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Covid vaccines saved lives in England, but why do estimates differ? | David Spiegelhalter and Anthony Masters


The first approach looked at vaccine take-up and Covid deaths 31 days later in three age groups (60-69, 70-79 and over-80s), and estimated how many more people would have died up to the end of March 2021 had nobody been vaccinated.
This basic analysis considers only the direct effects of vaccination on mortality, but vaccines also have indirect effects through dampening transmission. The PHE/MRC (Medical Research Council) Biostatistics Unit model is a more complex “transmission dynamics” model, expressing in mathematics how the virus progresses through populations. They use extensive data such as Covid-19 deaths by age and region, and antibody samples, and their model simulates the numbers of infections and deaths without any vaccinations. Up to 19 June, they estimate a reduction in 7.2m infections and 27,200 deaths. Of course, these are comparisons with a rather unreal parallel world – if no vaccines were available, government policies and social reactions would have be ....

George Box , Research Council Biostatistics Unit , Public Health England , Medical Research Council , Biostatistics Unit , ஜார்ஜ் பெட்டி , ஆராய்ச்சி சபை உயிரியக்கவியல் அலகு , பொது ஆரோக்கியம் இங்கிலாந்து , மருத்துவ ஆராய்ச்சி சபை , உயிரியக்கவியல் அலகு ,

Animal numbers tumble as fences block migration corridors


THE STANDARD
ENVIRONMENT
Wildebeest at Maasai Mara National game reserve in Narok County. [Kipsang Joseph, Standard]
A lone wildebeest gazes at an approaching storm near Ereyiet Oltome village, on the eastern edge of Ol Kinyei Conservancy in Maasai Mara.
It seems startled by our vehicle as Simon Nkoitoi, senior warden and manager at the conservancy, responds to a distress call from villagers held hostage by a herd of elephants.
In the rush to get away from our intrusion, the animal squeezes itself through a barbed wire fence reinforced with wooden planks. Though empty, the fenced piece of land measuring close to 100 acres is privately-owned. The animals are unknowingly trespassing. ....

Rift Valley , Nairobi Area , Baden Wüberg , Nairobi National Park , Kenya General , Simon Nkoitoi , Maasai Mara , Joseph Ogutu , Alan Donovan , Paula Kahumbu , Ereyiet Oltome , Kenya Wildlife Service , University Of Hohenheim , Institute Of Crop Science , National Environment Management Authority , Amboseli National Park , Masai Mara , Negative Impact , Ungulate Population , African Heritage House , Nairobi National , Biostatistics Unit , Crop Science , Kimana Wildlife Sanctuary , பிளவு பள்ளத்தாக்கு , நைரோபி பரப்பளவு ,