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When a single or few layers of graphite—the black tips on pencils—are isolated and rolled into a cylindrical structure, they form a wondrous nanomaterial known as Carbon Nanotube (CNT), which is 1,000 times thinner than human hair.
In 2005, Carolina physicist Jianping Lu noticed that his 5-year-old son was having trouble breathing. He took him to a local doctor, who ordered a CT scan to see what might be happening inside the boy’s lungs. The resulting picture wasn’t clear enough for the doctor to give them a diagnosis, and because they’d discussed a potential — and risky — surgery to fix the problem, Lu got a second opinion. “The second CT scan was slightly better,” he remembers. “The doctor said maybe we should wait a couple years, and he may grow out of it.” Luckily, that’s exactly what happened, a...