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"Microstructural investigation on a rail fracture failure associated wi" by Ali Al-Juboori, Hongtao Zhu et al.

Squats, observed in numerous railway networks worldwide, are a significant concern for rail track maintenance. This work presents a specific case study of a rail fracture failure associated with squat defects. A detailed microstructural analysis was conducted to investigate the causes of squat formation, subsequent crack propagation, transverse defects, and fracture. According to the findings, the initiation of squats can be attributed to the presence of White Etching Layers on the rail surface and rolling contact fatigue. After the initiation of Squats, the cracks extended downwards into the bulk rail at a shallow angle until reaching a sizeable martensitic island located in the subsurface of the rail along the path of crack propagation. The brittleness of the undesired martensitic structure triggered rapid crack development, facilitated transverse cracking, and ultimately resulted in rail fracture failure. Transmission electron microscopy examination confirmed that the abnormal defec ....

White Etching Layers , Microscopic Investigation , Ail Fracture Failure , Rolling Contact Fatigue , Quat Defects ,

"TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIORS OF TWO DISTINCT CLASSES OF WHITE ETCHING LAYERS" by Ba Hieu Nguyen, Ali Al-Juboori et al.

The presence of hard and brittle thin White Etching Layers (WELs) on rail surfaces plays a critical role in varying the tribology behaviors at the wheel and rail interface. The reciprocating sliding tests at room temperature and 600°C were carried out for two types of WELs, including thermomechanically-induced WEL (TP-WEL) and mechanically-induced WEL (SD-WEL). A normal rail sample was also employed for the comparison. The wear mechanism of WEL-free rail shifts from abrasive wear at room temperature to adhesive wear and oxide wear at 600°C. The oxidized-WELs contribute to the wear performance of WELs covered rail. Among the two types of WELs, TP-WEL has lower wear resistance, while SD-WEL develops high friction and less wear loss. ....

White Etching Layers , Flash Temperature , Friction And Wear , Eciprocating Sliding , Hite Etching Layer ,

"Formation and Evolution of White and Brown Etching Layers and Their Im" by Ba Hieu Nguyen

The thin White Etching Layers (WELs) commonly exist on the surfaces of different rail grades in railway networks worldwide. Although the formation of WELs has been the subject of interest for a few decades, precise conclusions on their formation mechanisms are still in argument. Two popular hypotheses for WEL formation have been proposed concerning thermomechanically/thermally-induced and mechanically-induced WELs, respectively. Each type of WELs was formed in different operating conditions and had different microstructure, hardness, composition, and WEL/pearlite interface features. The investigations on ex-service rails reveal that WELs promote crack initiation and propagation due to their brittleness, high hardness, ultra-fine microstructure, residual compressive stress, the difference in thermal expansion, and abrupt transition behaviors at WEL/pearlite interface. The sub-surface cracks developed from the WELs stimulate rolling contact fatigue (RCF) defects, such as squat, stud, and ....

White Etching Layers , Standard Carbon , Head Hardened , Gas Tungsten Arc Welding , Heel Rail Contact , Ail Steel Microstructures , Phase Transformation , Racture Mechanism ,

"Fracture mechanisms in rails with mechanically and thermomechanically-" by Ba Hieu Nguyen, Ali Al-Juboori et al.

White etching layers (WELs) on rail surfaces play a crucial role in dictating rail life and guaranteeing safety during transport. It has been reported that the presences of WELs correlate with wheel-rail tribological properties and rail defects, including squats and studs. It is impossible to directly measure fracture mechanisms in WELs when rails are in service because they are subject to numerous wheel passage cycles, and WELs are routinely spalled due to dynamic impact throughout their lifetime. Consequently, samples containing mechanically and thermomechanically-induced WELs, as well as WEL-free samples were sectioned from ex-service rails and subjected to three-point bending to investigate crack initiation in WELs and compare the subsequent propagation of cracks into the base material leading to fracture. The results show that WELs are subject to intergranular brittle fracture and promote ductile crack growth before macroscopic river-like cleavage failure. In contrast, the WEL-fre ....

Crack Initiation And Propagation , White Etching Layers ,