Correspondence: Bing Yuan HK Modern Chinese Medicine R&D Center, Room 2, 7/F Kiu Kin Mansion, 566-568 Nathan Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong Abstract: The rise of precision medicine (PM) has initiated the transition of mainstream medicine from disease-based medicine to personalized medicine, alongside which the US FDA has begun to establish a clinical trial and efficacy evaluation (CTEE) system compatible with personalized medicine based on biological markers. Outside of modern medicine, however, there has always existed a personalized medical system, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), that is, a p...