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Distinct µ-opioid ensembles trigger positive and negative fentanyl reinforcement

Fentanyl is a powerful painkiller that elicits euphoria and positive reinforcement1. Fentanyl also leads to dependence, defined by the aversive withdrawal syndrome, which fuels negative reinforcement2,3 (that is, individuals retake the drug to avoid withdrawal). Positive and negative reinforcement maintain opioid consumption, which leads to addiction in one-fourth of users, the largest fraction for all addictive drugs4. Among the opioid receptors, µ-opioid receptors have a key role5, yet the induction loci of circuit adaptations that eventually lead to addiction remain unknown. Here we injected mice with fentanyl to acutely inhibit γ-aminobutyric acid-expressing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), causing disinhibition of dopamine neurons, which eventually increased dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Knockdown of µ-opioid receptors in VTA abolished dopamine transients and positive reinforcement, but withdrawal remained unchanged. We identified ....

National Comorbidity , Computational Framework ,

MindMed ISPOR 2024: Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder among Adults in the United States

Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder among Adults in the United States

Phong. ....

United States , New York , Sankt Peterburg , Susanj Suponcic , Arthurs Zbrozek , Vicky Li , Kyla Finlayson , Daniel Karlin , Phong Duong , Value Access Advisors , National Comorbidity , Medicine Inc , Wellness Survey , Oracle Life Sciences , National Health , Work Productivity , Activity Impairment Associated , Generalized Anxiety Disorder , Access Advisors , Life Sciences , Activity Impairment Questionnaire , Mood Disorder Questionnaire , North America , March Gen , Gen Intern Med , Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener ,

Science Proves Isaac Newton Doesn't Even Break Into Top 8,000 All Time Greatest Scientists – Watts Up With That?

These findings provide conclusive evidence that citations can be bought in bulk, and highlight the need to look beyond citation counts. ....

Horace Loh , Richard Dawkins , Hazem Ibrahim , Ronaldc Kessler , Issac Newton , Alberto Ruiz Jimeno , National Comorbidity , University Of Minnesota , National Comorbidity Survey Replication , Official List , Compact Muon Solenoid , Take Ronaldc Kessler , National Comorbidity Survey Replication , National Comorbidity Survey ,

"What Is Happening to My Wife?"

Agitation, possibly leading to aggression, is a major issue in emergency centers. Explore a case of agitation in the emergency department. ....

Nidal Moukaddam , Baylor College Of Medicine , J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs , National Comorbidity , American College Of Emergency Physicians , Series Editor Nidal Moukaddam , Tales From , Mrs Luis , Mrs Lui , American College , Emergency Physicians , Different Causes , Behavioral Activity Rating Scale , Agitated Children , Violence Checklist , Medications Used , Baylor College , Curr Psychiatry , National Comorbidity Survey , Westj Emerg , Accid Emerg , Gen Hosp , Emergency Department ,

Your Gut Microbiome Might be Giving You Social Anxiety

Recent scientific research has shown that bacteria in the gut microbiome is related to having Social Anxiety Disorder. The research is anticipated to revolutionize future treatment. ....

Nordrhein Westfalen , John Cryan , University Of Bonn , National Comorbidity , Institute Of Human Genetics , Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement Report , Social Anxiety Disorder , Human Genetics , Professor John Cryan , Translational Psychiatry ,