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Scientists have detailed the origins and diversity of every known mineral on Earth.

Scientists have detailed the origins and diversity of every known mineral on Earth.

Silver sulfosalt, found in a rock sample, extracted from the Odenwald mine in Germany

Amidst the destruction of the first atomic bomb test, mathematically perfect quasicrystals—a “forbidden” kind of matter whose existence had long been contested—rained down in the debris. Atomic bomb quasicrystals hold promise as an analytical tool for determining who was responsible for a nuclear terrorist attack and also raise important questions about the nature of all matter in the universe.

Nuclear detonations unleash an astonishing amount of destructive force. But the extreme pressure and temperature that they generate also makes nuclear blasts a cauldron of chemical creation, capable of delivering new and surprising scientific discoveries. In the 1950s, for instance, scientists examining debris from US hydrogen bomb tests found two new elements, which now occupy numbers 99 and 100 in the periodic table. They named them after prominent nuclear scientists: einsteinium for Albert Einstein, and fermium for Enrico Fermi. Now, scientists sifting through debris at the site of the fir...