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Talking to anybody. he didn't want him to be able to communicate with his supporters, so essentially put him under house arrest in order to protect his own legitimacy as pope. >> and so celestine dies in captivity. >> in the 13th century, however, a retired pope is not the only threat to a sitting pope's power. in a time when the lines between church and state are fluid, kings are just as threatening to papal power as previous popes. >> there's always a bit of a problem as to who was in charge. was it the king or was it the pope? >> so much of the maneuvering and back and forthing and jousting...

Where the church is supposed to lie. if you leave the bones of peter behind and you're not moving them, you're moving to this other place, what you're saying is that maybe this isn't as important to the church as we had thought it was previously. that becomes a really dangerous situation for holding together not just the papacy, but holding together beliefs and tenets of the church. >> leaving rome costs the papacy its religious authority throughout europe. but once the church becomes established in france, pope clement v finds that despite being hundreds of miles from the bones of st. peter, ...

Problem for the church and you've got to sort that out. >> in july of 1048, benedict ix is officially ousted once and for all. the cardinals decide the fairest way to consolidate papal power is to ignore sylvester and gregory's claims to the throne, clear the decks, and elect a new pope. >> one of the problems in the 11th century was there was no clear way of choosing a pope. >> it was an answer of frequently murder. bribery. and also relationship, the sons of popes sometimes became popes, choosing a pope. it is very confused and it's never a pretty sight. >> it's very clear that the office of...

V decides that the papacy has lost sight of its spiritual purpose and must return to the bones of st. peter in rome. >> urban v, a reform-minded pope, is appalled by the luxury. he was appalled by the self-indulgence in avignon. he announced to the cardinals that they could only have one course at dinner rather than their usual ten-course bafrpg wet. it had increasingly become clear that as long as the papacy was tied to the fortunes of any country, that the ability to act as a spir attual leader would be seriously compromised. he was convicted that the papacy ned needed to return to its home ...

>> the cardinals realize they must solidify rules for papal elections. they convene in an effort to solve this problem once and for all, and the result becomes one of the most iconic symbols of the papacy. >> in the 12th century, cardinals who were senior clergy in rome made what they called a college. and after that, cardinals would choose a pope in public, so that sort of regularized things, but, of course, you can always twist elections. >> after nearly 200 years of corrupt public elections, what is known today as the conclave is designed. the word "conclave," a latin term meaning "with a k...