"Formation and Evolution of White and Brown Etching Layers and Their Im" by Ba Hieu Nguyen
The thin White Etching Layers (WELs) commonly exist on the surfaces of different rail grades in railway networks worldwide. Although the formation of WELs has been the subject of interest for a few decades, precise conclusions on their formation mechanisms are still in argument. Two popular hypotheses for WEL formation have been proposed concerning thermomechanically/thermally-induced and mechanically-induced WELs, respectively. Each type of WELs was formed in different operating conditions and had different microstructure, hardness, composition, and WEL/pearlite interface features. The invest...