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"Formation of white etching layer on rails due to coupled thermal and m" by Ali Al-Juboori, Huijun Li et al.

The formation mechanism of the white etching layer (WEL) on the rail steel material has been confirmed via two different routes; thermal-induced WEL by phase transformation and mechanical-induced WEL by severe plastic deformation. In this study, a combination of thermal and mechanical processes was performed to examine the synergistic interaction of two formation mechanisms of the WEL on rails. An experiment was conducted on the rail steel material using a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulation system. The results confirmed that the martensitic WEL is formed by phase transformation from rapid quenching at a temperature below the critical point of material phase transformation, under 550 °C, when high hydrostatic pressure is applied. The application of combined thermal and mechanical action induced martensite with the presence of retained austenite. The microstructure of the transition zone between the WEL and the base material contains partial and full dissolution of cementite, broken p ....

Material Characterization , Phase Transformation , Hermal Mechanical Contact , Hite Etching Layer ,

"A COMBINATION OF THERMAL AND MECHANICAL ACTIONS ON THE FORMATION OF TH" by Ali Al-Juboori, Huijun Li et al.

The formation mechanism of the white etching layer (WEL) on the rail steel material has been confirmed via two different routes; thermal-induced WEL by phase transformation and mechanical-induced WEL by severe plastic deformation. In this study, a combination of thermal and mechanical processes was performed to examine the synergistic interaction of two formation mechanisms of the WEL on rails. An experiment was conducted on the rail steel material using a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulation system. The results confirmed that the martensitic WEL is formed by phase transformation from rapid quenching at a temperature below the critical point of material phase transformation when high hydrostatic pressure is applied. ....

Material Characterization , Phase Transformation , Hermal Mechanical Contact , Hite Etching Layer ,

"TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIORS OF TWO DISTINCT CLASSES OF WHITE ETCHING LAYERS" by Ba Hieu Nguyen, Ali Al-Juboori et al.

The presence of hard and brittle thin White Etching Layers (WELs) on rail surfaces plays a critical role in varying the tribology behaviors at the wheel and rail interface. The reciprocating sliding tests at room temperature and 600°C were carried out for two types of WELs, including thermomechanically-induced WEL (TP-WEL) and mechanically-induced WEL (SD-WEL). A normal rail sample was also employed for the comparison. The wear mechanism of WEL-free rail shifts from abrasive wear at room temperature to adhesive wear and oxide wear at 600°C. The oxidized-WELs contribute to the wear performance of WELs covered rail. Among the two types of WELs, TP-WEL has lower wear resistance, while SD-WEL develops high friction and less wear loss. ....

White Etching Layers , Flash Temperature , Friction And Wear , Eciprocating Sliding , Hite Etching Layer ,

"Evolution of thermally induced white etching layer at rail surface dur" by Qinglin Lian, Hongtao Zhu et al.

A thermo-mechanical-phase transformation FEM was developed to quantitatively predict the formation process of thermally-induced white etching layer (WEL) at rail surface. A practical scenario of multiple wheel passages with two locomotives was introduced for a single train, and the evolution of martensitic WEL and the residual stress during ten train passages was reported. The results indicate that an effective heating period during wheel passage is a critical factor to influence WEL formation. For the given model parameters, the maximum volume fraction of martensite increases from 1.8% to 19.78% during the passage of ten trains. The residual stress distribution on the rail top is changed after WEL formation. ....

Fe Modeling , Phase Transformation , Residual Stress , Heel Rail Contact , Hite Etching Layer ,