Austrian writer stefan zweig said that the war had affected him deeply. All the pale horses of the apocalypse have stormed into my life revolution and famine terror epidemics and the nationalism that has poisoned the flowering of our european culture. An estimated forty Million People were killed in the wall entire towns and villages were destroyed some farm fields were polluted by poison gas. Large amounts of unexploded ordnance posed a real threat to life and limb. These materials including artillery shells had to be removed by hand. These farmers are clearing away munitions in the peak of the region of france. People simply tried to make the best of a bad situation. The. French authorities ordered captured german soldiers to clear minefields a clear violation of the hague conventions which outlined the basic rights of prisoners. During the war france captured more than three hundred thousand german troops. In which coulter was sent to a prisoner of war camp at sweet dung. They seem to consider me a criminal. But its clear enough that the french hate us and they want us to play. Many of the prisoners were suffering from hunger and disease. All of them just wanted to return home. Life was also difficult for many french civilians for example postwar inflation drove up the prices of basic foods. Volunteers arrived from america to help in the reconstruction effort. Philanthropist and morgan and dr and mary dyke set up a civilian Relief Organization called the American Committee for devastated from. Once. About three hundred fifty american women signed up to serve with the Organization Morgan wrote to her mother that she enjoyed her work. Ethic. The people here need us theyve suffered under German Occupation they dont have much food and they sleep on bare floors but now theyre doing better. Half. Their one now an estimated six million war orphans in europe. These polish children eventually found new homes with families in the United States. In fronts the authorities made all phones like these and more mountain wards of the state and looked after them until they became adults. There were millions of orphans or abandoned children in russia this led to an increase in juvenile delinquency across the country. Street children who didnt have enough to eat often stole food the bolshevik government set up a number of orphanages but not nearly enough to deal effectively with the problem. Christian Center Knowledge numbers of all forms to live with families in rural canada some of the children were put to work on farms. A canadian m. P. J. S. Woodworth sharply criticized this policy i were using children as cheap labor. I laugh but many found a better life in canada than they had known in the slums of britain. Was after the fact that many british women emigrated to commonwealth countries including australia and the media claimed there was a shortage of men since seven hundred thousand british troops had been killed in the war last. Throughout europe relatives mourn the loss of family members in the conflict. Lets you anian poet oscar milosz describe the emotions these people experienced as they filed past rings of crosses. Over dead. But the dead are not as dead as i am. Many families wanted to remove the bodies of their loved ones from mass graves so that they could be given a proper burial. The remains were often excused by military personnel. The bodies of an estimated two hundred thirty thousand victims were recovered in this way and return to their relatives. Nearly one point eight million soldiers are buried in france and their seven hundred thousand french seven hundred fifty thousand germans three hundred thousand british including sixty thousand canadians and thirty four thousand americans many desperate relatives turn to the. A cult to try to find missing soldiers. Spiritism had become increasingly popular in the previous few decades. Older knew he was a prominent french spiritist philosopher. Countless souls float above us eager to communicate. Those who died in the wall want to show themselves to their relatives. Many critics dismissed spiritism as a fraud. Monuments to soldiers who died in the war were erected in many cities there are an estimated one hundred seventy six thousand world war one memorials in france and. They include a park a dedicated to soldiers of canadas royal newfoundland regiment. This bronze statue represent the original symbol accountable for. The unit suffered heavy casualties in the battle of the song. Around the world sculptors worked day and night to keep up with the demand for war memorials. Was. On november the elevons nineteen twenty king george the fifth unveiled a war memorial in Central London its news the Senate Starts which means empty chunk in greek. This coffin containing the remains of an unknown soldier was then buried. Nearby Westminster Abbey the senator has since become the focus of british remembrance and commemoration ceremonies. Efforts to create a similar memorial in france had been underway for several years a friendship piece said it was the right thing to do. Take your rightful place so that we cannot say that the land you have saved has forgotten its greatest heroes so that weeping mothers who have no place to mourn may near let your grave and say. My son you are here. Frances unknown soldier is buried at the octave triodes in paris the grave is marked with an eternal flame. A similar memorial was unveiled in belgium in one nine hundred twenty two. King ill bet you took part in the ceremonies. Americas unknown soldier was laid to rest at Arlington National cemetery near Washington National family know for sure the supreme allied commander during the war attended the ceremony. A crow indian chief called plenty coups also took part several decades before he had joined forces with the u. S. Army to defend his tribe against enemies including the sioux. Plenty coups paid tribute to the unknown soldier by placing his war bonnet on the ceremonial stuff on the great. Vosh told general pershing that he wanted to visit the western u. S. I want to see the indian tribes. Who are in late november one thousand nine hundred twenty one flushed travel to north dakota where he met the sioux chief read tom of all his letter ceremonies the chief presented for sure the peace pipe which the two men then smoothed the chief gave for sure soon name which translates as charging son. On november the nineteenth one thousand nine hundred nineteen the american president Woodrow Wilson now partially paralyzed by a stroke was handed a serious defeat by the u. S. Senate which refused to ratify the better side peace treaty those who voted against the treaty believed it would limit the senates ability to declare war at the same time Many Americans simply wanted to get on with their lives and to stay out of future european conflicts was i many young women rejected social norms and sought greater independence they were known as flap us. Zelda fitzgerald the wife of author f. Scott fitzgerald wrote about them. They walked from their lethargy bought their hair put on their best earrings and with a great deal of audacity and rouge went into the battle. A flapper flirted because it was fun and wore a one piece bathing suit because she had a good figure she refused to be bored because she was not boring. And she knew that she was doing things that she had always wanted to do. I i i i i i i i. The senate by failing to ratify the versailles treaty shattered wilsons dream of u. S. Participation in the league of nations i. Held its first session in paris in january nine hundred twenty and later that year moved its headquarters to geneva. The organizations main goal was to preserve world peace but could it do so if the United States was not a member of. Several posts that aside agreements change the map of europe and the middle east. A nine hundred nineteen treaty formally dissolved the austro hungary an empath and created an independent state of austria one thousand nine hundred twenty treaty set up the independent state of hungary to new states appeared on the map czechoslovakia and a nation that would later be known as yugoslavia. The new borders paid little attention to ethnic distribution germans were now living in poland and czechoslovakia and gary ns in romania and serbs croats and slovenes in yugoslavia these ethnic groups have lived together more or less peacefully in the australian garion empire. The Ottoman Empire had been home to a diverse mix of ethnic and religious groups including out of. The treaty of seven signed in one nine hundred twenty outlines the breakup of the empire and the creation of a new state that would mainly include ethnic terror. Formal ottoman territory in the middle east would be divided between france and britain france was given a league of nations mandate to govern lebanon and syria. A similar mandate for palestine transjordan and iraq was awarded to britain. There were huge reserves of petroleum in iraq and they would now be controlled mostly by britain. The treaty also provided far enough thomas kurdish region in the new turkish stay. Home jewish communities have existed in qana stine for centuries. Beginning in one nine hundred twenty large numbers of jews most of them from europe began immigrating to the region. Zionist organizations demanded that a National Home for jewish people should be created in palestine. During the war britain had said that any new jewish state should not disrupt existing arab communities britain made these and other promises to win arab support against the ottomans. The british officer t. E. Lawrence better known as lawrence of arabia served as a liaison between the british and arab forces. In november nine hundred twenty one the Jewish Agency for palestine was created to oversee jewish interests in the region. Zionist leader and future israeli president high in vitamin noted at the time palestine will be as jewish as a land is english and america is america. The seeds of the conflicts between Palestinian Jews and arabs had been sown. In one thousand nine hundred twenty tensions were running high in constantinople now nanas istanbul. Immediately after the armistice allied troops occupied the city by this time a nationalist movement was already taking shape. The at. The movement was led by general mostafa. Who had led off them and forces to victory in little italy campaign. The nationalists who were opposed to the partition of the country as outlined in the treaty have said. If we accept the allies demands there will be no end to their greed. Came our organized a new army its primary goal was to drive out greek troops that had occupied the coastal city of smyrna in may nineteen nineteen and then taken over much of western turkey. As forces launched a counterattack in all this nine hundred twenty two. The push to reach troops all the way back to the aegean coast. On september the ninth one thousand nine hundred twenty two came out as troops reoccupied the city of smyrna. Four days later a fire broke out in the citys armenian district and spread quickly at least ten thousand people are said to have died. Evidence indicates that the blaze was started by turkish troops jamal later denied any responsibility. Tens of thousands of Ethnic Armenians and greeks fled to the docks to escape the flames at least one hundred fifty thousand were evacuated by british and american ships. Meanwhile officials at the league of nations were actively working to repatriate prisoners of war and to improve Living Conditions for wall refugee its. One of these diplomats was norwegian explorer a humanitarian and future Nobel Laureate future of finance and in one nine hundred twenty one. Nansen was appointed the leagues high commissioner for refugees. In one nine hundred twenty two he began issuing refugee travel documents that came to be known as nansen passports. An estimated four hundred fifty thousand of these documents were issued to people who could not obtain passports from their governments the recipients included russian french artist marc shall die and russian composer seven gave up money north and he got stravinsky. Many of the refugees wanted to emigrate to the us and made their way to the French Quarter shell board to book passage on ships. Many of them were housed at the newly constructed or telarc long teak. The facility could accommodate and process two thousand refugees at a time they were given a sort of medical examination and disinfected if necessary the refugees were housed in the hotels dormitories until they were cleared to leave. At this time the United States still welcomes immigrants all the restrictions would be imposed in one nine hundred twenty four. The statue of liberty served as a beacon for many of them a poem written by emma lazarus is inscribed on a plaque inside the statues pedestal. Give me your tired your poor your huddled masses yearning to breathe free the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. In montreal a rally was organized to call attention to the plight of ukrainian jews famine and antisemitic attacks were widespread in ukraine. An estimated one hundred thousand jews were killed in ukraine during the russian civil war mostly by anti communist forces the war would continue until nine hundred twenty. Three. The Bolshevik Red Army defeated a coalition of Opposition Forces known as the white on. Soviet rule was now imposed across the country. The union of soviet socialist republics was officially declared there was a major famine from one nine hundred twenty one to twenty two one major cause feel thora he seized commodities from peasants to feed the cities and the military. An estimated five Million People died in the famine. Food supplies donated by your tip of the United States soon started arriving. Will shout for also an American Relief worker describes the situation in one region. People it weaves meckstroth ground balls tree bark and clay they also eat meat from horses dogs cats and rats and each strong. There are macy and dozens die every day. The stench is appalling. By the end of the civil war an estimated one point five million russians had left the country. Many of them settled in france often in paris only just. Wealthy emigres continued to lead lives of luxury. Among them was prince felix you support who had coordinated the murder of russ putin in one hundred sixteen. How can you not feel comfortable in paris in a city brightens the mind. Yusupov was a close friend of grand duke dimitri a first cousin of nicholas the second dimitri had a brief relationship with Fashion Designer coco chanel. There are conflicting reports on how chanel came up with the idea for the distinctive bottle for her perfume chanel number five some say she got the concept from dimitri. In the bottles design has remained essentially the same to this day. Russian emigres idolized son nicholas who was murdered by the bolsheviks in one nine hundred eighteen you suppose that the Russian Community in paris was thriving there are russian shops and restaurants we have all four docks chargers training schools and Retirement Homes paris is a natural destination for immigrants. Life in paris was harder for those who had served in the towers army and didnt have a lot of money. Many of them ended up driving taxi cabs for a living. The last of these drivers retired in one thousand nine hundred seventy at the age of ninety two. The emigres were concerned about the spread of soviet influence throughout the world. The economic and social dislocation was caused by world war one prompted many people to join communist parties they believed communism would bring about equality for all. Support for the communists grew in london berlin new york midland and drove. One of the founders of the Italian Communist Party until new gramsci travel to moscow in one nine hundred twenty one to study the soviet system. One lives for the party. In italy many anti communist veterans joined a movement led by war hero gabriela done once you. Done good show opposed the treaty of that side because it ordered italy to hand over territory to the new yugoslav state including domination and the city of fuming now called being a coward. Our victory has been ruined. Judgments you sought to make italy a first rate european power. Italy your time has come under for years lie ahead i hear the thunder of eagles tearing through the night. In september one thousand nine hundred nineteen done shows troops occupied few. I Italian Government kept trying to drive out of the city and he finally left in december nineteen twenty. But she wrote that europe was in a state of transition. The old world is dying and the new world has not been born in times like these gruesome phenomena appear. Close phenomena included Benito Mussolini his wife noted that mussolini had a certain natural magnetism. His eyes cast a spell over you his gaze was wanting his pupils flashed in knew that his eyes exerted power on others. In the years before the war most leni had been a socialist and worked as a journalist in one thousand nine hundred fourteen he became a fervent nationalist. In midland in one thousand nine hundred he founded a fascist combat squad which consisted of about two hundred men. Mostly copied much from cabriolet done on seal. His supporters wore black shirts. He was the ancient roman salute. Carried daggers and popularized the slogan annoyed with us. By nine hundred twenty two mostly News Organization had grown to include three hundred thousand men. His populist slogans helped him to bring together veterans disabled veterans the unemployed and members of the lower and middle classes alike. Muzzling these black shirts often engaged leftists in street battles their slogan was mini friedel i dont care. Mostly he promised to restore law and order he enforced his policies by armi