Would still be meetings at the convention with the leading Party Officials and, you know, the candidate would meet with people and so it was a democratic process in the sense that candidate would meet with people. It was a democratic process in the sense there was consultation, deliberation and so forth, though ultimately the candidates decision. I think as its moved away from the convention beginning 1976, its been a process focused much more on the president ial candidate and the people around the president ial candidate. They still consult with party leaders, talk to capitol hill, talk to governors, solicit input. But ultimately the circle of people in the room when the decision is made tends to be the president ial candidate and a few people close to them. Im going to get our questioners ready, a few more questions and then turn to the audience again. Weve referred to, in terms of the convention, that we might have a different kind of year especially on the republican side. Weve made recommendations, really, that all the candidates should start now, start doing things now. It takes time. You cant wait to the last minute. It takes time to go through the process. That being said, there might be amendments to the candidates and how much they can get going. Could some of you discuss, probably maria on the most part on the republican side were thinking about. What are some of the considerations out there for candidates given we dont have as normal a situation. How can they get going so they are not left with the process at the end. What can we tell them that gets the most out of the recommendations even though its not a normal year. Save the tough one for last. Well, in the fivestep process, do the first three steps. Get the big list, public records research, narrow it down internally in the campaign to the five or so people on your short list. How are you i think it is really challenging for a candidate now if it is not known that person is the nominee to be asking for personal information from some be who may be looked at by other campaigns as well and who, in at least a couple cases, could be rivals down the road for something. So that part of the process, which is the most difficult part of the process is one there may be unique solutions to but i havent heard them yet. I dont have a whole lot to add. Another unique situation were in, you know, if several of the nominees, especially those that may have actual delegates, there may be deals forged and announcements made ahead of time. How far ahead i dont know. It still remains to be seen. I look at that as something i havent experienced before and might be interesting. Whether it matters or not im not sure but several nominees or potential nominees actually come with delegates. I guess, joel, have the last word on this in history. Weve had a lot of contested conventions far back. What can we learn perhaps the most contested convention, 1924 convention, largest number of ballots, went on a couple weeks, 113 ballots, i believe. Strategic college lived temporarily with a 8yearold physics professor, he rent med a room. He used to tell me hu he listened to this on the radio, first on the radio 1924, went on a long time and was great political entertainment. I dont remember and i dont know how the Vice President was picked that year. What happened in these very contested conventions and then Vice President ial anything we learn from deep dark history or thinking about it today. What kind of nominations if we arent going to pick in advance, what does the Vice President ial selection look like. I think we really are in Uncharted Waters because the whole process is so different now. Now you have a long period of selection and public process that didnt exist. You have a media world now that didnt exist back then. One of the important aspects of the preconvention process thats developed is that it gives people time to recalibrate ambitions and look at political aspirati aspiration, do i want to be Vice President or not want to be Vice President. In the convention youre compressing it in a few hours where all this takes place. It really is Uncharted Waters. I dont think theres any precedents i can recall right now. Trying to help you out here. So let us turn to the audience. Mike is here, id like you to identify yourself before the question. Why dont we go in the middle, back. Susan milligan from u. S. News and world report. Weve been talking about a lot about how the Vice President ial pick could influence the voters. Im wondering in the case of Republican Convention whether it could influence the result of president ial nominee, if trump says im going to pick omarosa or paul ryan, will the Vice President ial pick become more important than the president ial candidate. We havent talked about the opportunity somebody would pick in advance before they are the nominee. That could happen before the convention, at the convention. There have been some historical examples. Take whatever youd like. Sitting in the comfort of nothing being with any of the current president ial campaigns. Im not sure youd know who the Vice President ial candidate was. Facing strategical and tactical choice whether you name who your Vice President ial nominee will be or wait until the convention in case theres a second ballot and you do need to bring over delegates, or is it the part of the second ballot, mythical second ballot that you decide the way you get the majority of votes is announcing who your Vice President ial candidate is. So if it actually goes to the contested convention with multiple ballots. I dont think its at all clear what happens. One sort of model 1976 when governor reagan announced three weeks before the Republican Convention that his running mate would be senator richard schweiker, probably the most liberal republican in the senate. It was a time when governor reagan was really out of moves to make to secure the nomination. He was hopeful this would swing some support in the pennsylvania delegation. But the other thing he tried to do is amend the rules. It was rule 16c at the Republican Party and to require that every president ial candidate, ie president ford, indicate who his nominee would be for Vice President in balloting president ial. That was a strategy to smoke out president fords choice, in the thought if he named one person, he would alienate the other 10 people who hoped to be his running mate. One risk of designating one person is you may adversely affect chances with the delegates who hope youll pick somebody else. I wonder if anybody suggests a special episode of the apprentice. One would say thats what were going through now. Okay. Right here in the middle. Linda cooper. I had a question that occurred to me, talking about serious vetting of the Vice President. Can you comment on the personality of the situation we have now with the president ial candidates and how that affects vetting process for presidency. Did you have any candidate in mind . Im sorry. Same as kpatibility is important. No matter which one of the five candidates you want to look at, they will all want somebody they feel comfortable with and they think represents their views. So no matter where those candidates fall in a personality scale in your mind, they are still going to want somebody who is compatible. There in the second row. Ill get you both. I understand nixon chose agnew because he delivered the votes for maryland. Is that correct . I was just wondering if most of the candidates would try to keep their options open. If they got down to the point they needed limited number of folks to put them over the the top, they might be willing to choose almost anyone necessary to do it, regardless whether they had vetted them much or not, if they wanted to sew it up. I think in terms nixon actually chose agnew not because he turned over votes for him but viewed him as the person most acceptable to southern delegates. Strom thurmond had been crucial in nixon ge the nomination. In effect i think nixon was looking for somebody perceived as centrist. He was sort of vetoing people on the right, like governor reagan on the left like senator lindsey mayor lindsey, and he viewed governor agnew as more of a centrist as more acceptable. Started off as rockefeller republican, became allientated with rockefeller and so forth. Maybe i could get you to repeat, dont mention famous incident of someone denigratind, you remember how nixon referred to spiro agnew to denigrate and say he was his insurance policy. I think nixon grew quickly to did he did he test detested agnew, he started out and said he wants to meet with me. Thats not how it works. The Vice President doesnt meet with the president. Thats not part of the job. He should go out and give speeches and so forth. When they were reelected in 1972, agnew saw himself he was the leaders in the polls in 1976, he saw himself as being president ial candidate. Nixon wouldnt give him anything to do. Finally he said, why dont you be the chair of the commission to plan bicentennial celebration. Agnew didnt think that was really what he had in mind. Of course he was forced out of office soon after that. The transformation to the office we have now between 73 when agnew was totally marginalized and 77 when Walter Mondale could walk into the oval office any time he wanted was really remarkable. As were going through the process, i think not knowing or forecasting what the situation was going to be, i think its interesting we were thinking always ahead to the general election. The reality on the republican side, general election second, nomination and delegates, which would perhaps put the candidates in a situation where who they might be looking at for Vice President would be maybe a different situation calculation than who that person would be in a general election for votes anyway. Great. To you next. Good morning, my name is justin. I have a question for the panel, specifically putting on their political lens and looking if they were to be advising both candidates on both sides in their selection of Vice President currently, im looking at it really more how might they be looking at certain states they might be interested in winning. There was a question earlier regarding women. How would you if you were advising both of the candidates on some things to keep in mind and things they might be looking out for in selecting that. I know even private sector experience would be interesting to hear about. Get as specific or general as you want. I think what has already been talked about, if youre going to be a serious president ial candidate and want to win, what you need to talk about is youre going to be a good president. I think there are people out there who on both sides would send the message im really serious about being president. On the democratic side, i think there are several folks that could do that and transcend electroutility. In the last few elections, president obama did not pick joe biden to deliver the state of delaware. He did something useful in terms of governance for doing that. I hope if shes the nominee, secretary clinton would do the same. I think on the republican side there would be people. React to a few things we talked about, maybe others have something to say. The group was unanimous saying the person has to be a president , somebody that can step into the role. Some of the pitfalls in the past have been candidates who think they are behind, throw the long ball, take a shot, do anything to shake up the race. Other states, balancing states, other thing out there, folks with Hillary Clinton, experienced candidates, very experienced ones think maybe i could pick an inexperienced Vice President. Some people think it balances you, a younger person. Well, if that person has experience to be president when they are young, great. But if youre just looking for youth to balance, thats not going for someone that can step into the role. There are pitfalls for all the candidates in their situations and they are different. Let me jump out and be specific. I probably shouldnt but no one is listening to me but you anyhow. I think senator tim kay of virginia would be outstanding Vice President ial pick. Hes the only person around who has been a mayor, a governor. Hes been a senator, a very serious person, chair of the democratic committee. Hes had opportunity. He would be a pick. You want to look for somebody first and foremost president ial, really of the stature that people could perceive him or her sitting in the oval office. You need somebody president ial not because of succession, you need them more now because if you dont have the Vice President who can do the things the last six Vice President s have done, youre giving up a huge governing asset. The focus on governance, in choosing a running mate has political significance. You are sending messages about decisions, when you value, what kind of decisionmaker you are. Somebody Vice President ial. In the first panel, how difficult it is for somebody talking, expressing their own views, to step into a role of subordinate. If you imagine somebody like joe biden, senator for 6 years was his own boss, chairman of two major committees, now all of a sudden hes the number two person and he has to adjust to that role. The person as Vice President has to be a leader but also able to follow and be comfortable in that role. Its an extremely difficult position, both as Vice President ial candidate but also as Vice President. I think we have time for one last question. And we are going to go here. Thanks, Peter Heyward from the australian embassy. Im trying to put myself in the shoes of people had might be asked to be on the short list for Vice President s, looking at what could be a filing president ial campaign. In the history of campaigns, whats been the fate of Vice President ial candidates in campaigns which look like they are losing early on . Has it been a good career move or bad career move . Its a terrific question. There was discussing about 1972 earlier. One of the problems George Mcgovern had, he asked a number of people to be his running mate and they all turned him down. Many of them were Close Friends he served with in the senate. For a variety of reasons they didnt want to be on the ticket. So i mean, if you think about Vice President s and Vice President ial candidates have done, you know pretty well in their later careers, representative ryan is now the speaker of the house. Edmond muskie lost in 68, became isnt of state. So you have able people, have opportunities. I think a calculation about how likely the ticket is to be successful and also how you feel about working with the person at the top of the ticket, the very much of a personal relationship. The last six Vice President s have been able to achieve very good personal relationships with the president. If the personal relationship goes south early on, its not going to be a very fun four years for either principle. So the people have to really work at it as well. I think you have to take that into account in deciding whether or not you want to put your name forward. All right. With that, i think were going to wrap up today. We want to thank members of our group selecting Vice President ial candidates. It really is advice for candidates out this now, as well as information for the media who is covering it. We thank the group, thank you in the audience and close the session here. [ applause ] at 1 30 eastern time on cspan3, discussion head of pipeline and Hazardous Materials safety at center for strategic and international studies. Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton is campaign in ohio today. Cspan will have live coverage at her stop in athens where shell be giving a speech on jobs and economy. President ial candidate Bernie Sanders is in kentucky today. Cspan will have live coverage of his Campaign Rally in louisville at 7 30 eastern. Indiana voters are going to the polls today. 57 candidates at stake. Cspan live with results, candidate speeches and viewer reaction. Madam secretary, we proudly give 72 of our delegate votes to the next president of the United States in iraq and afghanistan i helped both being a facilitator on key issues among iraquis or afghans. Influence is considerable, heads of state or government very anxious to meet with you when you ask for a meeting. Former ambassador to iraq, afghanistan discusses his memoir the envoy, from kabul to the white house, my journey in a turbulent world. We corrected towards the end of the period i was there by the surge, by reaching out to the sunnis, by building up iraqi forces, by establishing a unity government, killing zawahiri, by bringing violence way down. Unfortunately when we left the vacuum filled by regional powers pulling iraq part, violence escalated and we have isis now. Sunday 8 00 a. M. On cspans q a. A look now at mineral production and the Obama Administration policy mining on to do land. Kato institute hosted a discussion with former Petroleum Geologist who talked about technological improvements that have been made in exploration. This is about 1 10. One hour and ten minutes. Good afternoon. Im pat michaels, director of the center for science at the cato i