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MoEDAL zeroes in on magnetic monopoles

The MoEDAL detector (Image: CERN) The late physicist Joseph Polchinski once said the existence of magnetic monopoles is “one of the safest bets that one can make about physics not yet seen”. In its quest for these particles, which have a magnetic charge and are predicted by several theories that extend the Standard Model, the MoEDAL collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has not yet proven Polchinski right, but its latest findings mark a significant stride forward. The results, reported in two papers posted on the arXiv preprint server, considerably narrow the search window for these hypothetical particles. At the LHC, pairs of magnetic monopoles could be produced in interactions between protons or heavy ions. In collisions between protons, they could be formed from a single virtual photon (the Drell–Yan mechanism) or the fusion of two virtual photons (the photon-fusion mechanism). Pairs of magnetic monopoles could also be produced from the vacuum in the enormous magnetic fields created in near-miss heavy-ion collisions, through a process called the Schwinger mechanism. Since it started taking data in 2012, MoEDAL has achieved several firsts, including conducting the first searches at the LHC for magnetic monopoles produced via the photon-fusion mechanism and through the Schwinger mechanism. In the first of its latest studies, the MoEDAL collaboration sought monopoles and high-electric-charge objects (HECOs) produced via the Drell–Yan and photon-fusion mechanisms. The search was based on proton–proton collision data collected during Run 2 of the LHC, using the full MoEDAL detector for the first time. The full detector comprises two main systems sensitive to magnetic monopoles, HECOs and other highly ionising hypothetical particles. The first can permanently register the tracks of magnetic monopoles and HECOs, with no background signals from Standard Model particles. These tracks are measured using optical scanning microscopes at INFN Bologna. The second system consists of roughly a tonne of trapping volumes designed to capture magnetic monopoles. These trapping volumes – which make MoEDAL the only collider experiment in the world that can definitively and directly identify the magnetic charge of magnetic monopoles – are scanned at ETH Zurich using a special type of magnetometer called a SQUID to look for any trapped monopoles they may contain. In their latest scanning of the trapping volumes, the MoEDAL team found no magnetic monopoles or HECOs, but it set bounds on the mass and production rate of these particles for different values of particle spin, an intrinsic form of angular momentum. For magnetic monopoles, the mass bounds were set for magnetic charges from 1 to 10 times the fundamental unit of magnetic charge, the Dirac charge (gD), and the existence of monopoles with masses as high as about 3.9 trillion electronvolts (TeV) was excluded. For HECOs, the mass limits were established for electric charges from 5e to 350e, where e is the electron charge, and the existence of HECOs with masses ranging up to 3.4 TeV was ruled out. “MoEDAL’s search reach for both monopoles and HECOs allows the collaboration to survey a huge swathe of the theoretical ‘discovery space’ for these hypothetical particles,” says MoEDAL spokesperson James Pinfold. In its second latest study, the MoEDAL team concentrated on the search for monopoles produced via the Schwinger mechanism in heavy-ion collision data taken during Run 1 of the LHC. In a unique endeavour, it scanned a decommissioned section of the CMS experiment beam pipe, instead of the MoEDAL detector’s trapping volumes, in search of trapped monopoles. Once again, the team found no monopoles, but it set the strongest-to-date mass limits on Schwinger monopoles with a charge between 2gD and 45gD, ruling out the existence of monopoles with masses of up to 80 GeV. “The vital importance of the Schwinger mechanism is that the production of composite monopoles is not suppressed compared to that of elementary ones, as is the case with the Drell–Yan and photon-fusion processes,” explains Pinfold. “Thus, if monopoles are composite particles, this and our previous Schwinger-monopole search may have been the first-ever chances to observe them.” The MoEDAL detector will soon be joined by the MoEDAL Apparatus for Penetrating Particles, MAPP for short, which will allow the experiment to cast an even broader net in the search for new particles.

Zurich , Züsz , Switzerland , Joseph-polchinski , Standard-model , Large-hadron-collider , Penetrating-particles , Physics , Ern , Arge-hadron-collider , Hc

Smeared R-ratio from lattice QCD

The ratio 𝑅(𝐸) of the cross-sections for 𝑒+𝑒−→ hadrons and 𝑒+𝑒−→𝜇+𝜇− is an extremely interesting hadronic observable due to its phenomenological applications.

Physics , Ern , Arge-hadron-collider , Hc , Igh-energy-physics , Articles , Cience ,

The charm and beauty associated with the electroweak gauge bosons with ATLAS

The production of electroweak gauge bosons is a probe for a wide range of important physics aspects at the LHC.

Physics , Ern , Arge-hadron-collider , Hc , Igh-energy-physics , Articles , Cience ,

ALICE gets the green light for new subdetectors

Two detector upgrades of ALICE, the dedicated heavy-ion physics experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), have recently been approved for installation during the next long shutdown of the LHC, which will take place from 2026 to 2028. The first one is an upgrade of the innermost three layers of the Inner Tracking System (ITS3), and the second is a new forward calorimeter (FoCal), optimised for photon detection in the forward direction of the ALICE detector. High-energy collisions of heavy ions like lead nuclei at the LHC recreate quark–gluon plasma: the hottest and densest fluid ever studied in a laboratory. Besides studying the properties of quark–gluon plasma, the ALICE programme covers a broad array of topics involving strong interaction, such as determining the structure of nuclei and the interactions between unstable particles, as presented in "A journey through the quark-gluon plasma and beyond". Inner Tracking System (ITS3) ALICE’s current Inner Tracking System, installed for the ongoing LHC run, is the world’s largest pixel detector to date, with 10 m2 of active silicon area and nearly 13 billion pixels. The new Inner Tracking System, ITS3, builds on the successful use of monolithic active pixel sensors and takes this concept to the next level. “ALICE is like a high-resolution camera, capturing intricate details of particle interactions. ITS3 is all set to boost the pointing resolution of the tracks by a factor of 2 compared to the current ITS detector,” said Alex Kluge and Magnus Mager, the project leaders of ITS3. “This will strongly enhance the measurements of thermal radiation emitted by the quark–gluon plasma and provide insights into the interactions of charm and beauty quarks when they propagate through the plasma.” The ITS3 sensors are 50 µm thick and as large as 26×10 cm2. To achieve this, a novel stitching technology was used to connect individual sensors together into a large structure. These sensors can now be bent around the beampipe in a truly cylindrical shape. The first layer will be placed only 2 mm from the beampipe and 19 mm from the interaction point. It can now be cooled by air instead of water and has a much lighter support structure, significantly reducing the materials and their effect on the particle trajectories seen in the detector. Forward Calorimeter (FoCal) The FoCal detector consists of an electromagnetic calorimeter (FoCal-E) and a hadronic calorimeter (FoCal-H). FoCal-E is a highly granular calorimeter composed of 18 layers of silicon pad sensors, each as small as 1×1 cm2, and two additional special layers with pixels of 30×30 μm2. FoCal-H is made of copper capillar tubes and scintillating fibres. “By measuring inclusive photons and their correlations with neutral mesons, and the production of jets and charmonia, FoCal offers a unique possibility for a systematic exploration of QCD at small Bjorken-x. FoCal extends the scope of ALICE by adding new capabilities to explore the small-x parton structure of nucleons and nuclei,” said Constantin Loizides, project leader of FoCal at the ALICE collaboration. The newly built FoCal prototypes have recently been tested with beams in the CERN accelerator complex, at the Proton Synchrotron and Super Proton Synchrotron, demonstrating their performance in line with expectations from detector simulations. The ITS3 and FoCal projects have reached the important milestone of completing their Technical Design Reports, which were endorsed by the CERN review committees in March 2024. The construction phase of ITS3 and FoCal starts now, with the detectors due to be installed in early 2028 in order to be ready for data taking in 2029.

Magnus-mager , Alex-kluge , Constantin-loizides , Large-hadron-collider , Inner-tracking-system , Tracking-system , Proton-synchrotron , Super-proton-synchrotron , Technical-design-reports , Physics , Ern

Ethernity Chain (ERN) Trading Up 0.1% This Week

Ethernity Chain (ERN) traded up 3.8% against the US dollar during the twenty-four hour period ending at 14:00 PM E.T. on April 25th. Over the last week, Ethernity Chain has traded up 0.1% against the US dollar. One Ethernity Chain coin can now be bought for approximately $4.90 or 0.00007583 BTC on cryptocurrency exchanges. Ethernity […]

Kitty-inu , Hokkaidu-inu , Ethereum-network , Twitter , Facebook , Ethernity-chain , Selling-ethernity , Ethernity-chain-daily , Currency-ethernity-chain , Ern ,

Ethernity Chain Trading 0.1% Higher This Week (ERN)

Ethernity Chain (ERN) traded down 3.5% against the U.S. dollar during the 24-hour period ending at 20:00 PM ET on April 23rd. One Ethernity Chain coin can now be bought for about $4.93 or 0.00007435 BTC on major exchanges. During the last week, Ethernity Chain has traded up 0.1% against the U.S. dollar. Ethernity Chain […]

Hokkaidu-inu , Kitty-inu , Facebook , Twitter , Ethereum-network , Ethernity-chain , Selling-ethernity , Ethernity-chain-daily , Currency-ethernity-chain , Ern ,

Ethernity Chain (ERN) Price Reaches $4.93 on Top Exchanges

Ethernity Chain (ERN) traded 3.5% lower against the dollar during the 24-hour period ending at 20:00 PM Eastern on April 23rd. One Ethernity Chain coin can now be bought for about $4.93 or 0.00007435 BTC on cryptocurrency exchanges. Over the last week, Ethernity Chain has traded 0.1% higher against the dollar. Ethernity Chain has a […]

Kitty-inu , Hokkaidu-inu , Twitter , Facebook , Ethereum-network , Ethernity-chain , Ethernity-chain-daily , Currency-ethernity-chain , Ern ,

The Kuranos Project; Monitoring and Analysis of Parkinson's Disease Motor Symptoms Using Wearables - a KT-MA Project

Abstract: "Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most widespread neuro-degenerati

Garmin , Apple-watch , Big-data , Physics , Ern , Arge-hadron-collider , Hc , Igh-energy-physics , Articles , Cience ,

Ethernity Chain Price Tops $4.94 on Major Exchanges (ERN)

Ethernity Chain (ERN) traded down 1.2% against the U.S. dollar during the 1-day period ending at 7:00 AM E.T. on April 24th. Ethernity Chain has a market cap of $148.21 million and $394,612.51 worth of Ethernity Chain was traded on exchanges in the last day. In the last week, Ethernity Chain has traded up 0% […]

Kitty-inu , Hokkaidu-inu , Facebook , Ethereum-network , Twitter , Ethernity-chain , Ethernity-chain-daily , Currency-ethernity-chain , Ern ,

Ethernity Chain Trading 0% Higher Over Last 7 Days (ERN)

Ethernity Chain (ERN) traded up 3.1% against the dollar during the 24 hour period ending at 23:00 PM ET on April 22nd. Ethernity Chain has a market cap of $154.27 million and approximately $13.15 million worth of Ethernity Chain was traded on exchanges in the last 24 hours. One Ethernity Chain coin can currently be […]

Hokkaidu-inu , Kitty-inu , Facebook , Ethereum-network , Twitter , Ethernity-chain , Ethernity-chain-daily , Currency-ethernity-chain , Ern ,