Technology is getting smarter but unfortunately that doesnt seem to be true of people every year we release some thirty five billion tons of c o two into the atmosphere accelerating Global Warming. Thats why politicians and industry in the e. U. Came up with a scheme thats supposed to address the problem. Emissions trading. But how does that work. In the e. U. The big emitters of Greenhouse Gases need to purchase emissions allowances known as c o two such if its all carbon credits. Each one allows a company to emit a ton of c o two. To reduce c o two emissions long term the number of certificates issued is low it by around two percent a year. That means a company can reacts in one of two ways by investing in Climate Friendly technology to reduce emissions to the set cab. Or by purchasing certificates from another company that has already lowered its emissions and so has more carbon credits than it needs. Spare carbon credits are traded internationally any Member Company can buy all sell them. So its a balance between climate and companies interests thats the basic idea behind the scheme emissions levels can be reduced without punishing industry too much. In the past though have had more credits than they needed a surplus of certificates kept the price down. Thats meant that for businesses investing in Climate Friendly production didnt bring big pay back. So new solutions are needed what to do about climate warming can science come to the rescue. The volcano erupts giant clouds of ash dark in the atmosphere sulfur rich particles are spewed up to great heights where they reflect incoming sunlight. That can cool down the atmosphere by as much as half of a degree celsius. Some scientists want to imitate this natural phenomenon and counter Global Warming with sulfur aerosols. Big enough and we think its technically feasible to inject s o two into the stratosphere plane. And that layer of the atmosphere ten to fifty kilometers above ground the tiny particles would shield us from incoming solar radiation a kind of planetary parasol. Sounds simple but is it a good idea. A system to the climate system is so complex that even with modeling we cant say for certain whether thered be unanticipated side effects producing consequences we might not expect logan had missed. Nonetheless researchers around the world are working on ways to technically manipulate the climate such interventions in the chemical and physical processes of the earth are known as climate engineering. Andreea socially is from the geo mar how Health Center for Ocean Research in kyoto studies what effects such tinkering could have on my phone our planet. We distinguish between two methods of climate engineering the first. Tries to address the symptom namely climate warming by reducing incoming sunlight. The second targets the cause of Climate Change c o two it seeks to capture the Greenhouse Gas from the atmosphere on land in the oceans or underground. Relatively small interventions could have mass of facts at least thats what the many computer simulations carried out by ocean indicate. Some climate engineering ideas sound simple and reasonable like using the oceans for c o two storage. And. Carbon dioxide dissolves in cold water than warm water so huge pumps could bring up cold water from the depths of the oceans to absorb excess c o two from the air at the surface. Simulation suggests that by doing that we could compensate for ten percent of todays emissions but it would require massive interference and giant eco systems in the whole Southern Ocean change algae growth there and further lower oxygen levels the question is do we want that for just a ten percent reduction of todays emissions. Tests have been carried out in the arctic ocean in them researchers fertilised plankton species that take a Carbon Dioxide for photosynthesis after theyve bloomed the microorganisms sink down into the deep sea disposing of the c o two theyve incorporated. Nutrients used for fertilization could be dispersed around the world by a major ocean currents that would increase plumes of phytoplankton and algae. But here too the potential for c o two capture ten percent at most and what effect it would have on the ecosystem is unclear and possibly risky. Perience with climate engineering has been gathered on land as well in switzerland giant pump that silla these have been sucking c o two. Ackley out of the air its then either used as a fertilizer in giant greenhouse plantations or at sec western underground is this a viable model. Do you see as far as a whopping c o two pumps can contribute but theyd have to be scaled up enormously wed need lots of them and lots of space for the c. E. O. To use final disposal site so its technically possible but do we want to avoid more people except as a selfish course its. Underground c o two storage has raised fears of earthquakes and potential problems with groundwater. For now at least the effects remain hard to predict. Policymakers have been wary of climate engineering whether and when it might be implemented is unclear but what is clear is that if nothing is done Global Warming will continue with melting ice at the poles and increasing desertification. Global warming is increasing dramatically and we dont see any scenario where we can achieve the agreed climate goals without geo engineering so the choice is climate engineering with all its side effects or abandon the climate goals between whats your off. Technically speaking some of the intervention methods are already feasible today such as reducing solar radiation just like a volcanic eruption. We could inject the same amount of sulfur into the stratosphere as was a minute during the one thousand nine hundred one eruption of mount pinatubo in the philippines it took a year for it to disperse and for temperatures to rise again. You know to all that so i dont have to go eruption led to a cooling of the earth sulfur aerosols were distributed around the globe and the average global temperature fell by half a degree so thats what wed have with climate engineering every amount thats injected with. Were the earths temperature. But many experts are skeptical when. They say if we intervene in the climate in one place it could lead to disasters elsewhere another worry is that the technology could be used to further political and. Its hard to do this i consider this political aspect in the background as the biggest problem it would undoubtedly be very difficult to agree on International Rules that everyone would stick to and that everyone would agree to. Or for me personally the biggest risks and acted with this is that sooner or later it might trigger a war of. Events and kick them. Time is running out and at this point no one can say for sure if targeted climate interventions are a safe or a reasonable solution. Just look at the universe how did it come to be what holds mass it together in space until. A viewer in mumbai sent in a question about Research Facilities that are looking for. What is drawn collider. Hadrons are a family of subatomic particles that composite particles made up of quarks. Are the best known her drawings on neutrons and protons which are found in atomic nuclei that major components in the matter that makes up our bodies and the world around us. Physicists use high Energy Collisions of. Drawings to try to answer questions about matter and energy the collisions are carried out in giant particle accelerators. The worlds most powerful collider is deep underground at the European Organization for Nuclear Research or cern near geneva switzerland. The large hadron collider l h c is a twenty seven kilometer long ring of ultra cool magnets surrounding two finn pipes through these particles headed in opposite directions are accelerated to near the speed of light and then slam together into tech does the size of houses. The colliding hadrons form a hot dense fireball which produces a range of different subatomic particles. With such a big bangs in the l h c scientists try to recreate the early stages of the evolution of matter in that sense colliders are time machines the higher the energy at which the particles collide the closer they approach the conditions at the moment of the big bang the origin of our universe. And thats why it celebrators like the l h c have to undergo upgrades to collide ever more particles at ever higher energies. If our plan is read write our bit flat on a videotape. Do you have a science question that youve always wanted answered were happy to help us send it to us as a video text or voicemail if we added it on the show well send you a little surprise as a thank you come on just ask. For more science stories go to our website and get in touch on twitter and facebook we love hearing from you. This in humans against machine. In the chilling exercise by franchise it hit the screen the basic narrative is already a cliche a man builds computer computer becomes sentience and tries to conquer the world. That can Artificial IntelligenceCommunity Take over. From a terminal. Lets look at that and other digital myths. Number one computers can think whats true and perhaps painful is that in many respects algorithms outperform us humans for example and identifying patterns in vast amounts of data smart programs can even compose songs paint pictures and write screenplays but they can only combine elements the way humans have taught them to. But not even the smartest computer has its own thoughts or intentions and they arent about to so its a myth that computers can think myth number two facebook is spying on us are the online giants using data they collect to target us with customized adverts. In twenty fourteen facebook did introduce a feature that lets it access your phones microphone under certain circumstances at least in the United States and devices made by google and amazon and even some barbie dolls are equipped with microphones that send audio data v. O. Y. Fine back to Company Headquarters in germany this kind of snooping is totally illegal and experts say it really doesnt take place here still even if it says it doesnt the claim that facebook could listen in on users is not a myth. But number three digitalisation is destroying jobs. Machines have always at least in part taken over monday in tasks otherwise performed by humans. But now computers are taking on jobs that require more education and skills some studies say theyll soon be able to carry out the work involved in a half of all current occupations jobs like supermarket cashier or Insurance Agent might soon disappear altogether. The same may be true for realtors and cooks. But its different with jobs involving creativity or social interaction computers are less likely to ever sweep them away. But all in all that digital revolution is indeed destroying jobs. Its not a myth. Myth number four computers wage war or are about to there are generals and politicians who like the idea of sending robots to war instead of People Computers make decisions at lightning speed make fewer mistakes and arent burdened by emotions in fact a number of armed forces already deployed robots but so far only certain defensive systems have been able to take action autonomous like when it comes to attacking for example with drones humans still do the firing. But autonomous offensive weapons are being developed so its not a myth that computers wage war. But it doesnt have to be will queue minutes and machines can actually get along very nicely. Service robots are poised to play a benevolent role in our lives. And personal shoppers for instance. Or in hospitals as assistants in surgery and. That robots wont just be taking on heavy lifting theyll be getting in the ocean we can us even in cars. When it comes to. The to be out of the other stuff if you want to click on. The t. V. Series knight rider was way ahead of its time with a car that understood its driver that was back in one thousand nine hundred two it would give him advice and if danger loomed take charge. The reality has been slowly catching up with hollywood. This vehicle is kitted out with a special kind of high tech. For the car and hansa safety on the road uses a range of sensors. Together enable us to very precisely infer the emotional states of the driver of the car functions as a kind of psychologist and it knows better than you do how youre feeling. How does that work. With going on a drive with any car but first she has to get wired up. In the car several cameras scrutinize have face. One uses far more imaging to measure variations in skin temperature which are linked to stress levels. Another camera helps identify emotions. And then drives around to sort or for an hour. Drive to my university every day so this is a normal situation for me. At a construction site the road grows narrower thats a potential source of stress for the driver but says shes just fine. It feels like driving through the city always feels nothing special. But is that really the case come a camera has helped reveal that more is going on in. Psychology professor you are a crazy asking says yes. Father whats your i know she was confronted with a new situation where driving became more difficult at the construction site. The driver has to concentrate more on the stress level rises mental effort increases so the forehead and the cheeks get warmer. Doesnt click at the difference low effort and easy driving and intense effort in a difficult driving situation. Heightened stress could mean drivers arent driving as safely as they think they are. In stress situations we perceive last we are less able to do things we normally do all the time perfectly well we become most flexible in our response. Compared to when we are relaxed its like wearing blinkers or having tunnel vision we overlook crucial visual information. And certain struction side was stressful for our o. C. Oborne the eyebrows are slightly raised in this case thats part of an angry facial expression. You can hardly drivers get really angry they can be a danger to others an Early Warning system might be called for because it would alert me that the driver in the car in front has an a volatile state and that i should take extra care of this kind of car to car communication as one possibility. The next state might even be warning sent directly from car to car about their drivers its clear that improving safety on the roads needs to be a priority there were more than twenty five thousand road traffic deaths last year in the European Union and lone. Aggression distraction and fatigue are often factors in an accident. Has also developed a system to detect fatigue it directs a camera towards a drivers pupils in this experiment participants who are already very tired had to drive around a test track for four hours. As you approach exhaustion your pupil start to contract rhythmically every ten seconds. With the steam if using detailed data on pupil contractions the system can identify quite precisely the moment things get critical when the degree of drowsiness becomes dangerous because. Early Warning System for fatigue has proved its worth in a series of tests but theres even more like a system that analyzes and interprets what one says the claim is it can help identify emotional and mental states and even diagnose certain medical conditions anika reads out simple texts. Ok. Found man lying to me when he died. Ok so. Any insecurity or hesitation even too small to notice as you listen to her is registered and identified with you see hear a tiny flutter in the voice. And the speech. Thats another good and decatur of agitation. The evidence is clear. Not surprising the intelligent car is on its way a vehicle that knows more about your emotional stake than you do yourself. So smart cars will read our emotions as well as drive on their own. We asked you on social media would you like to take a ride in a smart car. Better pay it says you trust bus drivers when taking public transport so why not so machine. Elizabeth vargas is less trusting she says cars are already rolling computers but she wouldnt get a computer to take the wheel. Up to line it was zero says yes its right in the smart car if you can have all meant to protect him. Richard m. Lane jokes that smart cars on smart theyre not even stupid he says but just mechanical. Michael since hes still in seems apprehensive he says hes already nervous when a person is driving him imagine how it feels when a machine is in charge. Just click on the faucet. In the small homes of the future lighting cleaning and. Sophisticated networks of senses and devices. Its all part of the internet of things and interconnectedness is being extended beyond the home to. Smart solutions are being tested here in. The Digital Transformation of cities is bound up with the internet of things or i. O. T. With more and more interconnected sensors and urban centers collecting ever more data. Here the smart city concept is being promoted by small Startup Companies like hive mind here young computer scientists and technology freaks are working on an io t. Platform that links the sensors in the city. Does the city this is a smart city cockpit weve distributed various sensors throughout the city. To visualize different use cases weve set up a number of parking space sensors here we can see that a space is occupied in haagen our street. Sensors are relatively small so this is a parking sensor thats built into the ground for when a vehicle drives on to it it signals occupied by. Sensors can also signal how full garbage containers are. How many people are at a given corner. Or noise levels in the city. And theres also a system that can detect on the banks of the rhine. That life preservers are regularly stolen in basel weve now inserted a sensor into the rings so if one of them gets removed we can report it to the authorities. City officials are very interested in these kinds of. Smart solutions the Developers Say that completely networked cities could be a reality within five years. Thats all for today next time the biggest pterosaur ever found this extinct flying reptile had a wind span as big as a truck. The fossil was on earth in transy