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Operator: Good morning. This is Marion, welcoming you to ING's 2Q 2023 Conference Call. This conference is being recorded.

ING Groep N.V. (NYSE:ING) Q2 2023 Earnings Call Transcript August 5, 2023 Operator: Good morning. This is Marion, welcoming you to ING’s 2Q 2023 Conference Call. This conference is being recorded. Before handing this conference call over to Steven van Rijswijk, Chief Executive Officer of ING Group, let me first say that today’s comments may […]

Traders from the margret also brought islam and their culture to west africa. the caravans transported salt ivory gold and slaves to egypt and morocco these were traded for coffee weapons and books in a sense timbuktu was the first global city and africa a center for the exchange of goods and knowledge a place of tolerance and coexistence of the many different peoples and cultures of the sahara region who came there to trade. to the shark proved to be an issue for the chinese do this exchange of goods could be of material but also of immaterial nature through culture and writings books were an...

Caravans transported salt ivory gold and slaves to egypt and morocco these were traded for conflict weapons and books in a sense timbuktu was the first global city in africa a center for the exchange of goods and knowledge a place of tolerance and coexistence of the many different peoples and cultures of the sahara region who came there to trade so the sharp objects from our two year before the march on used this exchange of goods could be of material but also of the immaterial nature of your culture and writings books were an important trading commodity or. that you could earn the most money ...