Collating trade spat between the u.s. And China it's the top story on the b.b.c. Business page just search b.b.c. Dot com for what the slash business will also be discussing that with out guests on business matters at midnight g.m.t. Joining me on the program Lucy Alexander a journalist based in Tokyo and Bridget but not who is a producer with Marketplace radio in Los Angeles apart from the trade spot will also be talking about b. And b. Japan has recently introduced new restrictions on the number of nights property owners can rent their properties will be looking at the problems there but that's it for this edition of well Business Report good night. You're listening to the b.b.c. World news on k or c c To southern Colorado's n.p.r. Station Kera c.c. Broadcasts on 91.5 f.m. From our studios in Colorado Springs Colorado you can also hear cares you see in the following communities 88.5 f.m. In West Cliff and Gardner 89 point one f.m. In La Hunter 89.9 f.m. In Lyman 90 point one f.m. In Manitou Springs 91.7 f.m. In Trinidad and Raton New Mexico 94 point one f.m. In Walsenburg unlove Eda 95.5 f.m. In Lake George and Hartsell 95.7 f.m. In saliva universe day and Villa Grove and 105.7 f.m. In Canyon City for questions or comments please call 719-473-4801 during regular business hours you can always become a member of k. Or c c by going to k. Or c c dot o r g and making your financial contributions safely online. Hello I'm Bridget Kendall and coming up after the news on the forum today we look at one of the most far reaching academic exchange programs in the wild run by the United States in conjunction with numerous partner governments foundations and institutions every year provides $8000.00 grants for scholars from every $160.00 countries to travel to the United States and from the u.s. Around the world to study research lecture and teach I'm talking about the Fulbright scholarship program founded in 1946 by a young American senator from Arkansas called William Fulbright He later said it was the achievement he was most proud of I can think of nothing that I have been associated with in the 30 years 32 years in the Congress which I feel is some justification for those 30 to use as much as this program. So what difference do international student scholarships make today really help increase mutual understanding joining us for the forum after the news. Hello I'm David Harper with the b.b.c. News tensions are mounting in the Republican Party over President Trump's stance on immigration he wants big changes to the laws on immigration but he's being opposed by some leading members who want to hold a want to hold to his government's policy of separating migrant children from their parents at the country's southern border the leader of the Senate Mitch McConnell said that he's expected the issue to be addressed in a narrow focused bill the president is lobbying Republican politicians on new legislation from Washington his regime if I do nothing. Across the political divide the backlash against the trumpeted ministrations 0 tolerance policy on illegal immigration is intensifying but the president is digging his heels in at a speech before business leaders in Washington d.c. He reiterated his tough stance on immigration saying he didn't want people poor ring into our country but aware of the p.r. Crisis he's trying to avert he blame Democrats for what he said were loopholes in the law that he claims the causing families to be separated his critics point out he could end the policy with the stroke of a pen the United States has withdrawn from the u.n. Human Rights Council citing concerns about the human rights records of some members and its excessive criticism of Israel Washington's ambassador to the un Nikki Haley said the council was a cesspool of political bias adding that the u.s. Have no choice but to leave after its calls for reform have gone unheeded the world's most inhumane regimes continue to escape scrutiny and the council continues to politicizing and scapegoating of countries with positive him and rights records in an attempt to distract from the users and their ranks therefore as we said we would do a year ago the United States is officially withdrawing from the un human rights council. One of the best known names of American manufacturing General Electric has fallen out of the country's premier stock index the Dow Jones the company was formed in 1809 after the business interests of the inventor Thomas Edison can get Alston reports General Electric was one of the original companies in the Dow Jones industrial average when it launched in 1897 but the company that runs the index said that swapping g.e. For the drugstore chain Walgreens Booth's alliance would ensure that the Dow better reflects the consumer and health care sectors of the u.s. Economy in a statement G.'s said it was focused on improving the company's performance shares in the company have fallen by more than 55 percent in the past year I think it will some reporting u.s. Markets have fallen sharply over fears of an escalating trade war between the world's 2 biggest economies the concerns come after President Trump threatened to levy tariffs on another $200000000000.00 worth of Chinese goods on top of the $50000000000.00 already announced Well news from the b.b.c. . The head of Iran's nuclear agency has appealed to the United Nations and European countries to do more to bolster the 2015 nuclear deal at a meeting in Norway alley Ackbar Salah he told the un secretary general and Tonio good terrorists that the recent u.s. Withdrawal from the deal had been destructive but he said the European Union's proposals to save it was so far not sufficient since quitting the agreement last month Washington has reimposed economic sanctions on Iran. Human rights groups in Nicaragua us say at least 3 people have been killed and many injured as pro-government forces launched an operation to remove barricades set up by protesters 2 months ago in the city of Messiah residents say security forces and militias use disproportionate force to clear the roadblocks. Russia has won its 2nd match of the football World Cup all but guaranteeing that the host nation will advance to the knockout stages of the competition the 31 victory over Egypt was greeted with jubilation in the stadium in St Petersburg and across the country from Russia Alex Capstick reports Russia were expected to struggle the hosts of the lowest ranked team at the World Cup the players have been ridiculed by the supporters of the supercritical local press but after a dreadful build up to the tournament somehow from somewhere they've discovered how to win in 2 games they've scored 8 goals are good seeded just won the doubters have been silenced Russia are all but assured of a place in the 2nd round as for rejects playing in their 1st World Cup for 28 years they will more than likely be going home the disgraced former head of world football set Blatter has arrived at the World Cup as a guest of President Putin it was under Blatter as leadership that Russia was awarded the $2800.00 tournament but the former fee for president was subsequently banned from the game for making an illegal payment Blatter has always denied any wrong doing b.b.c. News. In the ocean of 948 a few dozen young people set off across the world to broaden their horizons about 40 Americans and the similar number from China and the Philippines the 1st participants in a new school exchange program and then one. Magic . It was the area where not Kinko's hit Nature Boy dominated the charts perhaps music they had on their journeys but in any case they were keen to listen and learn from the people in the far off countries they were travelling to for that was the guiding principle of what is now one of the largest academic exchange programs in the world the Fulbright scholarship program named after James William Fulbright the American senator whose original idea it was . Underage a candle and today on the forum from the b.b.c. World Service We're going to trace the history and impact of the Fulbright and other international scholarships and I'm joined by 4 people who are all former Fulbright scholars Fulbright biographer Randall Woods professor of history at the University of all consort in the United States Jane Dawson professor of international education and development at Brandeis University in Massachusetts and 2 recent Fulbright scholarship recipients language teaching specialist retore approach from southern Brazil and Nina for Saki a human rights activist from Afghanistan Welcome to all 4 of you and let's begin at the beginning of the food part program Randall very briefly Phyllis in on wife will write started it well he was a member of the United States Senate at the close of World War 2 He was horrified by. The massive destruction of the war by. The whole cost by Hiroshima he believed that in an atomic age the world could not afford another great power conflict and he believed that nationalism ins and Phobia both economic and strategic had been responsible for World War 2 in past wars and therefore he wanted to establish an international educational exchange program in which students and scholars from around the world would visit the u.s. And from the u.s. To other parts of the world that would create understanding and empathy and reduce dramatically the possibility of another great power conflict let's listen to how some as a Fulbright himself later recalled the beginnings of the program in 143 when I 1st came to the House of Representatives the 1st bill that I introduced the 1st piece and this was necessary to make the idea of the United Nations function. And how did he set up how was it organized isolationism and xenophobia were still the main characteristics of American culture and its views on toward other nations he understood it 1st of that conservatives would not support spending u.s. Tax money on this so what he proposed was the use of the sale of Linley's Adams abroad the u.s. Had spent billions of dollars buying supplies for our allies about $100000000.00 worth of those supplies were still in warehouses in those countries American manufacturers did not want them back in this country to compete and so a Fulbright suggested that those items be sold and the proceeds given to the host countries to be used to finance foreign exchange programs and he subsequently persuaded Congress to pass legislation creating a board of foreign scholarships to supervise the program in this country and the 1st of what would become over 60 bilateral agreements were signed in 1946 and this wasn't the any scholarship around at the time Jane what other scholarships like at that time right before answering I would just like to push back a bit against this notion that. There was a vision of pure internationalism at the basis of the Fulbright program that was also a moment when the us was the victor obviously in the 2nd World War and the exchanges had a clear nationalist flavor in the sense that foreigners in the us would absorb our culture but Americans abroad would also spread it overseas I think it's important to see the nationalist assumptions that were also involved in the creation of the whole multilateral system including the World Bank the i.m.f. And other institutions developed at the time so you see these national interests in other programs that were founded around the same time if not in the immediate post-war period a little bit later on for example the Commonwealth scholarships began in 1960 and they are very interesting to compare with the Fulbright program this was the time of the beginnings of rapid Deacon ization And so the Commonwealth scheme the scholarship scheme was really reflection of the aspirations of the Commonwealth as a partnership of independent state and the structure of the very decentralized Druck church with lots of bilateral agreements was actually very much the same mechanism that the Commonwealth scholarships established the road scholarship also probably still the most prestigious scholarship in the world or the one with the most name recognition had been operating since 1903 based in the u.k. Based at Oxford and Senator Fulbright himself as was Bill Clinton later on was a Rhodes scholar and I think what's interesting if you look at these programs they embrace the contradictions in a sense of. Nationalism what came to be called soft power to promote influence of the sponsoring government you see a similar thing with the German exchange service which was founded back in 1905 and more than 2000000 scholars have benefited from those programs much more than the total number of full writers by the way and so you see many different kinds of scholarships emerge in this period with a variety of motives and interests Randall John mentioned the thought of many pilots and agreements why was it that the Fulbright was set up so that these dozens of separate agreements between the American government and individual governments of other countries Well I think the idea was to create a constituency in those countries there would be a commission in each of the signatory countries that would include prominent Germans or English whichever country was concerned but in those programs would graduate for writers and those full writers would return to their countries become teachers or academics hopefully and become supporters and potential fundraisers for the exchange program and John you were talking about the political context of the world at this at the end of World War 2 is the Cold War is emerging one important political dimension was that after a few years Germany itself was included in the Fulbright scholarship scheme yes absolutely that was correct and that was part of the reconstruction of Europe financed under the Marshall Plan by the United States it should also be observed though that the early beneficiaries because that's where that surplus war material was available were Asia and Europe which not. Coincidentally also was the focus of u.s. Foreign policy in those years and that was the building of allies in those regions that had formally been enemies during the 2nd World War And I think it should be noted that so many schemes the Fulbright included which require people coming to the host country to study in that country ultimately brings the funds home because scholarships go to the hosting university notifier you are a recent Who parts chroma from Afghanistan were you conscious of these foreign policy aims. Foster Farm not very recent it was 5 to 7 but it's perceived widely enough on its own that there's a scholarship or some political aspect attached to it my own practical example that I had while going back from the United States to Afghanistan I was working with communities with people so I really observe the level of change and perception of people about me and it was a diet extent men from people that you're working for United States and that's why you see the level of trust really changes you know so yeah it has its impact on the especially on the people who are returning back and and working in a situation like of honest on about such political instability and division right now in the country let's roll back a bit nearer far to when you were planning and what it was like in practice for an aspiring Fulbright scholar who do you deal with and how did it work I was entirely dealing with the public affairs section of the Us embassy and then type process was dealt. Through them and officers within the public affairs a section of the Us embassy were what in that a contact with me in terms of the application process interviews exams and orientation certainly before departure. We shouldn't forget that the food writing compass is all areas of study income has a broad spectrum of up to construe students and scholars to teachers and professionals how typical is that for these sorts of international scholarships Jan I think it's actually quite typical while we discuss the political context in ramifications we also shouldn't ignore the educational value of these programs and I think that the fact that many areas of study are in compassed and a broad spectrum of applicants are accepted in some ways demonstrates the autonomy of the individual grantees and that's that's a good thing a recent study showed that there were nearly 200 programs scholarship programs just government funded programs in countries around the world so it's difficult to make any generalisations one of the challenges in scholarship on international scholarship programs is that there is not even a consistent inventory of what these programs are and we know relatively little about the characteristics of successful programs and therefore the study of impact is just emerging fairly recently Well you can study just about any subject from architecture to Sewell a g m anyone with an outstanding record or potential can apply from distinguished professors with an international reputation to local language teaches and he has one of the early language teachers scholars Barbara Lee from the United States talking to b.b.c. Reporter Brian back in 1953 on American exchange for. So many of your 1st impressions and I think just very 1st impression was the 1st day of school when I was in my 1st ever. Not a nice feeling of having to have school. You know now you know. Yes but not usually. The Case for American girl. So experience from 953 the tour you know you were a language teacher of food right Scola who went from Brazil to Nebraska but just a couple of years ago it's a clearly a very different time and place how much about spirit of curiosity and possibly misconceptions about people in other countries that we just heard how much about was echoed what you found when you went to Nebraska and most of my students didn't know a lot about our culture Nebraska's very far from Brazil not only Joe graphically but it's not as exposed to our culture. Some other states in America are like Florida for example so they didn't know a lot about us so there was some curiosity but most of them were taking my subject they were taking Portuguese because they needed a 2nd language or they were just interested in Brazilian music and as they learned more about I just felt like their curiosity about it started growing a lot they started researching about it they started even cooking resign food and bring it to class so it was really interesting to see how their curiosity about is grew well going back to the early days of the food part program getting people to pay for publicly minded work is never easy especially in a country that's just spent a lot of resources on fighting a war so how did Fulbright get around this problem here's how Fulbright 2nd wife how it met Fulbright recounted it right knew that the majority of his collar. Igs would not approve of any money spent on such an idea so the 1st book he sent through the Senate outlined and international education exchange program but made no mention of money needed to make it a reality as a result. That passed easily without any argument why should anybody worry about it. Once that was accomplished he was then very nervously searched for a way to pay for it but did not have to wait long for an answer. Within weeks coming through this and it was a proposal to sell to Europe all of the war materials left. Oh oh oh over the continent after the fighting stopped. Bright studied the bill and added at the bottom one sentence the proceeds from these goods shall be limited in use to underwrite the international education exchange program. He set the bill on without comment you know what he really read it it passed easily. This assured the birth of the international education exchange program which bears his name Randall that sounds almost like subterfuge well on its just American politics. He was quite clever in that respect he understood the forces he had to deal wi