Abstract High initial coulombic efficiency is highly desired because it implies effective interface construction and few electrolyte consumption, indicating enhanced batteries’ life and power output. In this work, a high-capacity sodium storage material with FeS nanoclusters (≈1–2 nm) embedded in N, S-doped carbon matrix (FeS /N,S-C) was synthesized, the surface of which displays defects-repaired characteristic and detectable dot-matrix distributed Fe-N-C/Fe-S-C bonds. After the initial discharging process, the uniform ultra-thin NaF-rich (≈6.0 nm) solid electrolyte interphase was ob...