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Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs) and Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are becoming increasingly popular. These technologies have the potential to revolutionise transportation, but they also face a number of challenges in terms of safety. Simulation testing —– the use of simulations for testing –— is essential when developing ADAS and autonomous driving (AD) systems. It plays a vital role in augmenting and speeding up real-world testing. It is reproducible, scalable and reduces development costs. However, a challenge for simulation testing can occur when determining whether or not th...

Named entity recognition (NER) is a widely used natural language processing technique; it plays a key role in information extraction from sentences. To be able to test the correctness of NER systems is important, but it is expensive because an automated test oracle is normally unavailable. To address the oracle problem, this study proposes to apply metamorphic testing (MT). The authors conduct a case study with Litigant, an industrial NER system of the Ant Group, and show that MT can effectively detect real-life bugs in the absence of an ideal oracle. The authors further investigate the causes...