark spent the winter out there. There was a boat 50 miles up that they never had contact with. So they decided to tighten their belts and go all the way back again. They ended up making 8000 miles on water, and 800 miles on foot. They tried to use votes primarily. The goal was to find a water route across the continent that would simplify making contact the pacific and international trade. They sent a boat back with stuff they already collected. They went back into canoes and further up river. The one drawback, which none of them went on jefferson thought this through very carefully they never dreamed they would need horses to cross the mountains. Lewis and jefferson walked along the alleghenies. They knew the Mountain Range out there. They thought it was parallel to what was in the east. They thought they could just stroll over and take boats down. Suddenly you see these huge snowcovered mountains. They had 3000 pounds of supplies, a lot of ammunition, led, gunpowder. Papers, notes, presents for the indians. They had a challenge. They knew that they needed horses. Who had horses . The indians. Fortunately they had with them a shoshone girl. As only hollywood could write a script like this. She was along because she was married to a frenchman. She said look, this is where i used to live. She recognized places where she had been as a girl. She said, my people are here. Sure enough, they bumped into a shoshone village. The chief of the village was her brother. I cant spend too much time with that, but it was a very emotional meeting. She was interpreting with this man, and they suddenly realize they are brother and sister. They had not seen each other in all these years. They hugged each other and cried. Lewis and clark, in their journals, they said indians are just like us, they have emotions just like us. [laughter] so many interesting depths to this story. Thanks to that reunion, they got their horses. They were able to go over the lolo trail, which i urge all of you to try to do, if you can. There is a highway you can take now. There are still people out there, wranglers who will take people on horseback. You would be amazed the campsites that they documented. They are there to this day. We would take the journals out and read and say, this is where they stood. It was astounding. They made it to the Pacific Coast. The boat was not there to take them home. So they had to come all the way back again. The one myth about story is that lewis and clark went off into an untracked wilderness. The first people to see it. The reality is, they had aaa triplex. Aaa help from the american indians. [laughter] hard for us to believe. The canadians had been up there earlier. They had collected a lot of geographical data from a native peoples. Lewis and clark are supposed to make friends with these native peoples. They did that very well. They encountered 55 different native groups. Some of them were complete fans of evil. Complete bands of people. Somewhere just individuals. They made contact with about 55 different tribal peoples. Their mission was to say, we are the new people on the block, you may have been loyal to spain or russia or the french, but now the United States is here. We have a boss in the east who is going to be very kind to you. Is going to be the great father. The indians called him the great white father. That was nonsense. It was always the great father, the person who gives gifts. Indians were colorblind that way. One of these engravings showing one of the meetings with the native peoples. Where is it . They carried gifts to give to get to native peoples. Colorful ribbons they took. The most important were metals and uniforms, things that gave military significance. These are called peace metals. On the offers of these coins, you see the class the clapsed hands of friendship. The clasped hands of friendship. Lewis and clark carried about 100 of these with them. They gave the biggest, supposedly, to the head chief, although they did not have such a thing as a president. The middle sizes were the tenants. The small ones were the ordinary members of the community. These indians value 50s greatly. Valued these greatly. They would be very with them. Would be buried with them. I mentioned the aaa triptych. The hudsons bay people had been out there before. A man works for hudsons bay and worked to get geographical information that is remarkably accurate. You are looking at a map done in 1801. It has been recorded locations of the Indian Tribes in that part of the world. In the rocky mountains, that is this horizontal line. Then he has the rivers that feed into it. He has located all these different villages. On this map is documented the locations of 32 Indian Tribes. The cia would have loved a map like this going into afghanistan. [laughter] its an Amazing Network of information. He then a year later did another map. A very knowledgeable person. He simplified the map and took out people. Keep within the geographical features. Its astounding. What is astounding to ralph and myself is that the names of these features that the indian recorded parts of the names we use today for these features. The bear tooth, King Mountain today is chief mountain. Heart imagine near cody wyoming. Heart mountain near cody, wyoming. These have transferred down 200 years. You can see why it is such important information. Here you have the red line showing the missouri river. You see the rivers that feed into it. This was all compiled from his information. This information went to england and was transferred to the first geographical map of north america. The most significant part of this map is that the Indian Tribesmen filled this map with all of the people all over the west. When this was compiled in england, all of that that was put in worthy geographical features. He erased all these thousands of people that lived out there. That is why unconvinced people in the east said, well, its an empty landscape ours for the taking, because nobody is there. All done with the stroke of a brush that dozens of people are gone. It is all done with the stroke of a brush that thousands of people are gone. As lewis and clark go west, they encounter these people. That expedition could not have succeeded without the help of those indians they encountered. I like to tell folks would lewis and clark did was follow a chain across the west. Each link in the chain is an indian community. They welcomed them. That is how it worked. It was a chain of friendship. I work a lot with indian people. When they get over the lolo trail and are starving, they think they cant get anywhere. They met another tribe. They had heard of what people, but never met them. W hite people, but never met them. They see 3 little boys jump up and start running like crazy. Clark gallops of all his worst, grabs one of the kids gallops up on his horse, grabs one of the kids. He has flaming red hair. Anything indians had not seen anything but people with black hair. They gave the boys yellow ribbons and said, tell your families that they will have extra people for dinner tonight. [laughter] we will be there shortly. These boys go running into the village. This tribe still has this oral history today. They run into the village saying, we have seen monsters in the woods. Their parents told him to calm down. What do you mean monsters . Some of them have realized. Had blue eyes. Only fish have blue eyes. Have blue eyes. And one monster, his head is upside down. [laughter] the worst monster, his head is on fire. A long story short, the kids calmed down. We will see what these monsters are really like. They welcomed the expedition and the rest was history. Thank you very much. [applause] ralph hes not done yet. This was a very important map. This was the map of 1802. There were 2 1802 maps. This relates more directly to the lewis and clark expedition. This was purchased by jefferson. As part of the planning jefferson a Team Together to plan next edition. Plan the expedition. He worked very closely with the secretary of treasury. The secretary had data pulled together. A british surveyor ended up here in washington, d. C. He worked in the Surveyors Department of the city of washington. In 1803, king was named first surveyor of the city of washington. He implemented the plan on the. He worked parttime for the War Department. He worked six hours a day for the city and two hours a day for the War Department. He did a number of maps for jefferson. This is one of them. This is a map that he compiled. This map was based on data from the hudsons bay company. Vancouvers map provided west coast outlines. The interior was taken off of the arrowsmith map, which is in essence the Indian Tribesmen map. They did insets for the larger map. You can never read the details. I told them i wanted to do in sets we have three of these in the book. This shows you the details of the upper missouri river. Then the King Mountain, heart mountain. Boars tooth mountain, but it should be bears tooth mountain. That was ms. Copied. It shows was miscopied. This is around bismarck and north dakota. This part of the map was taken David Thompson in 1790. Thompson was a surveyor. He made a small map, copied by the british diplomat, edward fortin. Edward fortin. Weve a lot of british information, but primarily on an indian map. This with the objective of lewis and clark. Is based on an indian. This is David Thompsons map. He compiles his map of north america, which is purchased by jefferson. It is copied by Nicholas King. This map is then carried by lewis and clark to the great bend of missouri. It makes a great circle. An example of International Exchange at an early time in our history. These two maps are in our collection. The second great map that relates to the final map is this one by clark. This was prepared by clark during the first winter oversight near bismarck, north dakota. There were several indian villages here. From the winter of 18041805, lewis and clark stayed here and sent information of the lower missouri. Now for the first time this has been in detail. The french and spanish knew of this part of the river. They knew of the liver from st. Louis. Of the river from st. Louis. They had not left it in detail. This information was sent in the spring of 1805, when lewis and clark sent off on the second leg of their expedition. They sent back 78 men. Lewis and clark were very good commanders. They sent back the malcontents along with this data. [laughter] the data reaches washington, d. C. Nicholas king, the first surveyor of the city of washington, a british trained cartographer. And Thomas Jefferson sit on the floor of the white house, pulling all this information together. Jefferson was intimately involved with this. Nicholas king compiles this map. He compiles four copies of this. This is in our collection. This is for the state department, one for each house of congress, and the War Department. This is a state to prevent copy. The War Department copy is in the national archives. The other two have disappeared. It shows three layers information. One, we are he talked about, the first relatively accurate rendition of the lower missouri. The second