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This article proposes a real-time, setting-free out-of-step (OOS) protection strategy for a single synchronous generator (SG) connected to a multimachine power system. To do so, the fundamental frequency phasor of the voltage at the generator terminal is measured. It will be shown that at the point of OOS, the imaginary part of the voltage crosses the zero point and becomes negative, whereas the real part of the voltage holds a negative value. On the other hand, it will be shown that during stable power swings, the imaginary part of the voltage behaves as per an OOS event, whereas the real part of the voltage becomes positive. Therefore, this principle can be used as the criterion to detect an SG OOS. Moreover, it will be shown that the proposed principle can count the number of SG pole slip occurrences so that it can trip the generator after a certain number of pole slips. The proposed scheme is a response-based algorithm and uses only locally measured voltage at the relay location. F ....
The recloser-fuse coordination of the distribution networks equipped with distributed generators (DGs) may be jeopardized by using the conventional overcurrent protection strategies thus degrading the network reliability. This research article focuses on the design of a protection coordination strategy based on the dual-setting directional recloser (DSDR) for the effective implementation of a fuse-saving scheme in distribution networks (DNs). The proposed DSDR-based protection strategy will assist the network operators by providing a flexible coordination range along with more accurate protection settings to meet the protection coordination requirements. The performance of the proposed protection scheme has been validated through its implementation on IEEE standardized test systems and a comparative analysis has been drawn to demonstrate its effectiveness. Furthermore, this research work concentrates on the economical design of the protection strategy for distribution networks by utili ....
Despite the substantial reliability and power quality improvements, the proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) can introduce many protection complexities in distribution networks. This research article presents a comprehensive investigative analysis of the distributed generation (DG) impacts on the protection performance of the distribution network. Various protection coordination case studies have been analyzed under different operating conditions by varying the DG penetration level or the fault conditions to highlight the potential risks of the protection networks. The severity of the risks is evaluated by considering the DG locations, protection settings, and fault types/impedance parameters on a standardized IEEE 13 node test feeder. The subsequent protection hazards are examined for the mutual coordination of the overcurrent (OC) relays, auto-reclosers, and series fuses in distribution networks along with the differential protection issues for DC bus system. Furtherm ....
Although it is commonly assumed that power swing is symmetrical and will have identical effects on all three-phase voltages and currents, there is another type of power swing, which is asymmetrical and mainly occurs during single-pole tripping (SPT), the impact of which on power systems integrated with the inverter-based resources (IBRs) has not been investigated so far. Since the likelihood of the occurrence of asymmetrical power swing is increasing in todays heavily loaded transmission lines, this paper investigates the impact of IBR integration on the performance of distance protection during single-pole tripping. Furthermore, a new scheme is proposed to detect earth faults that occur during asymmetrical power swings to enhance the performance of power swing blocking (PSB) functions. To do so, the superimposed component of the zero-sequence current during SPT is extracted. Then, the moving average window is used to calculate the average of both zero-sequence current and its superimp ....
In this paper, a new saturated amorphous alloy core-based inrush current limiter (ICL) has been designed and built to limit the inrush current of a power transformer. A toroidal core with a middle limb is developed using the Metglas amorphous alloy and the middle limb is excited with a dc current to saturate the amorphous alloy core. Only a very small dc excitation current is required using such a core when compared to that using a similar design with conventional materials. Under normal conditions, the saturated amorphous alloy ICL core steady-state impedance is low and has a negligible effect on the operation of the system. During the energization of a power transformer connected to the ICL, the large inrush current de-saturates the amorphous alloy core, resulting in an increase in the ac winding impedance, which limits the peak amplitude of the transformer inrush current and harmonics. To validate the proposed saturated amorphous alloy core-based ICL, a prototype ICL has been built ....