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During World War II, the Army hired women to hand-calculate ballistics trajectories for artillery firing tables. But these differential calculus equations took over 2 dozen hours by hand, and the Army needed thousands of them. In an attempt to speed up the calculations, the Army agreed to fund the creation of a truly experimental machine – the world’s first all-electronic, general-purpose, programmable computer with 18,000 vacuum tubes. When the huge Electronic Numeric Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) surprisingly worked, the Army selected women mathematicians to program it to compute the ballistics trajectories they knew so well. That there were no programming languages or even computer manuals did not stand in their way. Their program helped launch ENIAC to fame as the world’s first modern computer, but the women were never introduced or credited. Join law professor, author, documentarian, and former CITP Visiting Research Fellow Kathy Kleiman to discuss her new book Proving Gr ....

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