Afterwards wes moore traces his career choices from combat veteran to social entrepreneur to find his lifes purpose. On American History tv on cspan3 saturday night just after 7 00, the 1963 interview of malcolm x discussing Race Relations and opposition to racial integration and sunday at 6 30 p. M. Eastern, former cia chief of disguise tells the story of a husband and wife kgp spy team that infiltrated through the use of sex. Send us a tweet at cspan. In 2008 he was interviewed about congressional efforts to seek redress. Its about an hour for this world history. Today is friday july 4th 2008. Were in denver at the Japanese American National museums conference, and this morning we have secretary Norman Mineta with us. And im doing this differently. We usually do an oral history and i start from the very beginning. But because of time constraints, im really going to focus on the redress, so the first question, i just want to find out, was there anything in your early life that led you to politics . Well, not really. I dont think anyone really, at an early age, says, you know, im going to be other than, i guess, kids saying i want to be president of the United States. But i dont think anyone really says, i want to be mayor of san jose, california. But, you know, being and i started Community Activities within the Japanese American Community through our san jose japanese methodist church, jacl, and then that sort of expanded into activities in the total majority community. And so those kinds of Community Activities then led me to the possibility of being appointed to the city council. The first time i didnt run for the city council. We had a mayor who was we had our first directly elected mayor, and that created a vacancy on the city council. So the new mayor and two members of the city council came to me and said, weve got to fill that vacancy on the city council. Would you consider putting your name in for it . So i said, well, you know, im in business with my father and i really should talk to him about this. So, anyway, i talked to my dad and he said, well, we could make the arrangements between how you and i conduct the business. But he said in japan there is an old adage about if youre in politics, youre going to be like the nail sticking out of the board. You know what happens to that nail . It always gets hammered. The question is, are you going to be able to take that hammering . I thought about it and talked to a lot of friends and finally said, okay, ill put my name in. So i was appointed to the city council for the twoyear unexpired term of the mayor who had vacated that post to become the new mayor. So then in 1969, i then ran for election to stay on the city council. So i have a question. Do you think if you were not appointed to that position, would it have ever occurred to you to run for city council . Well, i had people asking if i would consider doing it. And i was the first nonwhite on the city council. And so i always thought, you know, that would really be a difficult task. So even though i had people ask me about it, i always dismissed it. But this was an opportunity through an appointment, not election. So you get appointed, then you do your job, then you can seek election. So in 1969, i ran for the City Council Post that i had by appointment. But on the brochure, i couldnt say reelect norm because i hadnt been elected in the first place, so we used the phrase retain norm on the council. How supportive was the Japanese American Community to your campaign . Very. I had great support from within the community. At that point it was probably maybe 2 of the population, 3 . Very, very small. But i had great support from the Japanese American Community. And so that was also true by 1970, i had become vice mayor, and then in 1971, for the reelection for the mayors post, the mayor decided not to seek reelection. So then that mayor and many people said, hey, youve got to run for mayor. Well, i was trying to split my duties between being on the city council and running the business, and it was really taking more and more time, and so i decided to run for mayor in 71. So that was probably the most difficult decision i had to make between, you know, a career choice in terms of the Insurance Business that had been in the family since 1920 and then running for mayor, because that really was going to take fulltime. When you decide to do make that choice, to go into politics fulltime, what possibility were you hoping for by going into politics . What were you thinking at that point . Only about what is it i could do as mayor of san jose. And i think as i look back over the 40 years i have been in public service, one of the things i always tried to do was not to get caught up in this whole thing about where are you going to be . Where you going . And looking out into the future as to where you want to go. Because i think a lot of people make a mistake about keeping their sight on where they want to go and theyll stumble over something right in front of them. And so ive always maintained work hard at the job youre in. Do a good job there. Because then if you come to a fork in the road and its like the Great American philosopher yogi berra said when you come to the fork in the road, take it. But if people are so intent on their goal way over there, thats driving them. Its not a personal decision. I want to be in control of myself, not let other outside things direct me as to what im going to be doing. So ive always maintained work hard at the job youre in, and so i always figured, just work hard at being mayor. Be a good mayor. And whatever happens in terms of opportunities that pop up or whatever you want to do, you can then do it. If youre a mayor and a very difficult task comes up, if youve got credibility and a depth of reserve of good will that you can sacrifice some of that good will to take on this very difficult task. And so i always felt, you just work hard at the job youre at. Dont worry about having to keep your sight on where youre going to go in the future, because that can really you can stumble over something right in front of you. Thats such a simple, yet powerful, philosophy. Where did that come from . Do you recall anyone telling you that, or is that something that just evolved over time . In terms of the business, my dad used to always talk about that. In terms of he used to say, plan your work and work your plan. Because he was always one who tried to make sure that, you know, you just dont do things willynilly, but that you had to be organized in how you go about doing things. His basic philosophy to me was always, plan your work and work your plan. So describe how you then decided to go for National Office to become a congressman . How did that happen . Purely by accident. In about the third week in january, 1974, quarter to 6 00 in the morning on a sunday, the phone rings. I pick up the phone. Hello . Hey, norm, have you seen the paper . Jimmy, its quarter to 6 00 in the morning on sunday. Of course, i havent seen the paper. He said, charlie goobster is not going to seek reelection. Charlie goobster was our member of congress. Had been for 24 years. I said, thats nice. No, no, no, no. Youve got to run. I said, jimmy, i announced in september of 73 that i was going to seek reelection in 74. We did a big fundraiser in october, tom bradley, the mayor of l. A. Came up, did a fundraiser for me, and were on our way for reelection campaign. No, no, no, youve got to run for congress. I said, jimmy, go back to sleep. Im going back to sleep. So i hung up on him and didnt think anything about it. Well, 7 00 that night, the door bell rings, so i go open the door, and i look at this guy and say, mike, what are you doing here . He said, i dont know. Jim told me to be here at 7 00 tonight. What did he tell you . He said, nothing. He just said be at norms at 7 00. Jim, unbeknownst to me had invited people to be there at 7 00 that night. People were knocking on the door, people were flying in. Jim had gotten all these people together to come to the house, talking about when you say jim, who is that . Jim bono was an attorney in san jose. And a close friend of mine. Okay. And he just did this on his own. So continue the story. All these people. Anyway, this is 1974, and this seat had been held by the republicans for, i dont know, 48 years or Something Like that. And the question was, can a democrat win this congressional seat . And, you know, there was the Fair Housing Act of 1964 on the ballot statewide. Wilson riles was an africanamerican who ran for state superintendent of public instruction statewide and won. So the question was, if you take some of these maybe six or eight issues that had been on the ballot and sort of researched them, could we see whether or not this 13th Congressional District could be won by a democrat . And but in those days, it was, you know, before you were in microsoft and computers werent even around, and you had to go in and say, okay, precinct 337. 100 voted in 1964 on proposition 13. You take down the numbers. You had to go through and recreate this thing on maybe eight issues over a 12year period. So we had to have lots of people go to the registrar of voters to get all this information. Well, thats what we ended up discussing that night. And my protestations were about, no, im running for mayor. And they were sitting there organizing, saying, what other issues do we need to take a look at . All these people were bent on me running for Congress Without me saying okay, i would consider doing it. So it took them about five weeks to do this. We all got together again. They said, you know, theres a chance this is during the whole watergate issue that started bubbling up in 72, 73, and by this time, this is february of 74, or march, and i think it was Something Like five days before the end of the declaration period. I said, im now running for congress, so if you feel inclined to do so, please feel free to send some money in. What made you decide to run . In looking at the figures and talking to family, talking to friends and, you know, they just encouraged me to do that. And so but it was one of those things, again, where, you know, its not something that even crossed my mind at some point that i would even think of running for congress. And so that was a pretty risky thing. The mayor was probably a pretty sure thing. It was. And here youre trying to go after a republican seat. And the thing is that there was a very wellknown republican by the name of george million. A very fine individual. Had been a member of the state assembly, his family ran a hotel in gilroy in the southern part of the district, and he had been appointed by president nixon to be the regional head for the Environmental Protection agency in san francisco, and then from there, they moved him back to d. C. As assistant secretary of army for environmental affairs. So, i mean, he had a long political heritage, and so i knew it was going to be a tough race. But when you look at it, the population was mostly in the san jose, santa clara, Saratoga Los Gatos area and went down to gilroy, but gilroy was also a lesser populated area, so his name recognition was much higher in that part of the district, so the whole question about, you know, who do we have to work with down in that area, and i remember one of the fines that we had was a person who used to support george mileas in other races for the state assembly on the congressional race, and this fellow said, ill support you. He was a very prominent fellow in gilroy and it was really a big boost when this fellow said, yeah, ill support you. So how much did you win by this election . Well, i had to get by the primary first. There were about, oh, eight or nine people in the primary. But i won the primary by i think it was 63 . And then in the general election, it was Something Like i won 51 and george got Something Like 39 or 40, and there is a peace and freedom and some other candidates in there that made up the balance. So it was a solid win. It was about 51 . So at the time, you were the first japanese american mainland. Dan, you know i had gone to congress in 59. Thats right. Mainland. At that point you were going in danny was the center nancy mick was there. Spark was there as well. Im going to jump ahead now and actually switch topics, but i wanted to ask you, when was the first time you heard about the topic of redress for japanese americans . There had been talk about it. Edison muno had been talking about redress for quite a while. There was a lot of conversation about redress. But it wasnt until the Salt Lake City convention of the Japanese American Citizens League in 1978 when the National Convention adopted a onesentence resolution that said that to undertake a legislative program seeking an apology in redress payment of 25,000 per individual interned during world war ii, and that was it. And that was adopted at that Salt Lake City convention. And were you at that convention . I was at the convention. I did not participate in any of the discussion. And, you know, people would say, what do you think . Do you think we can get this passed . I dont know. I mean, thats a real long shot. You know, im not sure well ever accomplish this. But i never got into the discussion on the floor of the convention. I was in a convention delegate. I was really there more as an observer. What were you thinking . You must have thought, okay, so this is going to fall into my lap pretty soon and theyre talking about legislative talking about legislative action in office. What were you thinking . It wasnt until about september i dont recall when, september or october of 78. The officers of the sale came back to meet the senator and myself, and bob had been elected to congress in 76. This is 78. So when we all assembled, i remember the first thing i said was [ japanese ] which is, were in deep straits here, what do we do with this . So we had some real good conversations about them, and senator anoa said, you know, were not going to get this passed until the American People know what happened. And once they know, then they will talk to their representatives and their senators and they will then get an idea about what went on. But until we get the public knowledgeable about this, well get nowhere on this issue. And he said there was the Warren Commission about the kennedy assassination, and those Commission Reports, the hearings, went on for a long time. They were on the news every night, they issued the Warren Commission report. That was on news a lot. The Commission Report itself became a best seller. He says, thats what weve got to do. Then he was talking about the kent state killings. And ive forgotten the name of that commission. But he talked about that commission. He said, unless we get the hot focus, the publicity, on evacuation, were not going to get anywhere. So spark said, well, ive got a bill and maybe we can use that as a basis for this commission. I had a legislative director of a brilliant young kid named glen roberts, and his brother Steve Roberts was a reporter for the new york times, and steves wife is cookie roberts with cbs. So, anyway, glen was sitting in on this meeting, and so he took sparkys bill on native hawaiian claims and converted that to what became the commission on wartime internment and relocation of civilians. And the Commission Bill passed and the commission was formed with president not Truman Carter appointing the commissioners. And they set out to work on it. The life of the commission under the original bill, i believe, was one year. We had to extend it to make it two years, and then i think it was either 81 i think it was 81 or maybe 82 when the Commission Report came back. I want to go back. After the decision was made to pursue the commission path, when you would go back to san jose, what would people say to you about that decision . Was that a controversial decision . It wasnt it was probably more benign. It was probably not so much controversial as it was, thats nice youre doing it, and that was t. Because people just didnt think it was going to go anywhere. It was mission impossible. And, you know, you had a lot of people who i mean, core people who were very much in favor of pursuing this action, and so they were all hyped up, but i would say 90 could care less, and maybe 20 were really this happened in 42. Why are you bringing this up now . Lets let it die. Forget it. But that was a small group. Maybe not even 20 . So tell me what the hearings did for you when they started in the various cities . Were you able to attend any of them, or what was it like . I did, and it was just very, very moving. And but, you know, as were putting together this Commission Bill, i wanted to make sure that we had prominent members of the congress. If i dropped the bill in, people were like, oh, thats selfserving. So i didnt want us to be in the forefront on this thing. And so i wanted to make sure that we had Judiciary Committee members who were going to be considering this bill and committing tobacco to be cosponsors and then i would call and talk to these people on a oneonone basis about being a cosponsor. Then i talked to one fellow on the judiciary. He said, its nice to have you here, norm. What do you have for me . So i said, tom, ive got this bill and it has to do with forming the commission, going back to the whole issue of evacuation and internment. He sort of looked off into the distance and said, yeah, i remember hearing about it. I think my old boss somehow was involved in that. I said, really . What did you do . He said, well, i was in the general Councils Office at International Paper company in ohio. But our washington, our Senior Vice President of Government Affairs was headquartered in washington, and i think he had something to do with it. I said, really . I said, what was his name . And he said carl bendetsen. And i thought to myself, oh, crap. Heres the guy who engineered the evacuation and was the sob who put us in camp. I folded up my paper and said, tom, thanks for the time and left. Glen and i walked out of there and went, oh, man. You talk about doing research and knowing who youre talking to about stuff, but, boy, we didnt know a thing about it. But as soon as he said, carl bendetsen, i go, oh, man, just folded up my papers and said, thank you, tom, and walked out of there, and figured i would never get him as a cosponsor. But we did that. I went to member after member. Bob motsui did the same thing, going to members and getting them to sign up as a cosponsor of the Commission Bill. An important one was jim wright also. Jim wright was, at that point, the majority leader. No, im sorry, he was whip at the time. I went to ask him, and he was a Fighter Pilot in the south pacific, and he came home on leave in 1944, and then he heard about the camps and the japanese americans in the camps and all that. He said he thought to himself, thats not what i was fighting for in the south pacific. And he said at that time that at some point he wanted to do something to correct that wrong. He said, thats not right. So when i got elected to congress, i got elected to the public works and transportation committee. Jim wright, a congressman from texas, was on the public works and transportation committee, and we got to talking a lot and got to be good friends. And then he got elected to go up in the leadership. So on this bill, i went back to him and i said, jim, i really need your help. And then he told me about the loss of battalion and how the 447100 had lost a lot of blood to get to the rescue of the 100th battalion. He said, absolutely put me on the bill. I said, im not going to put you on the bill. I need you as the lead sponsor. He said, fine, put me as the lead sponsor. So to have the number three in the democratic leadership as the lead sponsor on the bill was a big boost of you know, you could say, jim wright is on this bill. Especially with these other members. And after the bill was passed and the commissioners performed and they had these National Hearings across the country, i dont know how many hearings they had, maybe, i dont know, 20, 25. I want to go back. So after you had jim wright agree to that, what kind of reaction how did you feel when he decided to do that . It was just great. Jim said he would sign on the bill. So, you know, just thanked him profusely, shook his hand. Glen and i walked out of his home, out of his office. We didnt say a thing and just kept walking, turned the corner, we got into the elevator and we got into the elevator going, yes we got jim wright as a sponsor of the bill and we were just sitting there inside the elevator by ourselves hugging and thinking, jim wright is on the bill with us, and it was really a big moment for us. Because at that point did you start gaining confidence that this was going to really happen . Its one of those things you take things one step at a time. And so there were 435 members of congress, you want to get to as many as 218, you know, majority members, and on the Commission Bill, i think by the time we dropped it in, i think we probably had 120 before we dropped the bill into the legislative hopper, we probably had 125, 150 cosponsors on the bill. Because i really wanted to make it with a big bang and not just a lot of times you drop a bill in with five cosponsors or seven, whatever. But this one was something that we really had to make a big impact. So i wanted to make sure we got as many cosponsors on the bill as possible. Were there any other key congressmen during that time that played a role, like a barney frank or no, that was long before barney came on board. And we had a lot of opposition. Dan lundgren from california, sam hall from texas and, you know, i said, sam, jim wrights on this bill. So, oh, okay. Just oh, okay and walked away. When you say they opposed, did they actively oppose . Some of them ive forgotten who it was. Somebody wrote ive forgotten who it was now, but rhoda we have this mechanism called dear colleague. We had somebody write a dear colleague, and there is a bill being circulated about forming a commission. This is a waste of taxpayer money. This happened in 42, on and on and on and on. But and i suppose it had some gravitas with somebody, but we were looking to try to get cosponsors from those who we felt were sympathetic to the possibility of getting them as a cosponsor on the bill and there are probably, you know, 150 people youll never get no matter what you do. Those you just sort of discount. And so people who write dear colleagues, that appeals to them because it gives them a little more ammunition in their own quiver as to why theyre in opposition to the bill. And meanwhile every announcement would be focused on that millionplus people because theyre the ones that would really make a difference . Sure. What year was this dropped in the hopper . We did that in 79. 78 was the resolution passed by jc l. 79 we did the research and in 80 we got the bill passed. And the Commission Report came back in 82, and, you know, Jodi Bernstein did a tremendous job as chair of that commission, and the General Council for that Commission General counsel for that commission not hue mcdermott he was just tremendous. Im blanking on it, too. He was just an amazing guy. But he and jody were really the ones who made it happen. And, you know, then the final Commission Report, it came out and said that there was a gross violation of the Constitutional Rights of people of japanese ancestry, and it said that redress an apology and redress payment they recommended 20,000 should be made and that the reason the evacuation and internment occurred was because of historical racial discrimination, wartime hysteria and weak political leadership. And so it it brought everything together, all the loose ends, and it dealt with the magic cable issue. When people were saying, whoa, what about those magic cables . You could hold up the report and say, well, they studied that issue and it was a lot of nonsense. So it really was tremendous. So you have this time period, so 1982, 83 you have this report, the final bill wasnt signed until 1988. So what was happening in that time period . Well, first of all, we had to take the Commission Report and glen, again, went through that thing i dont know how many times. His wife kitty told me he would go to bed with the Commission Report. She said, he didnt go to bed with me, he went to bed with the Commission Report. He just pored over that thing and pored over it and then translated that Commission Report into legislative language working with legislative counsels office in the house of representatives, talking to the american bar association. Glen just did a tremendous job in putting that thing together. So we had the elements of the bill, and so again, we had to line up the cosponsors to jim wright, and by that time, jim wright was the majority leader in the house. And generally the majority leader in the house does not cosponsor any legislation. And he said, norm, this is an exception, and im going to be associated with this. He said, put me as the lead sponsor. And so we then introduced it in that congress. And then, you know, legislation expires every two years, so in the new congress, we then had to reintroduce the bill. So i want to a house parliamentarian and i said, i want to put hr 442 as a number of this bill. So how do i do that . How did you get that idea . You cant reserve a number but what you have to do is drop the bill in about the time the bill will come up, and as they stamp these bills, that will get the number of 442. So i went to the house parliamentarian, and i said, charlie, when should i drop this bill in because i want 442 on this bill. So he said, well, wait about, you know, ten days and then ill tell you when to drop the bill. And then as it comes through, ill just hold it back and make sure we get 442. So Charlie Johnson was the house parliamentarian and hes the one who helped me get the number 442 on that bill. And then after that, you know, it took eight years to get it passed, so every two years id have to drop the bill in at the proper time to get hr 442 in the succeeding congresss for that legislation. There was a point in time when you went to the four congress and addressed the congressmen about this bill and talked about your familys experience. Do you recall that and what you said . Sure. Well, the day this bill had gone through the committee, and again, going this congressman sam hall who was opposed to the bill, and sam was elected with us in 1974 in the same class as i was, and he was in opposition to the bill. Eventually he became the chairman of the subcommittee on the Judiciary Committee that was going to handle the bill. I thought, oh, no, man, were never going to get it. This is going to be the graveyard for this bill. Sam will never get the bill out. Well, i kept pressuring him. I said, at least have hearings on the bill. So he would have hearings on the bill. But he made it very clear right from his Opening Statement that the bill wasnt going to go anywhere, and so president reagan appointed him to a justice, and dan glickman from kansas came in as the judiciary subcommittee chairman. And dan was very helpful at moving the bill forward. But he was still reluctant to put the bill over the top. And then dan became chairman of the house agriculture committee, so he gave up that chairmanship. And then barney frank from new york became the chairman of that subcommittee. And i was really pleased, he being such a big civil libertarian. So i said, hey, congratulations on becoming chairman. Ive got a bill. He said, yeah, yeah, i know, the hr 442. Well move it. Well pass it. I said, oh, man, thats great. Youre going to have a hearing on it . No, we dont need a hearing on it. So i thought, man, this is great. Then he said came back and said, norm, theres one thing ive got to have a hearing on. I even forgot what it was, but he said ive got to have one hearing. I said fine. So he had the one hearing, passed it out of committee, peter rodino was chairman of the full committee and don edwards was a colleague of mine from san jose who was on the Judiciary Committee. So, anyway, peter had indicated rodino. He said, oh, yeah, yeah. He said, you know, you get this out of subcommittee, it will go right out on the full committee. So thats why over the years, you know, we had to push on getting the subcommittee to take action. Well, i knew sam hall wasnt going to move it with dan glickman it was going to move a little more, but with barney, it was most assuredly going to move forward. So then we got it through subcommittee, full committee and on to the house floor. Jim wright, again, by that time was the speaker, and he said, norm, he said, i see the Judiciary Committee passed hr 442. They passed it maybe in about june of that year, 1978 . 1980. 1980 the bill was signed in 1988, so this was 1987. And so jim wright said, i want that bill on the house floor on the 200th anniversary of the signing of the constitution. Just thinking about it makes me cry now. And he said, i want you in the chair. He said, youll be speaker pro tem. He gave up the chair as speaker of the house and had me as speaker pro tem chairing the house when we took up the bill. And its a day ill always remember. Was it that day you gave your speech also . It was. You know, my dad was he came to this country by himself at 14 years old. And i only saw him cry three times. Once was the 7th of december because he couldnt understand why the land of his birth was attacking the land of his heart. 7 december. First time i ever saw him cry. Second time i saw him cry was march 29, 1942. We were on the train moving out of san jose going to santa anita, the racetrack, the Senate Assembly we were going to. And i looked up and seats were facing each other with my dad, my mother, my sister and brother and me here. And i looked up and saw these tears coming down from my dad. The third time was in 1956 when my mother passed away. Those are the only three times i ever saw my dad cry. And so being on the floor that day, i talked about my dad and my mother. But it still had a long way to go. Because even on the discussion on the floor, we had an amendment to take the payment part of it out. Before you go on to that, what was the reaction from people after that day when they heard you talk about that . Well, a lot of people told me afterwards what they had seen and changed their mind about the bill. They were thinking about voting against the bill, and bob motsui made a great statement. We had a number of people who made great statements on the floor that day. Peter rodino, the chairman of the committee, there was a republican congressman from new york hmm. I can picture him, ham fisher. Congressman ham fisher from new york who gave a wonderful speech in support of the bill. And so it was a momentous day. So i know there are a lot of people that really worked hard to pass it. Because of time, maybe you could share one or two stories about some of the people who helped pass the bill. Oh, man, you know, one thing about there are a lot of countries that call themselves democracies, but the thing that makes the democracy of the United States so distinctive from any other country in the world is that it requires citizen participation this thing kept on bubbling pup people working working at the Grassroots Level all across the country. Here is something that impacted on 123,000 people back in 1942. Out of a population of 200 million people, who cares . You know, forget it. But yet this thing kept on bubbles up because people working at the Grassroots Level all across the country. And so there were just a lot of people. I remember from seattle, kenoshta terry, being one of those who was always agitating for Citizen Groups to get involved in this thing. And frankly, there were some of these groups that who were also lambasting me for taking the legislative approach. Bill horridge ripped me a new one. He thought i was a sellout. He thought my brotherinlaw mike was a sellout. He said, you know, he said he is the one who put us in camp. Give me a break. And so i mean we were having to swim against the tide too within the community. And some of the, frankly, awful things that horridge said about jcl, mike, dr. Tommy, masano, and against those of news the congress who were pushing the legislative approach, it was not it was not a even for people like cherry kinoshta and there was a Citizen Group in san jose outside some of these other groups. They were having to speak in opposition to other nisei groups were doing. So its hard to point out individuals. As we after we had passed the bill and the senate had passed the bill, and there was some talk about president reagan vetoing the bill. And there was a fellow by the name of grant ujifusa, and grant was an editor with the readers digest. And we were talking about this. And i said you know, grant, were not over the hill on this thing. And he said well, you know, governor tom kane of new jersey is going to be with president reagan, and he is going to be in the car with him for about an hour. Suppose we brief governor kane about this bill and have him talk to president reagan about it, and not veto the bill. So i said that would be great. So we pull all that material together, and grant went to see governor kane. And convinced him that in this conversation, he is in the president s car, that he should talk to president reagan about it. So we did that. Also, remember when president reagan was captain reagan, he was there when is it sergeant masuda couldnt be buried in his own hometown cemetery. So captain reagan was at the burial of captain i mean of sergeant masuda, even though it wasnt in his hometown grave. Wherever he got buried, captain reagan was there. So we had someone else remind the president of that occurrence. And in fact i think there is a picture of him at that cemetery or at the funeral service. And they even gave him a picture of that to remind him. But it was really governor kane so thoen then we were all at the Seattle Convention in 1988. And we got word that tomorrow morning, the president is going to sign the bill. Hes going to sign the bill . And were all sitting in seattle. So everyone making airplane reservations. And we call the white house and said he cant just sign the bill. This has to be a public ceremony. And well all fly out and well get everyone there. So they said, okay, well make it a signing ceremony. And they said well do it at 11 00 in the morning. So everyone was flying just racing around trying to get reservations on the airplane to get from Seattle Washington to washington, d. C. Everyone on the red eye and we all get to the white house and were all blearyeyed and were all there watching the ceremony that president reagan signed the bill. Theres a picture of the president signing the bill. I said hey, pat, look at that signature there. That was my signature on the bill as speaker protestimony on what they call the redline copy of the bill that the president signs because president pro tem of the u. S. Senate, me as speaker pro tem of the u. S. House and president reagan signing the bill. And then you know i thought where he says but only in a country like the United States could this Something Like this happen. Thats good. Later on in your career, you were secretary of transportation right after or during the territory act of 9 11. And im curious to know because you were there a Critical Role at that time, if your work during redress ever played a role in how you thought about how to protect our country after 9 11. Well, theres no question that right after september 11th they were saying, you know, take all of these arab americans and muslims and put them in camp. And im, like, i dont believe this. What am i hearing . So as we were putting together the skoourt measures and Aviation Security was in the department of transz poration and so on september 12th there was a Cabinet Meeting and it was with the members of the democratic Republican Leadership from the dock. Congress. He said mr. President we have a very Large Population of arab americans in michigan and theyre very concerned about whats happenings. Theyre very concerned about some of the security measures that might be taken relating to transportation. And the president said david, youre absolutely correct. We are also concerned about this. We want to make sure what happened tho norm in 19d 42 doesnt happen today. That was on wednesday, the next day, september 12th. So i got back and told my staff about it. I said one of the things were going to have to make sure we do is no racial profiling. I never went back to the white house to clear it. That monday was also the day the president met with arab americans and muslims at the muslim Islamic Study Center in d. C. And the 39d asked me to go with him. He told them. He said, we know who the terrorists are. Theyre not loyal arab americans. Theyre not faith fulful followers of the islamic religion. So anyway, we proceeded along this line. And, in the meantime anne bulger and malki nrksz and then towards the end of september; there was a killing in tucson. They said why did you shoot and kill this guy . They said because he looked like the enemy. But he was a shake. He had a turbine and beard. Right after that, the president said we are going to pursue nibble who commits hate crimes. In january i spoke to the largest dinner ive ever spoken to. Tlfgs a group in detroit called access. Arab american Cultural Community education social services. I think that works out to access. I spoke to about 4,000 people at a din