Famously formed rabbi rabbi franklin, leo franklin. In the middle of the whole series of antisemitic articles, what do you think franklin did when he got a free card from henry ford . Returned it. You know. You must have the wrong person here. Youre just accusing jews of all sorts of things, how can you offer mo a gift . Henry ford was deeply surprised. Im talking about the jews, im not talking about you. And even though this is humorous to us it does remind us of an important theme in the scholarship, which we talked about early on. The mythical jew and the jew next door. To henry ford, hes the jew next door. Hes highly respected, honorable, an important religious leader. I want to be on good terms with him. Hes an important figure. Ill send him a card. From franklins point of view, if youre writing all of these negative things about jews, then i side with them. But its an interesting k356r78. An interesting example how in the antisesemitic mind you can simultaneously sometimes, you know, oh he cant, my best friend is a jew. So here you have rabbi franklin, the jew next door, and then you have the mythical jew, i would like those books back please. There, the International Jew thanks. You know that hes writing about here. And thats a moment that suggests to me that ford really did have this tension between the mythical jew and, and the jew next door. I think im going to put off until next time. What i want to do next time, first i want to actually read with you and ill send it around, one of the chapters so we get a sense of thousand works. How does antisemitic writing work, why was this so much more successful than the protocols . And youll instantly see because he seems to be explaining contemporary events. And then well talk about aaron sepiro who is the person who sues ford and theres actually a new book on that subject. 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Cspan 3 created by the cable tv industry and funded by your local cable or satellite provider. Watch us in hd, like us on facebook, and follow us on twitter. Next Vanderbilt University professor sarah igal talks about the societal shift in the earlier 20th century at modernization talked about the household. I focus on the Literary Works on frederick on Home Economics and Frederick Taylor who saw to improve industrial efficiency. This class is about an hour and 20 minutes. All right. Great. Hello everybody. Today as you know were going to take up the topic engineering, work and the person. And i put up on a slide here, the cover, one of the many covers of theodores novel, sister carrie which weve been discussing this last week. And what we been considering is a kind of fictional assault right . On the victorian moral order. In this case and theodores case, in the form of naturalist fiction. Naturalist writing. The attempt to get close to urban reality and to record it in the form of a story about a female adventurer. She chose to set this story as you know in the booming bustling town of chicago. And to use chicago as a kind of character in the story. So look at the booms, the bus the individual tremendous vails, the fortunes of the characters in his novel. And just to sort of summarize where we got last time. In the pages, i think we saw the workings of many things. Not just a story, right . But a kind of commentary on early 20th century america. And especially urban industrial america. We saw the workings of a new economy, the novel itself as a kind of allegory for capitalism and consumer culture. That was constantly on the move in which styles, fashions identities characters, fall and rise. And importantly they fall and rise without rhyme or reason. All right. Identities can be put on a costume and then shed. As characters move on to their new roles. This has something to do right, not just with carrie being an actress and being in her own story, but being in a story of American Culture in the 20th century. And especially lay consumer culture. We talked about the motor behind the story, and i think we settled on one word. Desire. Desire was the kind of engine with the story. Wanting what you cant have. Always being able to see what is ahead of you that is elusive that youre trying to grasp. And thats what makes things happen in the novel. Remember that carrie is never satisfied. And recall the department store, right . Where he felt as he tells us the claim of each trinket and valuable upon her personally. We talked a little bit too about the moral of the story. A moral for the 20th ench ri maybe that there is no moral, right . Things happen to people. Good things happen to bad people, right . People arent punished for bad deeds. In fact sometimes like carrie, theyre rewarded. So what he8f kind of Success Story at vik torn period. That victorian ladder of virtue. The changing of fortunes was not the result of strong character or even of planning and preparedness. Think back to the stories, right . But fortune was the result of accident. Random occurrences, and here he shows us i think what henry adams feared so much. An economy of energy right, of dynamos but not a virtue. You start to see how hes picking up on the early and finally in this takes it today. He showed us a model of the self. A model of self which is much less anchored than the one in booker t. Washington or even in allgors stories. A self that was passive that seemed acted upon by all kinds of forces. Right, those darwinian energies. She was a way of amid forces or in the words, a lone figure in a tossing, thoughtless sea. And importantly in chicago, she occupied a world of surfaces. Right . Shes always concerned with our outward appearance. And also with windows with windows, being able to see others, with mirrors. The self forcare have i purely external, right . Its not an internal core or essence, its something very much that it radiating outward. He helps us answer a question which im going to put this way. How does a cultural system come to an end . Weve talked in a little bit about the genera of intellectual history, that there are no clear beginning and ending dates for anything, in fact there are no dates from anything. I think the novel coming as it does at the beginning of the 20th century helps us see many of the assumptions and frameworks of the victorian period coming to a close. Now they wont all fade out by any means, many will continue on i hope well get to some of that today. But he is putting a kind of nail in the coffin of the victorian age. Now our text for today, seemingly comes from a very different place. Not the invented world of a novelist, but an imagined system, maybe even utopia of the engineer. A new kind of hero in the early 20th century. So were going to turn to a new class of experts in the early 20th century. So thecalled machine age, an age of mass production Industrial Energy skyscrapers, and also to the experts who would become prominent not for their claims just to figure out how the society worked, how things ticked but also for their promise that they could design American Life anew. Right . That they could design a better, more efficient, more productive, more smooth running United States. Okay. So one of the watch words there is certainly efficiency as im sure you noticed in our reading for today. Okay. So weve already seen hints, i think of this expert character coming to the fore in American Culture. Um this is a character not unlike carrie who becomes prominent in this period, and especially i would say during world war i. And that is the period, 1914 to 1918, around which most of our readings for today cluster. For many intellectuals progressives, for prague notists, people like john dewy who weve read and walter today all part of a circle of an intellectual circle in this case, centered at the new republic. The journal. The war itself, world war i was a tool, it wasnt just an event. It wasnt just a tragedy, but it was a kind of tool that could be used like a scalpel. It was a war of technical efficiency and management. Where Technical Expertise was both sought after and was a product of the war itself. Just coming out of the war. The war will create new bureaucracies, new careers. Itll help status in expertise in American Culture. Critique, right . And his deep unease about what the war was producing about things who could get things done . In part hes talking about the people who we read for today. Truth and arms and people, but minds were organized as well. This was one of the modern wars in terms of these of propaganda and organizing. Moral to keep people in support didnt always work of course. And government bureaus devoted to shaping opinion. And advertisers, private corporate advertisers will be pressed into service to help win this war too. They would help americans decide how to think about the war. So if we think about engineering in this broad sense, there are new kinds of professions helping to organize, coordinate administrate the society. As i mentioned early 20th century, culture heroes were not preachers particularly. Preachers of the 19th century. They were not cynics like theodore, but those we might see who knew how things worked. Engineers and experts. We might think of henry ford becomes a kind of folk hero in this period who have perfected the flow of production. The vertical integration of a whole industry, minds lumber, rails, parts, we might think of someone like Frederick Winslow taylor who read for today. The inventor and proponent of scientific management. Of breaking up tasks analyzing them systematically, right, to find the one best way to do anything. Importantly notice taylor is an engineer, not just with machines and materials but people, workers. This era would even come with close with really an expert president. We think of him for other reasons. The great depression, but he came into office with a background as a professional mining engineer. He made his career during world war i. Hes one of the experts by running the food and Drug Administration and he is worldwide really championed for his incredible economy and efficiency in helping relief victims in belgium during the war. Now, of course there were experts in the 18th and 19th centuries. Experts of a sort. But they didnt do a whole lot of good. In that period for example and they werent subject to regulation in the way they would become in the 20th century. Two professors its really the u. S. Army in the early 20th century during world war i that the United States gets its first modern experts. Engineers, bridge buildings, and theres a precursor to this in the civil war and transportation engineers. We wouldnt see it come into place in the world war i. By the]f now, there are engineers of all sorts of entities as ive already suggested. Cities subways, of machines and factories of course but also engineers of personnel, think taylor here, and personnel techniques. There are engineers as we know of households right . Christine frederick. There are engineers even of desire. If we want to think about advertisers that way. And publicists. Okay. There are engineers of politics as well. And this is where i want to begin today. Because were going to start with walter lithman. In all of these cases we see we all have recognized at the rather tight grip of prodseating a bit of engineers. Take the reigns in a new way to 20th century and take charge in important ways of the culture itself. The people and the text were going to look at today. Frederick Westminster Abbey low taylor, 1911 Christine Frederick and efficiency engineer of the household in her book, the new housekeeping. John b. Watson we might consider an engineer of a sigh i can and certainly behavior. Famous for advocacy behavioralist, psychology, and Walter Lippmann. A young man, hes writing drift in mastery his first big book in 1917 but will become a kind of fixture of american pundit ri, political commentary. He is the an engineer too. Coming right out of the progressive and prague notist tradition. In fact embodying those traditions. Engineer of politics and public life. What do i mean by that. People like lippmann and his colleagues. Here a importantly a new republic. Were in favor of fact finding and politics. That should ring some bells right . And john dewy. To figure out the Fair Distribution of a crisis and perhaps the Public Ownership of city utilities right electricity. Gas. They wanted experts on workplace regulation to draft legislation not politicians, right but people who knew something about regulation to be doing the drafting of legislation. They wanted to collect data about economic cycles and social trends. They could become investigation and action by the government. So theyre very much fact findings. In a different ways he tried to give you facts to show you how things work. The progressives in lippmanns circle want to act on them. And maybe change them. One of the lippmanns colleagues will propose for example that state governments should basically just be scrapped abolished. And instead put councils of experts in their place to run the states. You can think of various kinds1s y÷ of occupations that come into being in this point. In time, sanitary engineers, the city commissioner you can think of legislation like the pure food and drug affect 1906 that come out of this interest in putting experts in charge. Rather than every day politics, right. And its bumbling messy way at this point, at this point very much the object of a critique because of the machine ethnic unruly politics of the cities which had a tinge of corruption to them. Now, theres a dark side to all of this administration and organizing of politics this is also the age where voting restrictions are really perfected in keeping certain white workers, but also certainly African Americans out of the voting booth in the name of better government. Middle class women on the other hand, who are just on the cusp of obtaining the vote can make the case, right that they are better, many educated more fit voters than these other groups. This is the age of eugenics as well which we will return to. There is a dark side to this kind of dependence on experts and expert judgment. But, from the point of view of our authors and this is where well stay i think today. It all looks good right . They are celebrating the new abilities of experts to design American Culture. All right. So lets begin with Walter Lippmann, drifted mastery is his, is his master work here. Actually published, this edition is 1917, but it comes out in 1914. And look at this quote, men find themselves working and thinking and feeling in relation to an environment which is without precedent in the history of the world. Lets talk about lippmann, what hes arguing for, what hes arguing in the way he does and what is at stake in all of this for him. So floor is open. Yeah kaylee. One thing i thought resinated between all the text that lippmann kind of champions throughout the essay is we need to substitute purpose in place of tradition. So we have this, i guess in the status quo or in the victorian order at this point were doing what w