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Sanitation by-products (i.e. greywater, human urine and toilet compost) reuse for agriculture presents an opportunity to enhance food security while overcoming water scarcity and fertilizers issues in developing countries. However, the risks to health from farmers and consumers’ exposure to pathogenic micro-organisms persistent in sanitation by-products has hindered their popularity in these regions. This study was conducted to apply a quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate the annual risk probability of Salmonella infection associated with these sanitation by-products reuse for lettuce production and explore options for health risk reduction. Risk was performed a Monte Carlo simulation for farmers and consumers. The exposure routes were contaminated soil ingestion, urine/greywater/compost ingestion and lettuce consumption without washing. Results showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella through ingestion contami ....