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Porkchop_d_clown (Slashdot reader #39,923) writes: MOND — MOdified Newtonian Dynamics is a hypothesis that Newton's law of gravity is incorrect under some conditions. Now a paper claims that a study does indeed show that pairs of widely separated binary stars do show a deviation from Newton's ...
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Above is an early "Energy Budget" diagram for Earth published by NASA. The only trouble is that when we quantify the 51% of solar energy shown as being absorbed by land and oceans we get about one-eighth of the solar constant, resulting in a figure of about 168w/m^2 that could not achieve a global mean temperature above 233K which is -40°C. Yes, that is a minus sign, and yes
The Stefan-Boltzmann Law in physics enables us to determine not only the outward radiative flux from a body at a certain temperature, but also the maximum equilibrium temperature that any given single source of radiation could achieve in a target. There are online calculators such as here to which you may wish to refer. If you enter one (1) for both the emissivity and the