Transcripts For CSPAN3 The Civil War Civil War Documents At

College. Im also member the history department, and its my pleasure this afternoon to introduce to you trevor plaque. Trevor is the director of the Textual Records Division at the national in washington d. C. I will translate that for you will. Trevor has a very important job in the field of history. Trevor is the friend of every historians. Trevor is a really likable guy, but if you didnt like him and your historian, youve still got to be really nice to him. Because archivists of all the power. Now, ive got a double whammy there. My wife is an archivist so i have got archivists at home as well as in the field, as well. Archivists are indispensable to what we do. In the field of history, in particular, youd be hardpressed to find above it doesnt have an impact on trevor. He knows the collections exceedingly well. He can do more than just pull the records off the gst shelves, youve got to have somebody that understands that material, and knows something about what you are working on. Youve got to know the field, and trevor does just that. He has a very valuable and Important Role in the history of civil war history. If you want to see some of his work, you should go to pro log. That is a national archive. You can see some of the stuff he is down there. I remember years ago, trevor to peace on civil war desertion that was fantastic. Trevor also is, i will call him a tv star but hes been on a number of programs, including the very popular who do you think you are . Hes also been on the gettysburg excuse me, the Discovery Channel show called gettysburg. So today, trevor is going to share with us treasures from the National Archives. Welcome, trevor plant. Thank you, pete. Im going to bring him to my bosss office i ask for a raise. It is my pleasure to be here with you this afternoon. This is my first time presenting kcwi, so i would like to thank dr. Carmichael for allowing me to speak today. Id like to thank actually lucky for all the support, leading up to this moment. So the one disclaimer i would make before i jump into this is these are pete asking each talk about treasures of the National Archives. And thats only ask me for. So there were no parameters involved. This is documents at the National Archives in washington d. C. We have many other facilities with the National Archives. We have fields, locations across the country. We have a much larger building in college park, maryland, that also holds civil war records, as well as the map collection and photographs. They both cover the civil war. So i just want to give you that caveat, so you know what i work with when i put this together for you will. So, i wanted to start with were going to have the first civil war. Most of the documents are during the American Revolution, so a great example of that are the oaths of allegiance. Congress passed an act, they wanted all Army Officers to sign an oath of allegiance. This is the written version of the verbal oath. We still have the oath today in this country if you work for the federal government like i do. If youre in the military, a politician on the hill in d. C. , the first sign a lot of paperwork. You get fingerprinted, raise your hand, and you do an oath to uphold the constitution. This is a much different oath than when i took and when we take today. This predates the constitution. The other thing that i will point out, let me jump into this and i will explain a little bit about it. The timing of this couldnt be better. This is preprinted forms extend to washington, and they wanted him to have the officers signed these and be witnessed by another officer. This is Washingtons Army coming out of these famous horrible winter in valley forge, where the army could barely afford to feed and clothe them. Please return the paperwork when you are done. So the bureaucracy has always been with us. With that, i will jump into this. George washingtons number one. As george washington, commander in chief acknowledges United States of america, they declared the people there of have no allegiance or obedience george the third, the king of britain. Youll notice theres a space in the middle. There were a few religious groups that the time said that you cant swear under god. They say affirm. They say what they would do the utmost in their power to support, maintain, and defensive United States against the said king george the third, hairs heirs and successors, and their betters. So the whole royal family is covered. Signed by washington, and then they have in the lower left hand corner in the bottom, swear before me in 1778. This is the officer that witnessed washingtons oath. So whenever i talk about oaths of allegiance during a revolutionary war, the one officer, at least a couple years ago that everyone asked about was benedict arnold. So we do have Benedict Arnolds oath of allegiance. Benedict arnold was over taken by a more popular officer, we have alexander hamilton. And he signed it alex hamilton. We dont often think of him as alex, but thats him signing. All three of those were at valley forge in may 1778. I wanted to start out with talking about the personal related records before we jump into some other specific documents. Because those in themselves are treasures. These are our most populous civil war records used by geologists. And so i give a breakdown of Civil War Service. We have composite Service Records, pension files, medical records. For confederates, in p. O. W. Records. The thing thats interesting is when we think about military and personnel, the first thing that pops up his personnel file. In modern terms, a discharge paper. There was no consolidated personnel file during the civil war. For union or confederate. It didnt exist. That concept didnt exist. The u. S. Army had been so small that they never had a consolidated file on an individual soldier, officer or enlisted. As you know, the army exploded in size during the civil war. It became a huge problem after the war, we are individual veterans were putting pension requests to the Pension Office. The Pension Office would get the request, send it over to the War Department to verify the personal service, and to verify that they didnt desert. If it was disability related, they had to prove in the paperwork the disability. Again, they were trying to do this without a consolidated file. It got to the point where they were about a year and a half to two years behind answering the question that was coming into the Pension Office. The grand army of the republic was very powerful. They put a lot of pressure on congress, congress then Blood Pressure on the War Department. And in the 18 80s, they created this system that im about to walk through a fuel. These were called compiled Service Records. When youre looking at our three envelopes for a three soldiers in the second cavalry. These are the envelopes and that will contain them, and i will show you the examples of the cards on the next slide. These are numbers on the backs of the cards. Be sometimes people see the envelope and they think these relate to a different file, thats not what this is. This tells you the number of cards that should be within that file itself. These are cards in the service record. Basically, anytime a soldiers name showed off on a muster role, musters were taken every two months and you are either present or absent. So these are information that was consolidated based on the records. But it always tells you what that original record was at the information is taken from. So in this case, the company must your role. And then same thing, role of p. O. W. And then various information on the first two. And this soldier did an oath of allegiance, so thats what the third card is. And this is what that oath looked like. So going back, that hard on the right sites this, basically. That is how the system worked. So it made it where the War Department was based off a name and a unit. They could go in and everything was consolidated. So they were creating personnel files after the fact. They started with medical records in the 18 80s, then they went into the 18 80s, 18 90s. They were working on confederates until the 18 90s, 1898 and early 1900s. The same exact, you know, they were still compiling information on confederates. This is a Union Service record, its the same exact system, it looks exactly the same. Its just this one relates to a member in a heavy artillery unit. And same thing, it shows you where the information was taken from with company muster roles. And the same thing, where it has the system that falls through. Every two months, they are doing the muster rolls. This is when the soldier was mustard out of federal service. This one is unusual, i mentioned a didi to 14. Any veterans who are 20th century or more recent, they know what it didi to 14 is. That is the former number for a discharge paper. So in world war ii, they discharged a lot of soldiers from world war ii. They gave him several copies of a discharge paper. With my grandfather, he had a micro fish version that could be red and expanded. The War Department kept a copy of it, but gave several companies to the soldiers. That was not the case in a civil war. The reason this is at the National Archives is because either a veteran or a next of kin submitted this later as part of a claim. There would be one discharge paper for the civil war, so if you have someone that served in multiple units during the civil, theoretically they would have received a discharge paper from those units when they were discharged. I mentioned medical records. This is the system they started nearly 18 80s. Its the same thing, where it will show you where the records are taken from. So for confederates, its in the composite records which are digitized and available on youre not going to get as much information on confederates as you do for union, but confederates burned a lot of their paperwork. One grants army was coming into richmond or. They burned a lot of records in richmond, went on a train, burned more in virginia. And then even more in the carolinas when they made their way to the carolinas. A lot of the confederate records were destroyed. In some cases, it was copied from the former confederate states. It will always tell you the volume it was taken from. If its a field hospital, a general hospital, in many cases it will have a volume number ndp case number. The reason they came up with this system was if the claim came in, and we will use sandy willis, who is one of the soldiers. Sandy willis was injured. Thats all that he submitted to the office. So thats the only information the department had to go on. So clerks had to go all of the various hospitals that he could have theoretically been in, and then go through lists of names that are not alphabetical to try to find this one persons name. So thats why it was taking so long to respond to the Pension Office. It was a very labor intensive process. The medical definitely helps. I failed to mention, this is Joshua Chamberlain at the top. This is Joshua Chamberlain soon after this is july into november. And then later, 1864 based on his wounds of petersburg. Each one of these is referencing something different. In this case, related to Joshua Chamberlain. Pete mentioned courtmartial records. Courtmartial records are a great source. Theyre literally the transcript of the trial. It is charges and specifications, questions asked and answered, and the outcome of the case. This one is a little hard to believe. Someone got drunk in key west florida. This is lieutenant john shepard, who was drunk on duty. This one is a little unusual. The officer, these are the officers in his unit, who sat on the Court Martial trial. They found him guilty and he was to be captured. That was the outcome. The colonel then approve the outcome of that case. All of the officers that were involved in that case wrote a cover letter recommending that the ruling that they just did we look to the region. They gave several reasons why he gave good service, this was his first offense. It was a good guy, a good officer. So the recommendation was, even though they said he couldnt should be cashier, his sentence should be remitted. So that went up to the general, the general agreed with a recommendation. Its and went to army jag, and then in the upper right hand corner, president lincoln wrote sentence remitted, a blinken, and the date. Thats all in abraham lincolns hand. So to go to the president. But again, it filtered through the judge advocate general for the army before it went there. This is another case. This is the case of a soldier. It is private michael delaney, who is in the first colorado cavalry. He deserted in the spring, they found him several months later. They went to trial, the outcome of the case was he was shot to death. So same thing, the officers that sat on that trial made the recommendation that he not be shot to death, because they found him serving in another colorado unit. So he left for a couple months, came back, didnt return to his previous unit. He joined another colorado unit, which happened during the civil war. Most often, they went back to their unit. There were several soldiers who because they were volunteers felt that they volunteer to go to the army and they felt they could volunteer to go home, when their wife needed help on the farm. And then volunteered to go back, which as you can imagine didnt go over well of Army Officers. So again, they made the recommendation that that actually happen. What i have circled here, this also went to president lincoln. He wrote, let him fight instead of being shot. Hey lincoln, 1863. In this one, the president s personality comes out. I work for the government, all they needed the president to do is write approved or disapproved. You get a little bit of his personality. What we know about him is we know that he survived the civil war, based on his service record. Not a lot was happening in colorado in the civil war. He drops off after that, he doesnt show up on the census records. But we know he survived a Civil War Service. The next one, this is an individual file that was found within a service record. This is private William Christman, who is from the 67 pennsylvania infantry. He enlisted on march 25th, 1864. He was then sent to a camp in philadelphia, and soon after that to a camp in washington d. C. He is the first soldier buried at arlington cemetery. He was in the army for all of about six weeks. Those of you who are doctor downs talk this morning he died may 11th. He was buried at arlington. No, hes down the hill. The original burials were down the hill from the house. And then when montgomery migs went in visited, thats when he got upset and said no, very them closer. Oh, sure. So he asked if he was buried closest to the lee mansion. He was not, he is down the hill. There were officers that were staying in the house as their headquarters, so they started burying soldiers away from the house. When montgomery makes came to visit, he got very upset, and he said no, i want these closer to the house. I want them in mrs. Louise rose garden. Thats when you have been closer to the house. Related to this, this is a private letter from William Christ meant to his mother. Usually we do not have private letters like this, so this was submitted by his mom as part of a pension claim. If a soldier died and they werent married, often cases mothers would submit letters. If you could prove your son was somehow financially supporting you while they were in the army and they passed away, you are eligible for a pension. We have a number of letters where it says, encloseds, and exit out of money. This is from a camp in philadelphia, this is about a week and a half after he enlisted. Its a very typical soldier letter. Hi, mom. Im doing well. Dont worry about me. Hes got some special instructions for his dad, and like i said, she submitted this to the government is part of a pension claim. So that is going we have it in the pension file. This one is probably one of the more famous women who served as a man during a civil war. This is sara edmunds ealy whose alias she served as Franklin Thompson in company f of the second michigan infantry. It took her several years to fight for a pension, and it took an act of congress for her to get a pension from the Pension Office. She finally got a pension in 1884, and it was at the rate of rick most soldiers at the time got 12 a month. This is, again, just one page of several. She has pretty thick penmanship. This is just one i wanted to highlight. She was at the army of potomac. He was asking what battle she wasnt. I think her last battle was second manassas. She was in the army of potomac. She became ill, and then deserted from the army. So there was two things the Pension Office was getting her for. They were getting her for, women didnt serve in the military. Then when she was able to prove, from affidavits that she served as Franklin Thompson, they said, well, if you deserved you are ineligible for a pension. Because thats what the law was. Thats why it took an act of congress to overturn that. So she says in the middle, especially because i took the utmost pains to conceal and hide the facts of the case, then toward the bottom she said but being a woman, and underlined woman, i felt compelled to suffer in silence and endured as i could. In order to escape detection of my six. She underlined, i would rather have been shot dead then two have been known to be a woman and sent away from the army as a criminal. She wrote a book after the civil war. What we do know is that she did serve as Textual Records Division<\/a> at the national in washington d. C. I will translate that for you will. Trevor has a very important job in the field of history. Trevor is the friend of every historians. Trevor is a really likable guy, but if you didnt like him and your historian, youve still got to be really nice to him. Because archivists of all the power. Now, ive got a double whammy there. My wife is an archivist so i have got archivists at home as well as in the field, as well. Archivists are indispensable to what we do. In the field of history, in particular, youd be hardpressed to find above it doesnt have an impact on trevor. He knows the collections exceedingly well. He can do more than just pull the records off the gst shelves, youve got to have somebody that understands that material, and knows something about what you are working on. Youve got to know the field, and trevor does just that. He has a very valuable and Important Role<\/a> in the history of civil war history. If you want to see some of his work, you should go to pro log. That is a national archive. You can see some of the stuff he is down there. I remember years ago, trevor to peace on civil war desertion that was fantastic. Trevor also is, i will call him a tv star but hes been on a number of programs, including the very popular who do you think you are . Hes also been on the gettysburg excuse me, the Discovery Channel<\/a> show called gettysburg. So today, trevor is going to share with us treasures from the National Archives<\/a>. Welcome, trevor plant. Thank you, pete. Im going to bring him to my bosss office i ask for a raise. It is my pleasure to be here with you this afternoon. This is my first time presenting kcwi, so i would like to thank dr. Carmichael for allowing me to speak today. Id like to thank actually lucky for all the support, leading up to this moment. So the one disclaimer i would make before i jump into this is these are pete asking each talk about treasures of the National Archives<\/a>. And thats only ask me for. So there were no parameters involved. This is documents at the National Archives<\/a> in washington d. C. We have many other facilities with the National Archives<\/a>. We have fields, locations across the country. We have a much larger building in college park, maryland, that also holds civil war records, as well as the map collection and photographs. They both cover the civil war. So i just want to give you that caveat, so you know what i work with when i put this together for you will. So, i wanted to start with were going to have the first civil war. Most of the documents are during the American Revolution<\/a>, so a great example of that are the oaths of allegiance. Congress passed an act, they wanted all Army Officers<\/a> to sign an oath of allegiance. This is the written version of the verbal oath. We still have the oath today in this country if you work for the federal government like i do. If youre in the military, a politician on the hill in d. C. , the first sign a lot of paperwork. You get fingerprinted, raise your hand, and you do an oath to uphold the constitution. This is a much different oath than when i took and when we take today. This predates the constitution. The other thing that i will point out, let me jump into this and i will explain a little bit about it. The timing of this couldnt be better. This is preprinted forms extend to washington, and they wanted him to have the officers signed these and be witnessed by another officer. This is Washingtons Army<\/a> coming out of these famous horrible winter in valley forge, where the army could barely afford to feed and clothe them. Please return the paperwork when you are done. So the bureaucracy has always been with us. With that, i will jump into this. George washingtons number one. As george washington, commander in chief acknowledges United States<\/a> of america, they declared the people there of have no allegiance or obedience george the third, the king of britain. Youll notice theres a space in the middle. There were a few religious groups that the time said that you cant swear under god. They say affirm. They say what they would do the utmost in their power to support, maintain, and defensive United States<\/a> against the said king george the third, hairs heirs and successors, and their betters. So the whole royal family is covered. Signed by washington, and then they have in the lower left hand corner in the bottom, swear before me in 1778. This is the officer that witnessed washingtons oath. So whenever i talk about oaths of allegiance during a revolutionary war, the one officer, at least a couple years ago that everyone asked about was benedict arnold. So we do have Benedict Arnolds<\/a> oath of allegiance. Benedict arnold was over taken by a more popular officer, we have alexander hamilton. And he signed it alex hamilton. We dont often think of him as alex, but thats him signing. All three of those were at valley forge in may 1778. I wanted to start out with talking about the personal related records before we jump into some other specific documents. Because those in themselves are treasures. These are our most populous civil war records used by geologists. And so i give a breakdown of Civil War Service<\/a>. We have composite Service Records<\/a>, pension files, medical records. For confederates, in p. O. W. Records. The thing thats interesting is when we think about military and personnel, the first thing that pops up his personnel file. In modern terms, a discharge paper. There was no consolidated personnel file during the civil war. For union or confederate. It didnt exist. That concept didnt exist. The u. S. Army had been so small that they never had a consolidated file on an individual soldier, officer or enlisted. As you know, the army exploded in size during the civil war. It became a huge problem after the war, we are individual veterans were putting pension requests to the Pension Office<\/a>. The Pension Office<\/a> would get the request, send it over to the War Department<\/a> to verify the personal service, and to verify that they didnt desert. If it was disability related, they had to prove in the paperwork the disability. Again, they were trying to do this without a consolidated file. It got to the point where they were about a year and a half to two years behind answering the question that was coming into the Pension Office<\/a>. The grand army of the republic was very powerful. They put a lot of pressure on congress, congress then Blood Pressure<\/a> on the War Department<\/a>. And in the 18 80s, they created this system that im about to walk through a fuel. These were called compiled Service Records<\/a>. When youre looking at our three envelopes for a three soldiers in the second cavalry. These are the envelopes and that will contain them, and i will show you the examples of the cards on the next slide. These are numbers on the backs of the cards. Be sometimes people see the envelope and they think these relate to a different file, thats not what this is. This tells you the number of cards that should be within that file itself. These are cards in the service record. Basically, anytime a soldiers name showed off on a muster role, musters were taken every two months and you are either present or absent. So these are information that was consolidated based on the records. But it always tells you what that original record was at the information is taken from. So in this case, the company must your role. And then same thing, role of p. O. W. And then various information on the first two. And this soldier did an oath of allegiance, so thats what the third card is. And this is what that oath looked like. So going back, that hard on the right sites this, basically. That is how the system worked. So it made it where the War Department<\/a> was based off a name and a unit. They could go in and everything was consolidated. So they were creating personnel files after the fact. They started with medical records in the 18 80s, then they went into the 18 80s, 18 90s. They were working on confederates until the 18 90s, 1898 and early 1900s. The same exact, you know, they were still compiling information on confederates. This is a Union Service<\/a> record, its the same exact system, it looks exactly the same. Its just this one relates to a member in a heavy artillery unit. And same thing, it shows you where the information was taken from with company muster roles. And the same thing, where it has the system that falls through. Every two months, they are doing the muster rolls. This is when the soldier was mustard out of federal service. This one is unusual, i mentioned a didi to 14. Any veterans who are 20th century or more recent, they know what it didi to 14 is. That is the former number for a discharge paper. So in world war ii, they discharged a lot of soldiers from world war ii. They gave him several copies of a discharge paper. With my grandfather, he had a micro fish version that could be red and expanded. The War Department<\/a> kept a copy of it, but gave several companies to the soldiers. That was not the case in a civil war. The reason this is at the National Archives<\/a> is because either a veteran or a next of kin submitted this later as part of a claim. There would be one discharge paper for the civil war, so if you have someone that served in multiple units during the civil, theoretically they would have received a discharge paper from those units when they were discharged. I mentioned medical records. This is the system they started nearly 18 80s. Its the same thing, where it will show you where the records are taken from. So for confederates, its in the composite records which are digitized and available on youre not going to get as much information on confederates as you do for union, but confederates burned a lot of their paperwork. One grants army was coming into richmond or. They burned a lot of records in richmond, went on a train, burned more in virginia. And then even more in the carolinas when they made their way to the carolinas. A lot of the confederate records were destroyed. In some cases, it was copied from the former confederate states. It will always tell you the volume it was taken from. If its a field hospital, a general hospital, in many cases it will have a volume number ndp case number. The reason they came up with this system was if the claim came in, and we will use sandy willis, who is one of the soldiers. Sandy willis was injured. Thats all that he submitted to the office. So thats the only information the department had to go on. So clerks had to go all of the various hospitals that he could have theoretically been in, and then go through lists of names that are not alphabetical to try to find this one persons name. So thats why it was taking so long to respond to the Pension Office<\/a>. It was a very labor intensive process. The medical definitely helps. I failed to mention, this is Joshua Chamberlain<\/a> at the top. This is Joshua Chamberlain<\/a> soon after this is july into november. And then later, 1864 based on his wounds of petersburg. Each one of these is referencing something different. In this case, related to Joshua Chamberlain<\/a>. Pete mentioned courtmartial records. Courtmartial records are a great source. Theyre literally the transcript of the trial. It is charges and specifications, questions asked and answered, and the outcome of the case. This one is a little hard to believe. Someone got drunk in key west florida. This is lieutenant john shepard, who was drunk on duty. This one is a little unusual. The officer, these are the officers in his unit, who sat on the Court Martial<\/a> trial. They found him guilty and he was to be captured. That was the outcome. The colonel then approve the outcome of that case. All of the officers that were involved in that case wrote a cover letter recommending that the ruling that they just did we look to the region. They gave several reasons why he gave good service, this was his first offense. It was a good guy, a good officer. So the recommendation was, even though they said he couldnt should be cashier, his sentence should be remitted. So that went up to the general, the general agreed with a recommendation. Its and went to army jag, and then in the upper right hand corner, president lincoln wrote sentence remitted, a blinken, and the date. Thats all in abraham lincolns hand. So to go to the president. But again, it filtered through the judge advocate general for the army before it went there. This is another case. This is the case of a soldier. It is private michael delaney, who is in the first colorado cavalry. He deserted in the spring, they found him several months later. They went to trial, the outcome of the case was he was shot to death. So same thing, the officers that sat on that trial made the recommendation that he not be shot to death, because they found him serving in another colorado unit. So he left for a couple months, came back, didnt return to his previous unit. He joined another colorado unit, which happened during the civil war. Most often, they went back to their unit. There were several soldiers who because they were volunteers felt that they volunteer to go to the army and they felt they could volunteer to go home, when their wife needed help on the farm. And then volunteered to go back, which as you can imagine didnt go over well of Army Officers<\/a>. So again, they made the recommendation that that actually happen. What i have circled here, this also went to president lincoln. He wrote, let him fight instead of being shot. Hey lincoln, 1863. In this one, the president s personality comes out. I work for the government, all they needed the president to do is write approved or disapproved. You get a little bit of his personality. What we know about him is we know that he survived the civil war, based on his service record. Not a lot was happening in colorado in the civil war. He drops off after that, he doesnt show up on the census records. But we know he survived a Civil War Service<\/a>. The next one, this is an individual file that was found within a service record. This is private William Christ<\/a>man, who is from the 67 pennsylvania infantry. He enlisted on march 25th, 1864. He was then sent to a camp in philadelphia, and soon after that to a camp in washington d. C. He is the first soldier buried at arlington cemetery. He was in the army for all of about six weeks. Those of you who are doctor downs talk this morning he died may 11th. He was buried at arlington. No, hes down the hill. The original burials were down the hill from the house. And then when montgomery migs went in visited, thats when he got upset and said no, very them closer. Oh, sure. So he asked if he was buried closest to the lee mansion. He was not, he is down the hill. There were officers that were staying in the house as their headquarters, so they started burying soldiers away from the house. When montgomery makes came to visit, he got very upset, and he said no, i want these closer to the house. I want them in mrs. Louise rose garden. Thats when you have been closer to the house. Related to this, this is a private letter from William Christ<\/a> meant to his mother. Usually we do not have private letters like this, so this was submitted by his mom as part of a pension claim. If a soldier died and they werent married, often cases mothers would submit letters. If you could prove your son was somehow financially supporting you while they were in the army and they passed away, you are eligible for a pension. We have a number of letters where it says, encloseds, and exit out of money. This is from a camp in philadelphia, this is about a week and a half after he enlisted. Its a very typical soldier letter. Hi, mom. Im doing well. Dont worry about me. Hes got some special instructions for his dad, and like i said, she submitted this to the government is part of a pension claim. So that is going we have it in the pension file. This one is probably one of the more famous women who served as a man during a civil war. This is sara edmunds ealy whose alias she served as Franklin Thompson<\/a> in company f of the second michigan infantry. It took her several years to fight for a pension, and it took an act of congress for her to get a pension from the Pension Office<\/a>. She finally got a pension in 1884, and it was at the rate of rick most soldiers at the time got 12 a month. This is, again, just one page of several. She has pretty thick penmanship. This is just one i wanted to highlight. She was at the army of potomac. He was asking what battle she wasnt. I think her last battle was second manassas. She was in the army of potomac. She became ill, and then deserted from the army. So there was two things the Pension Office<\/a> was getting her for. They were getting her for, women didnt serve in the military. Then when she was able to prove, from affidavits that she served as Franklin Thompson<\/a>, they said, well, if you deserved you are ineligible for a pension. Because thats what the law was. Thats why it took an act of congress to overturn that. So she says in the middle, especially because i took the utmost pains to conceal and hide the facts of the case, then toward the bottom she said but being a woman, and underlined woman, i felt compelled to suffer in silence and endured as i could. In order to escape detection of my six. She underlined, i would rather have been shot dead then two have been known to be a woman and sent away from the army as a criminal. She wrote a book after the civil war. What we do know is that she did serve as Franklin Thompson<\/a>. We have evidence she served as a soldier. She wrote a book after the civil war that gets into a lot of things that she allegedly did as a spy. Historians are kind of torn on that part of her service. But she did receive a pension. This is from Joshua Chamberlain<\/a>s pension file. This is just one document where it goes through wounds received at petersburg. So in the lower right hand corner, it has gunshot wound through both hips. Which is many of you know, is a very painful thing that he dealt with after the battle and after the war. Sometimes you will find some unusual things in pensions. This is a pension from a soldier. Sorry, this is a letter from a soldier to his wife. Where he is going into detail about, i hope you are well. Dont worry about me. He basically says he is not feeling too well. So as you read this, its not that different from a wounded soldier thats in the hospital, writing to his wife. And its not until you get to the end of the second page where it says, written by walt whitman, a friend. This is literally walt whitman. Many of you know the story where he frequently visited patients in d. C. Hospitals during the civil war. This was him at a soldiers bedside, and the soldier dictated this letter to walt whitman that he wrote and sent off to nelson j. His wife is the one to put in for the pension. I am going to say, these are very rare, so dont get too excited about the next two. Sometimes, he will find photographs. This is samuel patterson, who was in a Veterans Home<\/a> after the civil war. This is not what he looked like during the civil war, this is well after the civil war. But they wore uniforms. That is in the uniform he is in that he said it is part of his pension. And this is one of the nicer examples of something we have in the pension file. Its not unusual, it is rare, but there are times when researchers will come across photographs like these. Since we are in gettysburg, i have to show some lincoln and lee. This is double. This is march of 1861, this is as a number of u. S. Army officers its a combination of resigning to go south, and then others that are then promoted to replace people that are resigning. You had to wait for someone whos a seven year old officer to die before everyone below could move up a notch. Robert aliens at the top of that list, so he is being recommended to be promoted from a Lieutenant Colonel<\/a> in the second cavalry to a colonel in the first cavalry. Which actually takes place, and then as a colonel in the first cavalry he resigns his commission the next month. So this is not the famous letter most historians quote, where he cant raise his sword against his state, et cetera. This is a very short resignation. I mentioned that the confederate records at the National Archives<\/a> were captured, so they created an office within the War Department<\/a>. It was eight within the records division, they called it the rubble archives. There is a telegram from the officer that grant put in charge of richmond. This was the 2nd of april, 1865. And there is a telegram from him to d. C. That said he was trying to collect as much of the rubble archives as possible. They were calling in the rebel archives from day one. Thats something they come up with. Some of it was almost a chain of custody, so you have the chain of custody to the court case. This was during a time period where Jefferson Davis<\/a> was under house arrest for monroe and they were trying to decide if hes going to go to trial or not. Thats where some of this was coming from, was gathering documentation that may be used against former confederate leadership, including a former confederate president. These are recently digitized. Its a horrible title, they were not paying enslaved people. This is owners who were getting paid for the labor of their enslaved people. This is from may and june 1862. What they are doing is, for this specific document, they are building obstructions and uprooteds river. Who is providing the labor, and then the money that was paid out to the owner. The payroll was recently digitized, they are on the National Archives<\/a> catalog. The nice thing about them is they are by name, so any name that appears on here, the owner or the enslaved individual can be looked up. So this is great for genealogy. This is a document that goes with that form. And actually says and then the fort appomattox, and the owner signature. Ive got a couple lincoln related documents. This is lincolns nomination to the senate. Nominating u. S. Grant to become general, which had not existed since washington. That is all in lincolns handwriting. The next one, this is actually a telegram. These look very similar. This one is actually on letterhead, this is a letterhead that he sent to the senate. This one is actually a telegram. If you saw the movie lincoln they came out a few years ago from scheme in spielberg, they have a senior lincoln is sitting next to a telegraph operator. That happened very frequently during the civil war. The War Department<\/a> in the telegraph office was next to the executive mansion, now called the white house. Lincoln would grab a piece of paper nearby. He would write down the telegram and then literally handed directly to the telegraph operator. That is the case with this. This is a dinner invitation. This is mrs. L, mrs. Lincoln, requesting general mead and general grant come to dinner with the lincolns. [inaudible] that is all telegraph operator related. Hes asking about [inaudible] thats the time that the telegram was sent, and who sent it. That was not lincoln. Everything about that is and then this one is to mrs. Lincoln is on vacation with their son in new york state. This one, the draft will go to you. This is literally, the check is in the mail. Tell ted the goats and father are very well, especially the goats. And then a blinken. This is all in the president s handwriting. And then everything you see below that is going to be telegraph operator related. The date and the time. And then this is august 17th 1864. The background of this one is, it is soon after the Confederate Army<\/a> made their way deep inside the Nations Capital<\/a> in d. C. There were politicians who are very concerned that grant had taken too many troops with him in the overland campaign. He stripped too much from the fortifications of washington, around washington. To go with him down towards richmond, with his various overland battles between him and robert e. Lee. They are putting pressure on grant to return party if not most of the army of potomac to better protect the capital, so that it wouldnt happen again and confederates would be able to get further into the capital, like i mentioned. This would have been indication to the telegraph operator to these would have been words were a word represents something else. So boat could represent a location. The telegraph operators were using the same on both ends. Lincoln would hand this to the telegraph operator, pull down the code book, look up the codes, to the dots and dashes and moores code. And be received at the other end of this, that is where grant was. They would decipher it, write it out, and thats what would be written and given general grant. This is from city point, virginia. Ive seen your dispatch and unwillingness to break the hold where you are. ,. ,. ,. Its a collection of correspondence after action reports telegrams, for both union and confederate. If theres one set the covers army, theres another set the covers the navy. That was part of that project after the war. The next one, if you saw the movie glory, it was based off the 54th massachusetts, which was an African American<\/a> unit during the civil war. This is from their records. It is from the 54th massachusetts, missing after the assault on fort wagner. Its an order by company, and then indus or sending ordered by rank. They were the lead attack unit. This is who didnt make it back. This is with the whole thing looks like. On this one, you can see where it was folded down to envelope size. This is a larger map that was unfolded down to fit inside the envelope. This is the map that accompanied leaves reports from gettysburg. So this is not a map that he would have had while he was at gettysburg. This would have been done after the fact, and like i said, this is the one that went to the confederate secretary of war. So this is july 2nd, 1863. It has the unit positions as the second day. This one, it doesnt do justice the original. The originals almost like artwork. This is a beautiful map. But some of the cool things about it is, these are Property Owners<\/a> outside of town. Theres not a lot of road signs at the time, so if you get directions from a local, theyre going to say to go to the carmichael farm and take a left. So thats a lot of what is on here on the outskirts of town. That is going to be the names of the residents. And then this is just me blowing up different parts of the map. This is Cemetery Hill<\/a> at the top, and here you can really make out the unit positions, and where they were attacking across on the second day. And down here, at the bottom, big round top. That was the same thing. And then showing where they were listed, third core, fourth core. This is the lower right, showing that it was done by topographical engineers in the army of northern virginia. Most likely west point trained. And who that officer was, and who copied it. This would have been done from several different typographical engineers. And then this officer put it all together. Like i said it is amazing, the detail involved in this. We will keep on a gettysburg, this is gettysburg related. This is a few days after the battle, this is all in lincolns hand. It says we have certain information about a vicksburg surrender to general grant on the fourth of july. Now if general mead can complete his work so gloriously prosecuted thus far by the literal or substantial destruction of leaves army, the rebellion will be elmer. Interest, really a blinken. So you can sense the president s optimism in this. As many of you know, things were not going well the first couple years in the Eastern Theater<\/a> for the union army. Theres a victory in pennsylvania, a couple days later, he finds out there is a victory in vicksburg. He has two huge victories, and now you can imagine him taking care of lead, and its over, the whole thing is over. With whats going to come after this is going to be a week of telegrams, goading need to do more and be more aggressive, to go after robert e. Lee. It comes to ahead a week later on the 14th. And it gets to the point where he sends the telegram to meet the basically says that the president is i made them telegrams back and asks if he can leave the army of potomac. Lincoln see is this letter that starts with, i dont want to relieve you of command. And then he writes a scathing letter to meade that basically is literally, he puts it all on meat and says you didnt do what i ask you to do. The war is going to go on because of you, was the letter that he wrote. He didnt fold it up, put in the envelope, and on the envelope he writes to general mead, not send nor signed. Meade never saw that letter. Meade never knew about that letter. It pains me to say this, because i love that letter. And so the library of congress. It pains me greatly. This would have gone with lincolns papers upon his death. They went to his son, robert lincoln. Robert lincoln was the one who gave them to the library of congress, and you had a kicker that it couldnt be released for many years because he wanted them released beyond a time period where anyone who was alive that his father may have mentioned was beyond their lifetime. Because of things like this, were at lincoln would vent and get out of his system, but not actually send it. Which i wish we had these in the day of email. Ive sent a few emails i wish i could take back. The president was very upset, he got it out of his system a little bit, and then actually never sent it to general mead. And investigation that was part of that. We also have records related to the assassination of abraham lincoln, and the investigation that was part of that. This was found in a trunk in room to 28 of the national hotel. This is the night of the assassination. If you do be on the left side at the top, and then that equals another layer. So you can write encrypted code letters between two different people. You both have to have the same site for on both ends to decipher it. The next one, and these were exhibits used in the trial. This is a calling card, the stories we booze gird. This was left for the Vice President<\/a> , Andrew Johnson<\/a> a kirk white house, which is where he was staying. Again, this was earlier. It was before the assassination, it was earlier in the day. As many of you know, the master plan was to take out the leadership of the federal government. So they were going to go after the president , the Vice President<\/a> , and the secretary of state. General grant, and mrs. Grant went to forbes theater. That was their plan. So like i said, it was used in the exhibit and in the trial. Next, we have the emancipation proclamation. Its actually five pages. The National Archives<\/a> displays a few times a year because it is so faded with the light damage whats happened on a previously. Certain times of year, right now its about to go on display for a weekend that is coming up. For the three day weekend around juneteenth. So the thing that makes it hard to display is that two of the pages are double sided. You can never display on exhibit the five original pages. It is always two or three originals, and then it will show whats a facsimile, and they alternate which one is on display with the original side of the facsimile. Next is the 13th amendment. Theres two things that are unusual about this document and this is probably this big. Its larger than legal size. Congress passes the resolution and then three quarters of the states ratify it, or they dont. The president plays no role whatsoever in that process. So towards the bottom, they have approved april 1st 1865, abraham lincoln. That is meaningless. It doesnt matter if he approve or disapproved, it still has to go to the states to be ratified. The second thing that makes this unusual is putins hearst. It is different handwriting, so its almost like a lion and a halfish is someone elses handwriting. This is very unusual. We have a collection of public laws, private laws, revolutions from congress, executive orders. They are all written by the same clerk. That would have been the job that they were given, no matter how long the public law is. If its put 15 pages, that one clerk was given that assignment and its always not one clerks handwriting. So this is very unusual to have something, especially this short, that is written by several different people. Theres no evidence to support this. This is speculation that they literally want to have a hand in history cause i realize what a big moment it was. Different clerks wrote in and wrote different pieces of it. It is highly unusual. Because of the holiday coming up, juneteenth. This is general order number three. This is Major General<\/a> gordon ranger. As soon as he came into texas, when he took over the district of texas, one of the first things he did was issue this general order. This was announcing all the enslaved people in texas were now free. This was june 19th, 1865. And he became known and celebrated is juneteenth, where the combine june and 19th. This is spliced together, as far as the scan. The top one shows up at the bottom page, and then this is the top of the next page. I put them together for you. We also have records related to appomattox. In this case, these are the articles of agreement done at appomattox on april 10th. The lefthand signatures of the Union Officers<\/a> were handling that, and on the righthand side where the confederate officers. This was the logistics of how they surrendered. An the next three, i ju happen to really like. So this one isa recruiting poster. This was a rruiting poster for the civil war. Men wanted for the navy. All ablebodied mennot employment of the army will be all ablebodied men no unemployment of the armywill be enlisted in the application at a naval rendezvous. Hk davenport. What makes this funny is that this is a union navy officer recruiting for the union navy in north carolina. Its not even, if you are in the Confederate Army<\/a>, well take you in the union navy is what this poster is telling you. This is the cancel the check that goes with that treaty. Literally, we cut a check for seven point 2 million to russia, and this is that check, dated august 1st 1868. If anyone tells you the devil doesnt exist, we have proof that he does. This is a letter from the devil. This is in baltimore, august 10th 1865 to his excellency, Jefferson Davis<\/a>. Old haas, i heard he was in trouble. Can i render you any assistance . If so, let me know. And it is signed, you are still i get you, the devil. At the bottom is the envelope that he came in. It had private, to his excellency, ex president davis. It has hands off at the bottom. So davis was captured in may of 1865. Ethan was sent to fortress monroe where he spent the next two years under house arrest. So again, this is someone in baltimore that wrote him a letter in august of that year. And the last thing i have, this is a photograph that was found in a pension. The soldier on the left is john bates. They look like they are 14 or 15 years old. The other is james rudy junior, in massachusetts cavalry. They both transfer to the u. S. May navy within a week of each other. At some point in time, you want to know if anybody had any c experience. They both transfer to the navy. The soldier on the right, holding the bottle, his widow submitted this as proof of the pension. They kept saying he didnt serve, and she said here is a picture of him. This is in her pension file. Thats what i have for you. So, any questions you have . Id be happy to answer. [applause] we rotate our how much of this is on display . We rotate our exhibits. Like i said, the emancipation proclamation goes up usually at least once a year. Some of the other things i show are digitized and on our catalog, so you can see digital competence on that on the National Archives<\/a> catalog. And then things such as the compiled Service Records<\/a>, those havent been on display. That was just things i picked up to share with you today. Yes sir . [inaudible] help is on the way. Great. Great presentation, thanks. I would maybe venture my family history. There are similar records set up for the navy as they did for the army. No. What you are going to find is there are muster rolls. The three things you want to look at our pension files, muster role, and navy logs. Those are going to be the three big ones with the navy. I would start with the pension, because if theres a potential application, it will usually list it. And then with the ship or navy station information, you can then go and see the moisture roles and the deck logs. Those will track. The muster log well track where he was. The deck logs are daily and track what is going on with the ship. It would be unusual to list and individual unless your ancestry did something great or did something very wrong. But it will show you you can get a feel for what he actually did and experienced. So musterers, and what was the last one . One last question. Are the reading rooms open no . Last time i checked yes, they are. Thank you. I will say, go to the facility page of the facility you want to visit and it will have information on how to get an appointment. Its by appointment only right now. Get closer. Hello . Hello . Hello . There we go. So during the surrender meeting at mclean house, lee signs litter of acceptance he gets to grant. That is sent with grants papers to the War Department<\/a> but somehow it never makes it to the National Archives<\/a>. I dont know if you have specific information on that specific document. But how were documents transferred from the border to the National Archives<\/a> . Was it common for records to be lost . He can speak on that a little bit . Thats a great question. There was no National Archives<\/a> until the mid 1930s. And so what the archives has is what was maintained by the various federal agencies that they turned over the documentation to the National Archives<\/a>. So in some cases, like dr. Downes this morning spoke about friedman records. Great example. There are some field offices where we have a number of documentation that made it to the field office. And others where there are none. We dont know why. So whatever reason, they werent sent to the War Department<\/a> or something happened at the War Department<\/a> before we received them. And then presently, the federal government only keeps 3 of the records they create. But going back, anything prior like i mentioned, the lincoln papers. President ial papers prior to the National Archives<\/a>, the president and his family can do whatever he wanted with those papers. And a lot of it is official government documentation mixed in with those personal letters, et cetera. So yeah, it is like the confederate records. We have what we have. I wish i could give you a better answer than that. We started getting the War Department<\/a> records in 1930s. Because the army was keen to because they were moving and they knew that they were creating the pentagon. So coincided with that. We received a lot of War Department<\/a> in 18th, 19th century. That is a great example. Those, i checked the paperwork for that and those were hand carried to the National Archives<\/a> from the War Department<\/a> prior to the pentagon opening. So those were in great shape. You can tell the army took a very good care of those notes. Yes . Who compiled the Service Records<\/a> and how long did it take . Great question. Fred ames worth was a doctor in the u. S. Army. He was the one who was charged with the original medical part that i mentioned, what became the medical records. He came up with that system. Lucky for us, he was type a, very anal. He had a lot of he really cracked down on how long you could take lunch, when you could show up to work, when you could leave. And really trying to get the most out of them. He was the one who came up with the system of putting the numbers on the back of the tracking. Someone would come after the clerk and check what they put their. It probably started in finished in the 18 80s. The thing i didnt mention is that they went back and they did revolutionary war, war of 1812, the napoleon wars, the mexican war. All of those have Service Records<\/a>. As they were doing these in late 18 90s, the spanish american war broke out, they did it for the spanish american war, they did it for the philippine war. In 1912, the army wised up and they created what we now know as a personnel file, where you have one file that your whole military, however longer in the military, you have that one final the tracks you. For enlisted men, they didnt do it for officers its the opposite of what you would think it would be. They did enlisted, november 1st of the exact date, november 1st 1912 is when they start the personnel file for enlisted in 1917 for the officers. Thank you, great question. Its not house in council bluffs. Retail story about general dodges, well actually, there was a man named stanley will name mid. He was a confederate soldier. They caught him in a union coat and they found maps and letters from dodges office. They had a tribunals and convicted him. And it up hanging him long story short. I was wondering when those records be available to me . Could i look those up . They are military commission. Anytime i military tried a civilian it was a military commission. You have filed for military commission. I dont have to i cant speak to that, we do have some civil war military commission. The confederacy called him nathan hale of the confederacy. You can definitely come in or write to us we can check on that for you. Yes, sir. You mentioned military pensions. As i understand it in todays military you have to serve a fairly substantial time in order to get a pension. Im assuming that in this day in age a lot of the soldiers who served three or four years would be a double for some type of tension. First of all, is that correct . I might have a very long winded answer because originally, during the war, it wasnt a year related, it was her disability. Strictly disability related. The veteran or, like i mentioned, the next of kin, during the war. As the 19th century went on, there were several more pension laws that were passed. As you get further into the 19th century they became more and more lenient. It got to the point where if you served 30 days in a federalized unit during the civil war you are eligible for a pension. Started out with disability and eventually got to a Service Related<\/a> pension like you are saying. Today, there are a lot of stories about the 1920s and 30s a 70 year 80 role veteran would marry a 14yearold girl he would obviously die fairly quickly and she would collect it for the next 40 years. Was out of a protested as an abuse . No, that happened. I started the archives 30 years ago. I started in the early 90s. I remember reading an article about the last confederate widow died in kentucky every year there was like one. There was one, i want to say two years ago who was the last next can related to Civil War Service<\/a> that was receiving a pension. I want to say she passed away two years ago. I want to say, first of all, you did the best job ive ever seen of making paperwork interesting. [laughs] thank you. I had two questions sons from our own family, our own father, was in world war ii. He was overseas for three years. Our understanding was his records were in st. Louis. There was a big fire that destroyed a lot of fire. In 1973 there was a fire, it was a six story building. It didnt have a sprinkler system. The final report i think someone in the cleaning crew was smoking in the stairwell and it started a fire that burned for several days. It burned a fair amount of Army Personnel<\/a> files. Navy and marine corps, not so much. My family, one of my grandfathers was in the army in europe the other grandfather was in the navy in the pacific. I have Service Records<\/a> for one or not the other. The other burnt in that fire. What they did do was when people were putting in for claims, they were trying to find other records. Medical records or va records to fill in for that. Other army records to fill in for the service record. My grandson is very interested in genealogy. Is there some way he could restrict that . Or there are those records just gone . Im sure he would be interested in doing that. If he is doing World War Ii Army<\/a> or unit records are in college park, maryland. He could either go there in person or write to them. That is where the unit records of. College park maryland right next to the university of maryland, the National Records<\/a> in college park. One more question. A lot of time when you read military book it says the author has found new sources and so forth, im just curious, how many new sources are there for the civil war . So many things have been written. Books continually come out a it is a combination doctor call michael will correct me if im wrong, its a combination. Sometimes, ill use pennsylvania as an example. They will buy a house in pennsylvania. They go in the attic and they find a chest in the attic that has a ton of no personal letters and diaries from the civil war that get into details that historians have been covered in books. Those become the new sources that theyre using. Dr. Carmichaels book is a perfect example. He focused on trying to tell stories that werent commonly told of soldiers in the civil war there was a shift. Years ago, civil war historian were all focused on the generals and the after action reports. On culps there was a sea change where they started bringing in personal letters, personal diaries, so you could read but it was like to be a private. As opposed to what the general said what that private did. Thank you, very much. As far as the federal records, the pensions, i think, our good example. There were so many people that served in the civil war, there are a lot of pension files. In some cases, some of these may not have been look at for 100 years. It takes someone calling up that individual file going through it, page by page. Speaking of finding things, we had a docent helping us prep a pension file that was going to be scanned. They found a mosque in. Literally a mole, in the pension, that the widow of the private submitted to the government to prove that her husband served in the army. He sent this to his wife during the civil war. Found in his tenth when he was in the army of the potomac. He was in the army here is the mole. It proves a. We literally have a scan of that moral skin that was, discovered, if you will probably like ten years ago. I have a question about the preservation of the records. The original documents themselves. The archive began in 1930. When do they know about how to preserve paper . How has it changed now, we know a lot more about lighting and things like that. Talk, if you would, a little bit about preservation of the actual pieces of paper. Can i ask one other thing, real quick . The articles of agreement from adam maddox written by healy parker . The agreement that the gentlemen before asked about that was. The copy that we had in the coffee that ran to the widow those were written by eli parker, yes. Getting back to your first question, documents and preservation is all key to the time period. One of the reason the emancipation proclamation is so faded and one of the reasons the declaration, if you go to the rotunda of the National Archives<\/a> in d. C. The declaration of independence its very faded. It was in the state department at the end of the 19th century, almost in the break room by window. Sunday image, smoke damage. It was almost loved too much. Then various preservation, depending on the time period. They are doing the best they can with the science at that time. The alaska check that i showed, that was laminated probably in the 1950s. I was a big preservation technique in the 1950s. It almost looked like a faded menu you would get at a diner. That was actually removed. Our lab removed that laminate shun probably five or six years ago. It was literally going from like a tv set in 1992 in hd version of a tv set today. The colors part. Totally different document want to the remove that laminate shun. Thats a great question. It depends on the time period. What techniques people are using to preserve things. I am not a scientist. Think about we have people who are scientists that work with the chemicals and Everything Else<\/a> doing all that preservation work for the institute. Thank you if you are enjoying American History<\/a> tv, sign up for our newsletter using the qr code on our screen to receive the weekly schedule of upcoming programs like, lectures in history the presidency and more sign up for the American History<\/a> newsletter today and make sure to watch American History<\/a> tv every saturday or anytime online at cspan. Org slash history. American history tv, saturdays on cspan two, exploring the people and events that tell the american story. At 8 pm eastern, your College Professor<\/a> jack could be the talks about womens rights and changing political power in American Revolution<\/a> and the early years of the american public. At 9 30 pm eastern of the american presidency for 14 days in october in 1962, the United States<\/a> faced the threat of nuclear war with the soviet union over the threat of the ban missile crisis. The university of merck genius marc sellers dont details the players and their netiions. Exploring the american story, watch American History<\/a> tv. Saturdays on cspan two. And find a full schedule on your cspan gun. Or watch online anytime at cspan. Org slash history. Weekends on cspan two are an intellectual feast. Every saturday American History<\/a> tv documents american stories. On sundays, book tv brings you the latest [inaudible] funding for cspan two comes from these television companies, and more. Including while. The world has changed. Today a reliable Internet Connection<\/a> is something no one can live without. We a there for a customers with speed, reliability value and choice now, more than ever, it all starts with great internet","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"archive.org","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","width":"800","height":"600","url":"\/\/ia801408.us.archive.org\/31\/items\/CSPAN3_20221020_142000_The_Civil_War_Civil_War_Documents_at_the_National_Archives\/CSPAN3_20221020_142000_The_Civil_War_Civil_War_Documents_at_the_National_Archives.thumbs\/CSPAN3_20221020_142000_The_Civil_War_Civil_War_Documents_at_the_National_Archives_000001.jpg"}},"autauthor":{"@type":"Organization"},"author":{"sameAs":"archive.org","name":"archive.org"}}],"coverageEndTime":"20240619T12:35:10+00:00"}