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Think around. 5 of the function where just threw it all fall or couples about all that there's plenty to think about in the newest research now coming out it shows that regular exercise and a diet low in saturated fats and rich and antioxidants are not only good for your 1st time caller line is 818-501-4721 toll free from east of the Rockies 808255033 from west of the Rockies toll free 80618. To reach George via Skype use named George 97313 Ga text message 18298652 this is coast to coast am with George Noory our We'll take your phone calls with Ron Cowen as we talk about his book gravity's century let's get to your calls when we come back on coast. 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Run before we get into calls I wanted to ask you how did you get interested in early phonograph recordings out of that happen. You know I think I've always had an interest and understanding the past whether it's we're writing about astronomy or culture and basically a friend of mine had these hollow wax cylinder records with the grooves are on the outside of the cylinder I had never heard of them before these were Thomas Edison had developed these records and I was fascinated something visceral you can touch these grooves in there I mean you know they had the flat victrola records as well that these preceded them and just when I listen to them on these wind up phonographs is something for me about bringing back the past and and no one who are these people from the 890 s. And 101-0000 I just got hooked on it how did Edison even come up with this. Well in me it goes back to. Who would think there yeah I mean it goes back to things like the invention of the telephone and. He just he realized that you could speak into a diaphragm and the diaphragm was connected to a needle and it could cut into these whacks recordings and when you played it back the depth of the grooves and I think maybe the way I you know gave you that the sound the amplitude of someone's voice and and their pitch and. He was a great me also invented a light bulb another thing very brilliant guy and 879 I mean he was a lawyer ahead of his time Yeah gosh and then when the you know you started going to. Take you know magnetic tape for voices and recordings and stuff that's another genius invention that that that's true Yeah Yeah Yeahs amazing stuff and and the neat thing is that you know. People now are applying digital techniques to preserve these old recordings because they cake you know some of these records are very old and so fragile you don't want to keep playing them with a needle you'll destroy that you know distorted and they try to take very high resolution images of the grooves and basically with some computer technology you just from these images you can play back and get the sound without and so they're preserved forever and you're not touching you know obviously you're not touching the cylinders themselves so some need techniques are using That's amazing when you think back at the evolution of the technology Rhonda as soon as we went from you know Edison's days to the records in the various sizes of the records that we want to track right and then from a track we went to little cassettes and that's from cassettes we went to C.D.'s you know and now well digitally some one particular thing I found fascinating is back in 1988 some of the 1st sound bites from presidential campaigns were on recordings William Howard Taft ran against William Jennings Bryan have won but they were they had each of them had some of their campaign stuff on these wax cylinders which some of them so I own a few of them they still survive but people you know play them their home and you could hear what the candidates thought so 1908 was the 1st time that we had soundbites of a sort of amazing a presidential campaign now led back to some of the science in your gravity century if we did not have gravity what would happen chaos. Yeah I mean we wouldn't have we. We wouldn't have galaxies and we wouldn't have us and I don't know what there would be instead but gravity is what holds us together would fold. It's like that Louis right son I mean it and it holds our galaxy intact so. You know I don't know what what there would be a big gravity is extraordinarily important it's the glue that holds the worlds in the point and the universe to gather it it's it is let's go to the phones Nathan's in Ohio to get us started Hello Nathan Hello George hi and your guests and my basic question is if you take the big bang and you run it backwards it is a gigantic black hole what you end up with so. Now here's the thing when. Objects are compressed to a very tiny volume. That's the realm of. Subatomic of the of the quantum world and we actually don't so physicists think that something special happens when things are confined to a very small volume that quantum theory prevails and things may not crunch down to 0 volume which is what a classical black hole is so when we figure out how to marry quantum theory with gravity which is been a puzzle for decades there will have an answer your question and right now we don't know the answer yet what does quantum theory mean Abrazo quantum theory it's a bunch of physical laws that apply to. Tiny objects cycle atoms and electrons and basically. In the in the quantum quantum theory is a probabilistic theory it says that for example for a small object you cannot know its position and its velocity simultaneously. If you know one very exactly you don't know the other is scribes a sort of a wave to every particle and there's a probability of being in a certain place at a certain time it isn't a quantum theory is sort of like playing dice and Einstein famously said he didn't like quantum theory for that reason he said God does not play dice but it's a probabilistic theory and and. We think this is the way the world works on the on the very tiny level and that it has ramifications for you know the universe as it is now do you think the universe is creating still do solar systems and star systems or is it yes it will definitely is creating new star it's creating there's new stars all the time sure because mass is coming together and creating new objects and yes and I personally believe there. It is we can't this can't be the only place that there is life and I believe there's life being created all the time in all the. Billions and billions of galaxies out there so yes and but new stars are being formed there's star birth all the time in our own Milky Way galaxy I bet there are so many civilizations trying to answer the same thing we're seeking right that's what I believe. Are they frustrated. Maybe or you know I don't know maybe. Maybe if they knew who we were want to know or so I don't know let's go on our wild card line to Patty in Seattle Washington hello Patty Well hello George how are you I am well thank you. And hello Ron love the subject matter tonight it's is something that I've thought about problems since I was little kid in one fashion or another made my own I want to propose a theory that I have to share on and as a fan of Einstein. I have thought a lot about gravity in time in how we stay position where we are in the universe or even in our solar system and I always worry about the opposing force of gravity that must exist so I visualize that the ether you know doesn't give much. They haven't given it much talked about lately I think it actually exists in one for another no matter what we call it but I think that's the dark matter that comprises so much of our universe and I think it's compost like jello otherwise it would be sector into the sun my own gravity and I think. Our planet and solar system are like fruit in a jello mold it's what keeps gravity from collapsing us into it as a solid mass and the fact that quantity of mass in close proximity overcomes the jello makes sense and like the only think of my idea. Well I will say that people don't know you know what dark matter is they've been searching for it and while there's a lot of evidence they haven't a dentist find what it is so we don't know what dark matter in the end you can see a sign that gravity can be attractive and gravity can also be repulsive and Einstein's theory allows for that it can normally we think of gravity is pulling things together is an attractive force but stuff cold dark energy for want of a better bunch of terms can also causes gravity the way I think of it if you the gravity is like a a needle and it can it can be attractive or can swing the other way and be repulsive . As well so it's not gravity doesn't always pull stuff together and with dark matter you can see it right that's right but there's evidence for it lots of evidence because. People have measure the velocity of objects stars and gas towards the center of galaxies in the outskirts and the thing of it is that. Stars are moving just as fast at the outskirts of galaxies as they are. Further in and North nearing matter can't account for why those stars at the outskirts are still spinning so fast and one explanation is there is dark matter sprinkled in around galaxies that. That is an extra. In this case attractive force and is keeping galaxies intact even though they're spinning so fast and we without that dark matter or our galaxy would have phone apart. I don't know millions and billions of years ago is dark matter solid I mean could you run into it and feel what we don't know we just. The only dark matter apparently only has a gravitational attribute to it so like atoms and molecules the light there's an electric for electrical forces between them there is but dark matter only has a gravitational force associated with it we just we we don't know we don't know but we do know it's there it's just there and we feel it has to be there from all these in direct observations of the speeds of of galaxies and also and we need it there to explain the large scale structure of the universe this cosmic web weird galaxies I spoke about earlier couldn't be anti matter. The total opposite of. Well. I think we just don't know what what it is yet we just don't know and experiment said look directly for it have have come up empty handed for. Couple several decades now but but but again there's this evidence. Of the speeds of stars that indicate that you know galaxies are spinning so fast we don't have this extra matter here is here's here's my other question which maybe I'll put it in perspective for us if you were standing at point a and there was a star at point c. Right in and dark matter was at point b. Right in the middle would that dark matter blocked the view of that star. No because the light. That's a good question but. It's its light would just go through that dark matter that's that's where wrapped I should say with dark matter what However the fact that there is this dark matter there it creates it would magnify the image of that distant star there's when you have clumps of matter whether it's dark matter of visible matter. Those clumps warps space time and they create what Einstein called a gravitational lens and so for example there are clumps huge clumps of galaxies that act as a lens for more distant galaxies and they act as a magnifying glass and we can see those distant galaxies. More clearly than we would have so there is that effect but no but light. Light may be deflected around dark matter yes because light is bent by gravity but light does not interact with. It's not absorbed by the dark matter let's go to our 1st time caller John Cleveland Ohio welcome to the program John. Very much for taking my call you're very welcome . My question or my comment is also I mean I don't know if we can draw any conclusions about the universe and how it's working or what we're seeing because it's all a mirage and then everything we're getting we look at galaxies that's. That something is going oh the galaxy millions of years ago that's right so I don't understand how we can like I suppose talk about spiral galaxies and how they hold or shape them and grow they feel that it's going to be spiral should be moving apart but it's not moving apart but we've only had optics for 400 years so it all could have been. It could be nonexistent so I don't understand how we can conclude the expansion of the universe except for all we know to be contracting right now we don't know that what so euer on well. Right so a telescope is indeed like a time machine because it takes light from a distant object a certain amount of time reaches So it's a time machine so we are seeing is a galaxy is $5000000.00 light years away means that the light left that galaxy that we like that we're detecting now with that Galaxy 5000000 years ago and we are seeing that galaxy could be brought up by about and God 1000000 years ago yes but but we can look in all directions and there really is a lot of evidence that we see galaxies receding from each other it's almost as if we live on the surface of an expanding balloon and if you think if you sprinkle of launch of ants are. On the surface of an expanding balloon every point on that balloon every act is receding from every other and we see that and then there's other evidence again this the left over he called the cosmic microwave background there's a lot of observations. And within our own galaxy and in distant galaxies and in Alabama taken away any go ahead. I ne thank you thank you for taking my call and say good bye to your phone is not working any try to call back with a different phone if you would and it's just remarkable what's out there in the universe but like you were saying Ron we don't know much. We don't know much but it's also amazing what what we do know I think it's amazing that we can determine the age of the universe you know from from telescope observations and what you know and we have discerned the contents of the universe in that we're only 4 percent of that contents I think it's amazing what we have learned from in astronomy over over the years and with better and better telescopes and the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb space telescope that will be launched in a lot of delays it's going to cost a lot of exact money but you know it'll be with a new few people get gravity