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Are plants intelligent? It depends on the definition

Goldenrod can perceive other plants nearby without ever touching them, by sensing far-red light ratios reflected off leaves. When goldenrod is eaten by herbivores, it adapts its response based on whether or not another plant is nearby. Is this kind of flexible, real-time, adaptive response a sign of intelligence in plants? ....

Alexander Chaut , Michael Mueller , Andre Kessler , Phytologist Fund , Life Sciences , College Of Agriculture , Department Of Ecology , Plant Signaling , Evolutionary Biology , New Phytologist ,