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Greg Corace
Forests differ based on past management activities and site conditions (e.g., soils, water, climate). Differences in forests can be observed through comparisons of plant and animal communities and other non-living (abiotic) characteristics, such as forest light levels.
Forests can also be arranged on a continuum of natural ecological disturbance. As the reader may recall, an ecological disturbance is a process that impacts the amount of living material in a forest. Common ecological disturbances include fire, windthrow, insect and mammal herbivory, and ice damage. Some ecological disturbances occur more frequently and affect less area (e.g., windthrow of 1 acre in a northern hardwood forest ever 2-3 decades). Other ecological disturbances occur less frequently, but impact greater area (e.g., wildfire over 1,000s of acres of pine forest every century). ....

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