Protected areas are a central instrument to implement the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), its Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020, and the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Amazonian countries hold 390 million hectares of such protected areas. Aichi Targets 11, 17, and 18 call for their effective governance and management, and the active participation of indigenous and other local resource user groups and respect for traditional knowledge and customary practices. The paper analyzes five transboundary protected areas in Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia to assess to what extent and in wh...