Cutting out, as you remember, africanamericans with the idea that africanamericans are corrupting the vote because they want handouts from the government. Theyre cutting out laborers because of the idea that organized labor also wants a handout from the government. Theyre not always even so sure about the robber barrens because theyre concerned they are the industrialists are switching the congress and legislatures to unfairly benefit them. Theres a lot of people like susan b. Anthony said that maybe shouldnt have a say, maybe they shouldnt they should be taken into consideration. Maybe class should be taken into consideration. Maybe education should be taken into consideration. But women are good wives and mothers. Theyre going to vote the right way, so long as they are wives and mothers. In 1890, the year after that, mind you, theres no direct correlation. Im just giving you the line here. The National WomensSuffrage Association, american National WomensSuffrage Association merge to become the National American womens Suffrage Association in 1890. What they do is focus on getting the suffrage, focus on getting the vote. This alienates a number of the people who had been part of a National WomensSuffrage Association and they make susan b. Anthony the president , the honorary president of this o organization. She was an elderly woman, and she sailed for europe shortly after. Its clear her moment has passed and the focus will be on suffrage. Crucially, there idea of suffrage and women having a say in American Society, by 1890, relies not only on the idea that everybody should have equal rights, but rather that some people belong in American Society because of the way they think or who they are. So i have talked about the rise of lynching after 1889 and the idea that certain africanamericans should not participate in American Society. I have talked about the government using the troops in both homestead and pullman against strikers. Women arent part of that. Women want the suffrage insist they should have the suffrage because theyre good wives and mothers. Theyre going to clean up American Society. Theyre not going to ask the government for any special favors. Theyre on the right team, if you will. And this is a powerful argument. So, for example, the first woman elected to congress from montana in 1917, is not the first to sit in congress, by the way. Youll hear about the first woman to sit in congress in a few weeks. But shes the first woman elected to congress. She was a member of this organization. This worked. The idea that people should get the vote because theyre wives and mothers. And i want to argue that when women get the vote, when they begin to push this idea, they do it very deliberately. So after 1890, after the mississippi constitution i talked about, which restricted the vote based on education or poll taxes in the south, the whole range of new constitutional conventions that led to new constitutions after 1890 in the south, bualso in the north, there are a number of new constitutions that take the vote away from africanamerican men, from poor men, from immigrants, at the very moment that women are getting the vote. Which is really interesting, and women get the vote in part because they argue they will purify American Society. Theyre not like those people trying to use the government for the wrong ends. They will use the government for Good American families. And i love these images because women not only wear white when theyre arguing for suffrage, but they also push their babies. Look at this image here of them dressed in white, pushing their babies. Not because they deserve to have equal because everybody deserves to have equal rights, but because women must participate in an American Society, but they must participate in a particular American Society. It is no longer an American Society based on the idea that every human being by definition should have a say in American Society. It is now the idea of an American Society in which certain people should have a say in American Society because they are defending the idea of a nuclear family, of a government that is not beholden to any special interests, that in fact will advance that idea that we talked about from lincoln through horacio alger, onto the late 19th century. A middle class idea, if you will, an ideal that the government should not respond to everybody. Should not be responding to those africanamericans who have been read out of the krucountry not responding to the organized labors who many accuse of trying to pervert American Society. It should respond to a group of people who claim not to want special interests, who claim not to want any help from the government. And paradoxically, because they dont want anything from the government, they are the very ones who should control it. And of course, they may be the ones who can control it, they will control it for their own interest. Its this moment, the rise of an articulated look at how women should participate in American Society, that we crystallize in the late 19th century, the idea of an american middle class. Are there any questions about this . All right. Lets pick it up on thursday with a long day. Dorothy richardson. Cspans Convention Coverage begins today live at 7 20 eastern. The final night speakers include marsha blackburn, oklahoma governor mary fallin, rnc chair reince priebus, Donald Trumps daughter ivanka, and finally, donald trump himself. Making america one again is the theme of the convention tonight. Our preconvention show starts at 5 30 eastern. Again, live coverage of the Rnc Convention begins tonight at 7 20 eastern. Next on lectures in history, Marshall University professor Kent Williams teaches a class about women and life on the homefront during world war ii. She describes the women aiding in factories and military auxiliary units and the rise of Womens Baseball Leagues during the time, including the allamerican girls professional baseball league, which operated from 1943 to 1954. Her class is about an hour ten minutes. All right, you guys ready to talk about world war ii on the home front . Last time you guys saw part of a documentary called total war and i know that some of those images were probably pretty gruesome. One of the reasons i show that to you is to give you a sense of what that concept, total war, means. War is never i dont care what war were talking about it is never simply about two armies fighting one another on a battlefield. It is all encompassing. I think that video probably helped to show that. It gives you an opportunity to see, and i think the news reels and things, the images on there, give you an opportunity to see what that was like. What the beginning of world war ii was like in europe, specifically, and of course in japan as well. At the beginning of the semester, i told you guys my mantra. I dont know if you remember that or not, but its all about perspective. Thats how i teach. Thats how i teach history. Thats my mantra when it comes to my own research and scholarship. Its all about perspective. When i talk to you about that at the beginning of the semester, i used world war ii as an example to illustrate that. Were going to come back to that now. The images you saw from the battlefield and from the bombings in europe, thats one perspective. If all you do is see that video, if all you do is hear the stories of the infantry men who were on the beaches in normandy. If all you do is talk about the impact of war on sailors, youre only getting one perspective and you really dont understand world war ii. You might understand one piece of that military history, but you dont really understand world war ii. As i said to you before, in order to really understand world war ii, you have to look at world war ii from all different perspectives. In order to understand it, yes, its important to look at it through the eyes of that 20yearold marine on normandy. But its also important to look at it through the eyes of japaneseamericans. Through the eyes of women and africanamericans. You simply cannot understand the full impact, the total war impact unless you do that. So what were going to do today is sort of flesh that out a little bit. The greatest effect that war has on the people involved is change. In war times, change occurs. And that seems like a very simple statement, but it doesnt just occur on a global scale or a national scale. It changes us individually. It changes the way we see the world. It changes the way we are in the world. Whether were talking about world war ii or whether were talking about vietnam or whether were talking about the war with iraq, people change as a result of war. And its not just the people pointing guns at one another. People change as a result of war. One of the most incredible changes, and one that i guarantee you, if you spend any time talking about or studying world war ii, i suspect this is not a change or not a piece of it that you have talked about. But one of the most incredible change changes is an identity. Individualual identity. The changes that happen to us as individuals. World war ii specifically, and i believe you can make this argument for about any war, but we happen to be talking about world war ii. World war ii specifically enabled people to learn about each other, about other cultures, different races, ethnicities, cultures. Genders. All of a sudden, were doing similar things out in the world. Were working in similar jobs. We had a common enemy. That change was huge. And it was felt long after world war ii. War in general and specifically world war ii for many women and africanamericans particularly was about gaining strength and mobility. From the beginning of this countrys history, women and first africans and then africanamericans, have always been limited in their mobility. War helped to change that. War was very much a doorway through which women ventured out of the homes where they had been, and for africanamericans, it was a way to overcome the racism, at least temporarily. Now im not trying to suggest that, ah, thank god there was a war because now africanamericans and women have an opportunity to bust out and gain some equality. It was just the effects of war. It was a byproduct of war. Keeping in mind this idea of it is all about perspective and this idea that in order for us to truly understand world war ii, to truly understand the impact the total war impact of the war, we have to look at individuals. Now, we could spend the entire semester doing this. We could spend weeks and weeks talking about the impact of world war ii on japanese americans and an entire semester talking about the impact of world war ii on africanamericans and certainly another semester talking about women. And were going to in a class period or two, we were going to be addressing the Civil Rights Movement, the modern Civil Rights Movement, and well talk more specifically about the connections between world war ii and the modern Civil Rights Movement then. Ill going to spend a little time talking about the impact on africanamericans, but there will be a lot more of it when we get to the Civil Rights Movement. Afric africanameric africanamericans, and i said this to you guys when we were talking about world war i. Africanamericans have served valiantly in every single war or conflict this country has ever been part of. And certainly, world war ii was no different. The figures for the numbers of africanamericans who served in world war ii are these. First of all, prior to, say, 1941, there were fewer than 4,000 africanamericans serving in the military. And only 12 12 africanamericans had become officers. By 1945, more than 1. 2 million africanamericans were serving in the United States military, in the pacific, in europe, and on the homefront. Yeah . In 1945. By 1945. We all have seen those images of what happened to recruiting stations after pearl harbor, havent we . After pearl harbor, after the United States was attacked by japan at pearl harbor, every young man, old man, middle age man, just about every man that could possibly do so went to a recruiting office and signed up. You dont get to attack us. Young men lied about their ages and got in. Old men lied about their ages and got in. Men who were probably physically not capable lied and got in. And the same was true of africanamerican men. This was not just white men. It was everyone. Including some of those Asian American men who were not taken to kindly. Africanamerican men joined the military in huge numbers. In huge numbers. Unfortunately, however, the segregation that was present in the United States at the time spilled over into military life. Africanamerican soldiers were given in many cases supplies that were maybe not up to snuff. They were given boots that didnt fit. Now, not always. Obviously im being very general here to make this point. Sometimes the uniform did not fit and we did not want them in combat. They were often expected to do things such as service duty, kitchen work, supply, maintenance, transportation. Now this was in the beginning of the war at least. Many drove supplies during dday. How many of you have seen the movie saving private ryan . I mentioned this to you before but its a perfect image of what im talking about. That 30 minutes, the first 30 minutes of saving private ryan, horribly, horribly bloody, and as i understand it, fairly accurate portrayal. Theres a scene, a shot at the very end of that 30 minutes and its a shot thats down the beach. Theres no one talking and there are bodies littered everywhere. The water is red from blood. And off in the distance for just a few seconds, you can see hot air balloons. Africanamerican men piloted hot air balloons over the beaches on dday. Im not sure which end of the gun to hold, but i could shoot that down. Those are incredibly dangerous jobs, by the way, not really a movie critic here but i will say that appeared to be the only nod to africanamericans in Steven Spielbergs movie. The efforts of africanamericans were second to none. The bravery second to none, but those are the kinds of jobs they were given. It was invaluable. The information they were able to radio back from being at that Vantage Point very valuable. But very, very dangerous. They also loaded and unloaded live ammunition. Still, we did not want them in, quote, combat. That started to change, as you can imagine, as the war continued. And we needed more and more men in battle. We started to include africanamericans in some of those battalions. One of the things that the Army Air Force did was start to recognize that we needed more pilots. We needed people to protect fighters. We needed pilots who would fly supply missions. So a group of africanamerican pilots that became known as the Tuskegee Airmen, many of you have heard of the Tuskegee Airmen . A couple of really good movies about the Tuskegee Airmen. [ inaudible ] im sorry . Can you spell that please . Tuskegee. The Tuskegee Airmen. The Tuskegee Airmen flew support missions. They protected bombers over southern italy. They flew more than 15,000 missions. Between may 1943 and 1945. 66 Tuskegee Airmen died in combat. Certainly the Tuskegee Airmen were not the only africanamerican men to serve valiantly during the war, but its the one that most of us have heard of. Africanamerican men continued to serve in every branch of the military. By the way, every branch of the military was segregated until 1948 when harry truman decided that was not appropriate. They served in segregated military units. They went off to war, they fought and they died for democracy. Yes. [ inaudible question ] 1948. They went off to war and they fought and they died for democracy. They fought and died for the United States yet they lived in a segregated world. Remember our conversations about jim crow from the cradle to the grave . They lived in that segregated world. A leader, one of the leaders of the black community, a man named a. Phillip randolph, the initial a. , phillip randolph. A. Phillip randolph was extremely important figure in the black community. And he said to africanamerican men, fight for freedom. If you go off and fight for freedom for this country, they simply cannot take away your freedom when you get home. He helped to institute something called the doublev campaign, v as in victory. The Double V Campaign basically said victory overseas and equality at home. You cannot expect the United States of america to give you your freedom, your equality. Earn it. The message was, victory overseas and equality at home. The doublev campaign was put into place to help encourage africanamerican men and women to do their part during the war. It was a. Phillip randolph who convinced fdr that he needed to stop Racial Discrimination in job programs, in new deal job programs. He also went to fdr and he said, this doublev campaign, understand were willing to fight for our country but we expect you to fight for us when we get back. Af