Believed need for anybody to say Climate Change is happening and then happening and then we just attempt to get the capacity to adapt is limited. Also coming up will board a ship with a crew committed to saving migrants from drowning in the mediterranean and they do it knowing it could land them in prison. Human lives have to be saved for me thats not up for debate and theres too much discussion going on about it its about who should be saved. As a few to. Our viewers on p. B. S. In the United States and all around the world welcome we begin the day with what we are learning about Climate Change and for many of you it may be hard to swallow today the United NationsIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published a special report on land how we use it and hell that use contributes to our warming planet consider a medium rare prime rib steak one before it served fields are fertilized to produce feed for cattle theres kells are then fed and produce methane a Greenhouse Gas that is much more potent than Carbon Dioxide half of all human caused emissions of methane come from livestock 50 percent and demand for steaks its growing the entire food chain according to this new report must be reimagined and reassembled a fact that could spoil your appetite or change what your great. This german field is bone dry drought has again parts of the country these crops will yield much less wheat than usual and a new report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warns that dry periods like this will become more frequent and more intense. The Mediterranean Region and Southern Africa will be especially hard hit. The problems are already visible today a quarter of arable land worldwide has deteriorated due to the creation of deserts erosion or salinisation but more and more food has to be produced to feed the worlds growing population its a vicious cycle on the one hand farming produces the food that people desperately need but on the other hand its a driving factor in Climate Change. Overall farming creates more than 20 percent of Greenhouse Gases like Carbon Dioxide cattle and Rice Production make up half of methane emissions a climate pollutant worse than c o 2 and human made fertilizers creates 3 quarters of nitric oxide emissions its an especially potent Greenhouse Gas scientists are worried about how quickly the farming sector is growing an area 2 thirds the size of australia has been turned into Agricultural Land in the last few decades the i. P. C. C. Says its time to change the good news in missions from farming can be cut. If we change how we farm and what we eat fruit and vegetables need less oil and water and they generate far less Greenhouse Gases than meat for example if the worlds population growth slows down and people consume less meat scientists think theres only a low risk that more land will be needed by intensive agriculture and there would be enough food to go around the picture is very different if the global population increases at a faster rate than at present and our consumption of resources remains high the i. P. C. C. Warns that could result in an environmental catastrophe climbing temperatures would create larger and larger deserts and gravely endanger our capacity to feed the world. And she is one of the lead authors of the chapter on security in this new i. P. C. C. Report is going to have you on the show tonight have we reached that point at which Climate Change is threatening our ability to put food on the table. Were nearing that point were not there yet but it is approaching rapidly. And the way and we. Produce the food we eat i mean that is a circle talk to me about how this circle has become a vicious circle. And when we look at the food system as a whole from the farm to the poor. We see Greenhouse Gas emissions coming from both and especially in livestock production then when we transport that crude and made in the farmers fields to the consumers or the storage the process of seeing the shipping to meet me or all of that takes energy so theres energy emitted theres Greenhouse Gases emitted from the supply chain and thats all then delivered to though people around the world eating this is a global food Food Supply Chains and it sure says that Everybody Needs but certainly in the world when there are shortages in the world where there are choices to be made we need to be sure to talk about people in developing countries who are in a different situation but. The dietary choices have become now very very important. To green to the Climate Change just one more thing sure mood loss and we see it we need to be sure to talk about that too just the food mustnt waste across this whole system accounts for 8 to 10 percent of the total global Greenhouse Gas emissions. I mean yeah thats thats huge we throw away so much and i guess people dont realize when they throw away theyre actually fueling Global Warming so let me ask you before we run out of time just the whats the takeaway from this report is the takeaway that we should reduce how much meat we consume or that we should use Climate Friendly methods to produce the meat that we eat. Oh no the answer is that. Those who have choices about their food choices need to think seriously. The choices with plant that diets that are rich in plants and greens that not since roots that many people are already eating more of is very helpful to reduce like this Greenhouse Gas emissions for those who are so neat eaters its important to. Purchase needs that has been created there has been produced in no Greenhouse Gas emissions environment now remember ago some people in the world have choices about what they eat. But there are many people who are living in developing country regions who are Small Farmers in some of those settings they dont have really that your race and need is often a very important part of the protein that people eat yeah but when we have races for the people who do have choices it is very important to be given to. Really consider our diets as a as a as important and our food loss in ways bones and important ways that me can contribute to solving Global Warming. And so i climatologist at nasa and also one of the authors of that i. P. C. C. Report that came out today cynthia thank you. We apologize to you for that signal there from geneva art id like to pull in now Bruce Friedrich he is executive director of the Good Food Institute which is a u. S. Based nonprofit that promotes plant based meat dairy and eggs as well as cultured meat and clean meat bruce welcome to the show were talking about food this evening so im going to ask you what did you eat for breakfast this morning. As with every single morning i had a Green Smoothie a smoothie made from fruits and nuts and. Plant based milk essentially as low as coffee thats pretty much my breakfast every day ok very good role model and thats exactly what i predict its a i could win the bet there let me ask you how do you read this new Climate Change report if we were all vegans would that solve a lot of our Greenhouse Gas problems. Well yeah i mean. I think its i think its worth recognizing that the least Climate Change and do sing meat is chicken and according to the World Resources institute that chicken causes 40 times as much Climate Change per calorie of protein when compared to a lady who saw a and p. Chick peas and that sort of thing so the way were producing meat right now growing massive amounts of crops to feed those crops to animals so that we can eat animals it takes 9 calories into a chicken which is the most efficient meat at turning out and basically turning crops intimate takes 9 calories into a chicken to get one calorie back out so thats 9 times as much land 9 times as much water and 9 times as many pesticides and herbicides then you are shipping those crops to it even only youre operating with you know youre shipping the feed to the farm youre operating the farm shipping the animals to a slaughter house or operating a slaughter house you add all that inefficiency and it is a huge adverse Climate Impact but the solution is probably not to just tell everybody to go again because people wont do it so year after year after year after year we see reports like this and its admirable that the report is blowing the whistle on the problem of industrial animal product reduction but the sort is that to try to educate people and to get them to invent to convince them to all give the word zusha as to basic bitter about it as do the talking about the solution i know youre a proponent of what is known as clean meat. Tell me what is clean meat. So clay made his basically growing meat directly from selves so its sometimes called cultured me its sometimes called cell days to me basically clean meat is exactly the meat that people enjoy now so its from a chicken or a pig or a cow or at the ash but instead of all of the inefficiency that i just described instead of all of the inefficiency of of feeding live a normal so you basically just grow the cells in essentially. A cultivator which is like a giant tank it looks like a beer brewery at production scale and you have you know its probably going to be 3 times as efficient as chicken production which is the most efficient meat production require 95 to 99 percent less land so we can already forest that land as a part of our Climate Mitigation strategy 90 percent less water Much Less Energy is just a far more efficient way of producing me. If we have to go about this so youre talking about producing meat basically in the lab. That may be good for fighting Climate Change but doesnt it continue this this this phenomenon of us being alienated from the source of our food i mean if were not talking about mass production of meat were talking about mass production of meat in a lab. Well its not an elaborate i mean all food all processed food starts in a food lab and then eventually its processed in essentially a factory so this well production scale look like a big. So the meat will be cultivated in something that looks like a brewery and if you want to talk about being alienated from our food i mean chickens these days 6. 00 to 7. 00 times as quickly as they would naturally i mean look at whats happening on a modern look at whats happening in a modern slaughterhouse so this is sort of the opposite of how these animals are supposed to have been raised how these animals are supposed to be treated and you know nobody wants to look at whats happening on a modern farm nobody wants to look at whats happening in a modern slaughterhouse you produce meat in this better way its much safer for peoples families it doesnt require any antibiotics so it solves the problem of the antibiotic resistant superbugs insults the Climate Change problem that this i. P. C. C. Report is talking about and consumers can actually watch how meat is made without you know basically having out pangs of moral conscience over a how revolting it is yeah it is its a good point you bring up because you couldnt have conversations with people who we need to if you say will you know how did that steak end up on your table and they say well i dont want to think about that you know thats where the conversation ends so does this all this mean then that the future belongs to companies such as beyond to meet and impossible food which would specialize in plant based substitutes for meat. Yeah i mean the thing with plant based meat is that its here now so the clean meat meat grown directly from cells is probably at least a few years from commercialization but with plant based meat its just a recognition that need is made of the limpets i mean as merrills and water what people like about meat is not the farms in a slaughterhouses what people like about meat is that taste the texture and the price so we can use clients to give people everything that they like about meat we can make it taste the same were better and as it scales out because its so much more efficient it will cost the same or less and lots of people will switch to plant based meat thats what impossible foods and beyond meat are to doing and then just a huge benefit to the climate much less water require a much safer product no antibiotics required so this is really you know education is great and people should eat less meat thats an important thing to encourage people to do but most people want you know year after year after year we see studies like this i. P. C. C. Report and nevertheless the u. N. Says that on our current trajectory were going to need 70 to 100 percent more meat by 2050 and what this report says is if we need one percent more meat by 2050 were going to fail our goals to meet the paris climbs pretty. Targets so before we were a time when as you say do you see the future as a kind of us several steps here weve got you know slaughterhouses today. The near future were going to be talking about plant based meat substitutes and then eventually will be yet but youre describing clean meat where if it is developed it comes from a lab or a factory if you will but were moving towards a place where the environment will be protected as well as our health do you see us on that trajectory. Yes you are absolutely on that trajectory again people eat meat despite how its produced if you did not eat meat because of how its produced we can give consumers everything that they like about meat but we can do it with plants and we can do it directly from cells and i would just say on the nomenclature question its still meat meat does not have to come from a live animal this is plant based to me its the same thing but produced in a different way and then its clean meat or cell based meat niekro directly from cells so in the future just like you dont think that a camera has to have film and you dont think that a phone has to have a cord similarly meat will not require a live animal sounds good to me frederick executive director of the Good Food Institute through 3 we appreciate your time tonight and keep enjoying those smoothies thank you thank you very much i appreciate the opportunity. And there it is the mediterranean now for thousands of north african refugees these are the waters that could either rob them of their lives or help give them a chance at starting a new life here in europe most refugees and migrants they end up in spain or greece and these numbers from the u. N. They show arrivals so far this year but italy italy is the one that is generating the most headlines because of its hardline approach to unofficial rescue missions rome claims that rescue boats are colluding with human traffickers now anger over increasing migration became political last year in italy voters hoisted a populist government and its far right interior minister you see him right there matteo savita power salvini is now by the way calling for new elections new elections could impact the new laws in italy one threatens captains of rescue vessels with fines of up to 1000000 euros if they enter italian ports without permission the government in rome also wants other European Union countries to take in more of the refugees in the migrants who are landing in italy a battle on and off the water he used max sunday boarded a c. Once Risky Mission off the libyan coast and he sent us this report. Takeoff from an undisclosed location. For the german n. G. O. S c. Watch is taking us on a reconnaissance flight over the mediterranean. Muttiah and pilots have one Main Objective saving lives or 70 miles up or would you go with this is this a Child Predator raid your group are the africa. Group this search right is looking for by greg abbott dangerous crossing 1. Over boats putting their lives a great risk. In finding them is like looking for a needle in a haystack and conditions are anything but ideal. This you watch aircraft moon bird maybe operates in the search and rescue zone off the coast of western libya an area that spans more than 350 kilometers of coastline this is where migrant boat set off on their perilous journey to italy and malta footage from an earlier mission shows how that looks dozens of people on an overcrowded rubber dinghy passengers often spend days out at sea exposed to the sun and with limited supplies and back to back to people of being on the water for days easily dehydrated desperate and in a serious medical condition those really are emergencies that have to be evacuated as soon as possible. Because. After hours up in the air we spot a suspicious object in the water by a half. Thats a sunken rabbiting. For now we dont know what happened to the people on board these cheap inflatable boats are not made to last and sometimes sink after days out at sea even if kai and his crew managed to spot a boat in distress it doesnt mean the passengers will be brought to safety due to a crackdown on n. G. O. S there are very few rescue boats left on the water and merchant vessels try to avoid the affected. Area all together often the libyan coast guard is the last resort for kelly and his colleagues this is a frustrating experience but. I want the people to reach a safe