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Jian Xu; Xiao-Ping Xia; Qiang Wang; Christopher J. Spencer; Bin He ... Abstract: The mechanisms and processes by which subducted slab interacted with mantle plume remain controversial, as direct observation of such interaction is difficult to impossible. Compositional heterogeneity of large igneous provinces (LIPs) additionally makes plume-slab interaction hard to detect. Oxygen isotopes are sensitive enough to trace the source of magmas. Here we provide evidence for plume-slab interaction mainly based on in situ zircon Hf-O isotope analyses, as well as whole-rock elemental and Sr-Nd-Hf isoto...

The Atlantic Tiny iodine particles are clumping together to trap sunlight and melt polar sea ice. Christian Vorhofer/ imageBROKER / Alamy To climate scientists, clouds are powerful, pillowy paradoxes. They can reflect away the sun’s heat but also trap it in the atmosphere; they can be products of warming temperatures but can also amplify their effects. Now, while studying the atmospheric chemistry that produces clouds, researchers have uncovered an unexpectedly potent natural process that seeds their growth. And as the Earth continues to warm from rising levels of greenhouse gases, this pro...

Introduction Unexpected shocks may tip countries with elevated fiscal vulnerabilities into default. The literature has emphasized the role of macroeconomic and financial shocks, such as a decline of commodity prices (Reinhart et al., 2016) or banking crises (Baltenau and Erce, 2018) in shaping sovereign risk. However, other types of shocks, such as political events or natural disasters, are equally important. 2 Extreme weather events appear especially salient in light of the key role played by natural disasters in recent sovereign default episodes (i.e. Grenada 2004, and Antigua y Barbuda 200...