Ofbegan cooperative storage soviet nuclear and chemical weapons. Lugarnn and richard marked the anniversary in the Kennedy Cochran room. Nationalsted by the security archive, the carnegie endowment, and other initiatives. Ladies and gentlemen, distinguished guests, a few words of welcome. I am the director of the National Security archive and i am honored to be an organizer of today. This is the day that president bush signed the nunnlugar legislation into law. Document fetishists, we scoured the library for this exist. And none there was not a signing ceremony. It gives you a sense of a mixed opinion with the Congressional Initiative in foreign policy. One of the most prescient pieces of legislation ever. The declassified documents and the danger of that time. It is the first ever to classified list with the soviet and they rounded up weapons and cleaned up the legacies of the cold war arms race. Tasks and is a heroic carried out by many. Many of those heroes are here with us. Not the least is Richard Lugar and sam nunn. There is a real hero of the all who is inare the hospital this month. Colleagues andnd many heroes. Cornyn, theo john majority leader of the senate, us. Secured this room for he was a champion of the freedom of information act and i want to thank him for this. I want to thank our project director and all of those who made the work to bring this history to the present and we really appreciate the nuclear it is anitiative and fantastic organization. I thank this center, which continues the tremendous leadership and most of all, i need to thank the Carnegie Corporation of new york. Carnegie and their Visionary Research onted preventing nuclear war and methods of cooperative security and it was present at the first meeting when the legislation took shape and carnegie is with and supporting this effort to understand what we did right and wrong and bring that history to now to build the mutual security and it is an ther for me to introduce award. Thank you very much. I have the easiest job. How about that . Am not going to introduce the others. But i want to tell you that this organization and the Nuclear Threat initiative archives are grants of the Carnegie Corporation and the most doortant is that successors not normally give credit to predecessors. Hamburg, this would not have happened. Thank you, david. Last, but not least, Andrew Carnegie was against war and he thought that war was not necessary and there is plenty of competition available for everyone. Thatbeled or a polite disgraces the earth and his ambition was to eradicate war and force all conflicts into arbitration. He created the carnegie and it is my delight and pleasure to introduce a distinguished social scientist who has done so much on Nuclear Nonproliferation. So, thank you. I have learned that it is the parent of a fool to try to follow. Acknowledgeedge i would just say that i remember when the legislation was passed. I was working with senator biden and i was thinking about coming over. , i wass nunn and lugar thinking about the exemplars you of integrity and commitment to ascertain facts deepseatednding changes in a cooperative way. Your leadership was exemplary and i think we all hope that Something Like this could be rich and old, as we are worried this may not be the case. I am so thankful for all of this happening. The Carnegie Corporation and thehed on her founding offer was made to dick other one . Ho was the i forget now. Today, two other important individuals, but i want to tell you that we were given four minutes and we are saving a minute for the panel. I will introduce steve, who is here from the carnegie i would like to give a hand to steve, who is doing real work here. That, thank you very much. I believe you have a citation turn thend we will Panel Discussion and david will take control of the proceedings. Thank you. You and your team have done a tremendous job of looking at this. I think we will be surprised with a lot of what is there and in a legalne it all way without any leaking and that is significant and it is wonderful to be able to say thank you to so many in this audience. , the whole team has done a tremendous job and you have the analytical studies done that enable me to convince the senate to pass this in december of 1991 and, when i first came up with this idea of doing something, i was in budapest and a friend left when gorbachev was taken captive. He went straight back to the soviet bacto the soviet union and called me after and told me to come and i spent that wasng days and when it became apparent to me that we had to take action. Role to played a huge and wethis award on me now have two today and i think it is a tremendous thing to do. I have often said that the wife,de is that, like his i had to give up my last name in many parts of the world. Downside ofonly being a partner with dick lugar. This andat to present it is appropriate that he receive this. He has had his surgery and could not be here, but the general has role in constructive u. S. And russian relations and will be accepting the award. He was named in the general staff from 19921997 and was acting responsible for munitions and security. Orderedis yeltsin military forces into the parliamentary building, russia and former soviet republics were in a violent state of of people and the general conducted aggressive testing throughout russia to ensure that aggression would be countered by exhaustive safeguards and preparation. The absolute accountability for the testing the testing and the protection dismantlement with repatriation of Nuclear Warheads for the duration of the service life cannot be overstated and his comprehensive expertise were instrumental in transferring Nuclear Warheads to russia and from the ukraine. The general provided compelling support for the this armament mission. As a leading authority on Nuclear Security, his contribution to this cause is immeasurable, even continuing today. Is an advisor to the center and energy and security studies. He has authored several publications on Nuclear Nonproliferation and he added to his acclaim and his accomplishments have been acknowledged with governmental honors, including the order of the red star and for service to the fatherland. We give tribute to this distinguished leader and the theing force behind international Nuclear Nonproliferation efforts and we , service,expertise wisdom, conscience, and integrity. Indebted toally perform with grace under fire. This an honor to present general to the colonel general. [applause] accidents happen, which is why we must be careful with the nuclear arsenal. [speaking russian] the implementations of joint tasks in the sphere of Nuclear Security and protection in russia and helps to develop context between representatives of the Nuclear Industry in both of the countries. This is the anniversary of the last Nuclear Warheads being withdrawn from the ukraine and belarus. This clears the way for these states in which Nuclear Weapons on thethdrawn earlier nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Means of securing weapons and materials provided with this program played a role in solving this cast this task. In terms of importance to security, the collective work in in themework, especially early years, is comparable to the military and economic cooperation. Me express my gratitude and appreciation. See this as a tribute to all who contributed in the destruction of Nuclear Warheads, ballistic missiles, nuclear submarines, and chemical weapons. Carried theseave tasks out on their own, like the iniet union tested a bomb 1949, just after world war ii, but it would have taken more time and increased the dangers of environmental catastrophe and would have demanded colossal expenses. Thanks to the efforts of both a new there was revive the to relations between the countries. Creationy would be the of a joint commission to prevent accidents. I hope these opportunities will be implemented. Russia and the United States have never been at war with one another. [speaking russian] it is now my privilege to give an award to a brave man. It has been said that we all think the Carnegie Corporation and iese wonderful ideas appreciate my partner, who is conducting hearings and looking for partners who may be helpful. I appreciate that even the five years before that, with Ronald Reagan asking members of the senate to go to geneva. There were eight republicans and eight democrat. That he needed a two thirds majority to pass a treaty and it turned out that 1986 was not a good time for a treaty. That it has been on this day of december 12 of 1991 that there may not have been enormous enthusiasm in the white house in saming this legislation and and i found out that there were some who felt that we had overstepped our balance and that the president of the United States was the person who deals and situations of this sort , to have two senators putting together a coalition and passing legislation of this variety, it seemed a little upsetting and it you see david hamburg here and asked carter was on this and it was in april of the next year and we all got religion together. We saw the problems that were unionby the former soviet with the bill going into Nuclear Powers and it didnt occur right away. Some had pointed out that the first 800 million or so that was appropriated by the congress is that dealt with this resulted in limited expenditures and this was not easy to get underway and it is why it is so important that we recognize those who help to get this underway and the nittygritty of the problems ,ere with our trips to russia the ukraine, belarus, and cosmic stan. So, it is a real privilege to be here with all of you and so many role ined an important russia and the United States and all that followed. Specifically, it is my privilege say that William Perry and his extraordinary career began when he joined the army corps of engineer at the age of 18 and he moved on to the occupation in japan with efforts that earned him the rank of second lieutenant. After his time in the army, the secretary became one of the original Silicon Valley pioneers and he trained as a mathematician with specialization in digital and and, inssance systems hisequent years, he applied expertise to business and entrepreneurial initiatives. As the undersecretary of defense , secretary perry brought the areaary into the stealth and he was equipped with smart weapons and American Forces were prepared to stand tall in the face of adversaries. Secretary perry became the 19th secretary of defense and the first enlisted man to serve in that role. He had time in the highest ranks of the pentagon and was instrumental in the dismantlement of the Nuclear Warheads in the United States and russia. Throughout his career, he has devoted himself to protecting the interests of the nation. His book chronicles his endeavors with equal measures alarm. Velopments and he shares wisdom and come of the next generation of nonproliferation advocates, his commitment remains steadfast and unstoppable. The secretary has had countless rewards and declarations from heads of state around the world. Ironically, that makes him a consummate peacekeeper with Visionary Leadership that has and it is a real privilege to present this award for promoting Nuclear Security to William Perry. Congratulations. Thank you. Amant to say how pleased i to have so many longtime friends here today. These are all great americans. Acknowledge the extraordinary actions we have program and i see two of them here today. Gloria and susan. Teamw that the lead of the is on a victory tour around the as theending his tour secretary of defense. Few briefmake a bowling about age from problem between the United States and russia today. The cold war ended and we had a where it wast possible to conceive the United States and russia became allies and some of us believe it would be possible and worked to make it happen. Direction. In that i remember the first time i voted i invited a Russian Defense minister and he was really welcome. And ited him to a dinner was a warm gathering. Anything seemed possible. On, he confronted the ioblem of implementation and out that it i found is easier to advise then we could not have done it without close cooperation from russia and the ukraine. I still remember the last meeting with the last warhead that had been dismantled and the , thenian defense minister Russian Defense minister, and the American Defense minister posed a picture with a handshake in that is where we were 1996. Negotiating the Peace Enforcement operation in sent troops america and russia wanted to send a brigade of troops in. It was unlike what we had in negotiations,er we ended up with a russian with and under the direction of a Major General , after themnd working together, they presented the russian general a medal for having the most effective brigade in bosnia. There was a shining moment when this seems to be working. This is not a time for a litany of what caused us to go down so discouraging lay, but the conclusion i have come to is and it can and has happened , if we cannot find a way to have key issues with a strong desire to prevent nuclear peripheral and nuclear proliferation. Countries working together would be an effective probability of catastrophes happening. Say it is impossible to Work Together because of issues that separate us and i want to refer to the fact that i have had training in mathematics and, there is a technique known as the separation of variables. Diplomats have to find a way to separate problems we can agree on from problems we cannot agree on and it is important that we Work Together. Separation of variables will diplomacy and of mathematics. Thank you. All right. Thank you. A panelwill try to have discussion to revisit some of these issues and lift our spirits a little bit, but i would like to begin with a reminder that, in 1991 and 1992, the senators took a gamble with there were skeptics who said it would be best to let sorrowiet union drown in and officials said that the union should be left to freefall. Senators nunn and lugar did not agree and helped them cope with the inheritance from hell. This was the most successful Congressional Initiative since the Marshall Plan and i would like to ask for this panel to inclusion of the political mood and the American People not interested in another andram helping an adversary they had a cold war sensibility about security and did not understand that what happens over there could affect us. . Ow did you make it work how do we get it to work again . With, answer is, to begin we did not make it work. Withtnership was formed we authorization bill and andalready past those bills went to the soviet union, which was collapsing. Authorization and conference report. We thought we could persuade our urgent. Es that this was thehey said, they were in framework that this was the . Nemy and why should we help we had to pull off the opposition bill and take it back and go withrence the authorization bill. We passed the amendment and it was cut and we were grateful to get that and it was an authorization, not a mandate. And itimportant factors was anna cole analytical. A roundtable in my office where we met over and over again and we persuaded people and went from september 2 december to persuade a vast majority of the senate. Happened. He way it we turned around the sentiment in 2. 5 months in the era where people let facts lead to conclusions. That does not always exists today. That is the history of its and we worked really hard on this at to the people in it is easier to pass legislation then implement. There are those in this room and other places who made this work. People andnumber of i would like to see tom blanton do an honor roll of people who felt that this was implemented. That is the way this came about. I remember passing this they went andd travel to each of these countries and talked to the leaders there about what was coming and what to expect. It was the implementation and the legislation. Dones not easy and it was on a bipartisan basis. Share with us you joining sam and what made this so urgent. I was a student of this his worknd i observed and admired it. Genevabeen together in and i got to know him well, at that time. The russian to consulate. There was quite a number. Broad and we of went to one in russia and became addressing i stress the importance of what occurred than being political. There were a great number of that is ridiculous to even be considered and this is a strongly felt sentiment by many constituents. The sentiment did not go away. Had anunnlugar past, we appropriation bill to face every year to come up with the 500 million or thereabouts that would be required. Had 50t two years, we million spent on implementation and, for all this the warheads to be taken down, the Safety Measures and so forth ithere are new ideas and came aboard and has not been ther