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Through seismic imaging, varying geometries of slab subduction are noted throughout the mantle. While some slabs remain mostly unaffected when penetrating down to the lower mantle (e.g. Mariana plate/trench), others appear to flatten out and lie along the 660 km discontinuity (e.g. Izanagi plate). Penetrating slabs with moderate dip angles (e.g. South American plate/Peru-Chile trench) are also observed. The exact cause of these varying geometries is largely unknown. This study attempts to identify if a variation in slab geometry at the upper lower mantle transition zone is caused by an internal (e.g. phase change, viscosity structure, Rayleigh number) or external (trench migration) processes of subduction. The mantle flow regime of the mantle has also been assessed. Mantle convection models with tectonic surface boundary reconstructions were grouped together according to their specific input parameters and then had their present-day temperatures compared to seismic tomography. Matches ....
The magnetic field of Earth and its behaviour over time is linked to its origin within Earth’s liquid outer core. Complex internal processes that operate within the outer core are not only responsible for the creation of the geomagnetic field, but also the magnetic field’s strength, stability, and position on Earth. The magnetic field acts as a critical barrier of protection, shielding Earth from harmful solar radiation from the sun and confining Earth’s atmosphere beneath the exosphere. As Earth’s core evolves and cools over time, it releases heat at the core-mantle boundary (CMB), the magnetic field reflects this evolution by weakening, strengthening, and reversing in polarity over time. It is important to study and form a better understanding of the behaviour of the magnetic field and its intensity over time, as its ability to weaken may give rise to biological and technological damage to Earth and its inhabitants. Variation in magnetic field behaviour over time is preserved ....
The Finke River in central Australia is counted among the world's oldest drainage systems; this raises the prospect of investigating how (tectonic and sub-lithospheric) processes have shaped the landscape in the long term. The Finke's upper reaches display an enigmatic set of intertwined active and relict bedrock gorges that suggest a complex history of incision, aggradation and re-incision. We measured cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al in fluvial gravels preserved in the gorges, and we applied a Markov chain-Monte Carlo-based inversion model to test two limiting-case hypotheses about the timing of gravel deposition and exhumation. Our results suggest that the nuclide memory contained within the gravels was essentially erased during sediment storage exceeding several million years. Previous studies attribute central Australia's geomorphic development to intensified post-Miocene aridity in tune with the perception of a quiescent tectonic regime. However, the close correlation betw ....
Abstract During the Paleozoic, sedimentary basins developed within Gondwana without evolving to diverging plate boundaries. Such intracontinental basins present long subsidence histories with multiple phases of accelerated subsidence that are not always easily explained by far-field tectonic forces, and may be driven by processes other than rifting and thermal subsidence. Here we investigate the subsidence of Paleozoic Australian intracontinental basins by comparing one-dimensional backstripped tectonic subsidence histories from the western Australian Canning and Southern Carnarvon Basins and the central Australian Cooper Basin to forward subsidence models for pure shear lithospheric thinning. We make the hypothesis that differences between observed and model subsidence may be explained by mantle-flow driven topography, in addition to tectonic forces. To test this hypothesis, we compute dynamic topography from the first geodynamic models of mantle flow spanning the entire Phan ....