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To scatter. In last years incident. Has become the first country to withdraw from the International Criminal court the pullout takes effect on friday a year after it notified the United Nations of its intention to it follows accusations the court focuses too much in africa those are your headlines dont go away though. One hundred years since the British Government paved the way for the creation of israel with its powerful declaration we also what the legacy is for israel palestine and beyond and up for a special. One nation solemnly promising to a second nation the country of a third one right of famously described the Balfour Declaration the declaration by then British Foreign minister author balfour on the second of the one nine hundred seventeen that said quote his majestys government view would favor the establishment in palestine of a National Home for the jewish people one hundred years later the conflict between israelis and palestinians continues with no sign of any sort of resolution anytime soon so should the Balfour Declaration be celebrated as the First Step Towards the establishment of the state of israel and selfdetermination for the jewish people want to cry it is an act of betrayal by the british who would also promise palestine to the arabs to debate this im joined by god a commie a british palestinian author and lecturer at exeter universitys institute of arab and islamic studies Martin Kramer and israeli american historian and founding president of college in jerusalem and ian black a british journalist former middle east editor for the guardian and author of a new book on the history of the conflict animes and neighbors thank you all for joining me on upfront and let me start with you the british Prime Minister trees a mans promise to mark with pride the seventeen area of the Balfour Declaration next week while members of the Palestinian Authority of call for an official apology from the u. K. For protests a british embassies worldwide which one is in your view is powerful something to celebrate to mark with pride or to apologize for. Both for their courage and enormously important for a short. Loss to consecrate. Until today. If youre a palestinian it marks the beginning of a process which led to the loss of your homeland your dispossession the all the things that the palestinians still suffer from today whats fascinating about it is that those two views are completely irreconcilable which is why people who support israel israel resign and many jews are celebrating most palestinians are indeed mourning and protesting the British Government has found itself coach in the middle because of its role a century ago and in a way its an encapsulation of the dead look at the heart of the continuing crisis in crimea will you be celebrating balfour in the British Governments role in the creation of israel next week neither celebrating nor lamenting more attempting to understand exactly what happened what the real meaning of the Balfour Declaration is what its real consequences were short term and long term it represents a milestone but a lot had to happen between one hundred seventeen and one hundred forty seven for jewish state to come into being and i can point to any number of points along the way in which an entirely different scenario could have unfolded if people had made other decisions and had had other priorities so the Balfour Declaration is a point of departure but they were not there was no inevitability just built into the Balfour Declaration leading inexorably to the creation of a jewish state people had to make the right decisions and some people had to make the wrong decisions god martin says he will be not celebrating no let mentoring with old palestinians be lamenting the Balfour Declaration cos of course what else i mean we are the indigenous population where the people who paid the price for this zionist idea of establishing a jewish state and not only that for that but of course for the british the british. Facilitation of this project. And the Balfour Declaration was the queen known for of the creation of israel i mean Martin Kramer is right in saying at least that maybe you know it needed more and maybe something might have prevented it from happening because you question the balfour that without the Balfour Declaration they would be no israel i think its as simple as that and of course for me a direct victim of balfour because i was born in jerusalem my family had to leave in one nine hundred forty eight as the state of israel was being created i have been in exile ever since others were not so lucky are living in refugee camps and so on and so forth these depredations are the direct result of britain enabling the zionist project to take root in my homeland and to come to fruition as a result of which we were expelled dispossessed in order to make room for the zionists ok let me put that point in blood got a mentions the word british collusion others talk of british betrayal the historian Elizabeth Monroe called it one of the greatest mistakes in our imperial history what do you think drove the british and the balfour then foreign secretary to issue that declaration but then some people say it was driven by you know wanting to protect imperial interests in the middle east others say it was anti semitic in some ways because some members of the British Public wanted to get rid of jews from england and sent them to what do you think from your study of this issue drove that momentous decision i think we have to go to look at the ground this is the second penultimate of the First World War when the declaration is issued in november. You have to remember the context all the time. From person. In one nine hundred sixty in the year before the british army has suffered terrible losses in the blood of the western front it failed to make much headway against the turks we need to remember the ultimate empire the turks were fighting with germany against the allies against britain and france and russia thats the immediate context of it momentous things are happening in february of that year old depending on the calendar seventeen the first part of the Russian Revolution takes place thats an enormously worrying a vent for the. Old and its trying to promote their cause to get some kind of backing from the countries the allies they hope and believe are going to win the war so thats part of it but in the immediate foreground in november one nine hundred seventeen october and november its about looking we need i mean war and securing the peace on terms that. Britains in trouble but im going to malta martin youve written about the role the other allies of play do we obsessing too much over the role of britain in that period well i mean first we have to be a bit more precise about what the british thought they were going to achieve by the Balfour Declaration and the archives have been open for some time so we know exactly what the calculations were the premier one was the belief that two wavering allies the United States which had just come into the war and russia which was teetering on the brink of leaving the war could perhaps be brought back into the fight. Were the jews in both of those countries to believe that the end of the war there would be a recognition of jewish rights and they would then exercise influence over their respective governments so this was one factor the other as the war progressed is was the british fear that the france would rival them over control of the of the holy land they were their premier ally in the course of the war and france had a stronger claim as britain if not a stronger one the idea by taking the design of movement under wing britain could then gain advantage and keep france out was one which had considerable resonance in the bureaucracy and i would just add the calculation on the part of. High weitzman in the Zionist Movement this was a period of really growing desperation much of the First World War was fought in the zone of the pale of settlement on the borderlands of germany austria and russia armies went back and forth there were five and a half million jews there and a belief that they were going to find themselves in desperate straits and seeking a way out after the war and so weitzman who herself was a russian she was very attuned to the desperation felt by these masses as he called them and he envisioned palestine as a solution to this problem because he knew that the European Countries would not throw open their borders the western European Countries were not to open the borders to massive jewish immigration ok god or the british. Made three incompatible promises. To which they could never have have and have kept without injuring somebody along the way certainly the first promise was to the sheriff hussein of mecca but in return for the arab arab help against the turks the sharif would be allowed or would be helped to get his independent arab kingdom over most of the arab world of today and thats what they promised him all these things you know are true but i really must go back to the basic point that that actually there was the sufferings of of the jews in russia and poland so i do question that there was suffering the problem with all this and with the Balfour Declaration is that what ever explanations we give none of them justified. Doing what was done in a country which was already inhabited thats the fundamental flaw in the Balfour Declaration. That is the fundamental issue in this whole story ok that youre dealing with a country with an indigenous population to me so you cannot go and launch another people in such a country because there is simple im going to also want to do respond in one moment before i do in do you share go of his view that that is the fundamental flaw in the buffett declaration yes i do you know about that or to ration famously in a very short space has to be very significant qualifications. The first of those is that nothing should be done to prejudice the civil and religious rights of the existing jewish communities saying that slowly enunciating it because its an absolutely key sentence the existing jewish communities referred to then constituted ninety percent approximately of the population of the country with the total population of around seven hundred thousand people and maybe sixty thousand sixty five thousand jews or carry so you have to freeze the existing northern jewish communities that is the source of the fundamental problem with the both the declaration that a promise was made to make a National Home in a country which ignored the indigenous population theres no way round that malted again i think we have to pull out the camera to take in the Bigger Picture yes there were seven hundred thousand palestinian arabs actually they were called palestinian arabs at the time an indigenous population as ian and other indicated but there were five and a half million desperate jews who did not enjoy the citizen charge Citizenship Rights of western europe but were in fact in within the russian empire which include by the way both russia and poland at the time who were in desperate straits if you say that palestine is not their home then what is their home they are the internal wanderers interesting interesting and raise that point because of course Edward Montague who was the only jewish member of the british cabinet that time objected to the Balfour Declaration on precisely those grounds saying that if we accept the palestine as a home we will be treated eternally as wonders will never be allowed to simulate or integrate into our society i think cool zionism a mischievous political creed untenable by any patriotic citizen of the United Kingdom is it fair to say that at the time zionists were in a minority amongst british jews is that fair its probably true among sport issues but lets make an important distinction the Balfour Declaration was. Not for Edwin Montague but for decoration was not for the jews in germany france england the United States when one time my son appeared before the. Peace conference he said that explicitly he talked about the masses and by the masses he meant in particular those of russia he didnt even mean necessarily jews of palestine who were at the time a small minority you didnt need a jewish homeland for sixty five thousand people but you needed something for the large number and the jewish problem by the way and this is perhaps of interest if you were small jazzier reminds us of the situation regarding muslim refugees today coming to europe the jews in europe where the ultimate other no one wanted them no one wanted them now i can now if. I need to stop you martin i need to stop you youve put your finger on the problem here which is that the the fate and the destiny or the solution for people suffering. In russia or poland does not it is a non sequitur to say that those people then have to be have their problems solved in a middle eastern country which is already full of people so that you are only pointing out the floor ive spoken about before its you you cannot actually. Credit you cannot quote the Balfour Declaration is saying the governor wasnt meant for the jews in germany so it was meant for these poor suffering people but you see the Balfour Declaration was promising somebody elses country to solve a problem which was nothing to do with the people of that country you surely can see the problem there so you cannot modernise just to let martin respond got it you made the point. You are for it yourself. As a direct victim of the Balfour Declaration there were a number of direct beneficiaries and i think that. Let me give you some figures in the one hundred twenty s. Because of the Balfour Declaration by the way the buffer declaration had one major effect it was to say that the jews could come to palestine they were in palestine by right and not on sufferance which meant immigration free immigration in practice the British Limited this in the limited increasingly over the period of mandate but in the one hundred twenty one hundred thousand jews came in the one nine hundred thirty s. As hitler came to power two hundred twenty thousand and then mostly illegally between the white paper and one hundred forty eight nine hundred thirty nine the british rock stars of aggression but still one hundred twenty thousand jews managed coming mostly illegally until one thousand nine hundred eight without the Balfour Declaration without the mandate in particular the most of those four hundred fifty thousand jews would have been dead now this is one of the cruel moral calculations of the Twentieth Century seven hundred thousand palestinians made refugees in one thousand nine hundred seven or four hundred fifty thousand jews left dead we may regret we may regret that the descendants of those jews and the descendants of those palestinians are still in conflict in palestine and the palestinians never had an objection to housing refugees in other words im sorry i have to speak like this because this has to be really made clear there was never a problem about admitting people in need whoever they were whether they were jews or whether they were people from chad they came into palestine the problem with zionism is that the people who came in came in with an agenda in order to take over the country make it into a state for themselves at the expense of the native people surely this is obvious i surely shouldnt be having to make this point in two thousand and seventeen its a good point let me put a point in the Balfour Declaration talks about the jewish National Homeland a lot because it didnt say state it didnt say it. Jewish majority state as exists today it didnt say that i mean zionist talked about a state or commonwealth or homeland but the british didnt they chose their words very very deliberately the reason that the Balfour Declaration is described by many historians as a terrible error was because it created two enemies it created enemies in zionists who were dissatisfied or impatient or furious when policy changes as it did very dramatically and very tragically for them in one nine hundred thirty nine and it created arab and muslim resentment for the reasons that weve discussed already so it didnt promise a jewish state a jewish state came out at the end it didnt come out at the end with the active cooperation by nine hundred forty seven of the British Government which actually abstained britain did not support the partition of palestine crucially seventy years ago so its important to see balfour in its context at the time and of course its true that by by my calculation by in one thousand nine hundred twenty seven you could have perhaps have changed it by nine hundred thirty seven twenty years after its simply too late east european anti semitism the rise of hitler in germany and of course its true its in juba to be true the lives of hundreds of thousands of jews were saved by the existence of the mandate and that free immigration policy change cruelly in one nine hundred thirty nine at the very moment but the danger was at its greatest malton. Of course the british in the white paper said we already have a National Home weve made our commitment we dont have to create a state of people but six hundred thousand what does six hundred thousand insufficient to create a state this was the underestimation if in one thousand seven hundred the power of the jews had been overestimated their influence in St Petersburg and washington in one hundred forty seven it was underestimated the cia the pentagon the chiefs of staff British Intelligence the arab states the palestinians and even some. Commanders in the shu fought that would be a very hard go in one hundred forty seven to create a state and it could be nipped in the bud what happened in in one hundred forty seven. Was in a way the jews keeping the promise of the Balfour Declaration the british didnt keep the promise of the Balfour Declaration they betrayed it the jews kept the promise of the Balfour Declaration in one thousand four we say to people who say that the jews who currently run israel the Israeli Government betrays the second half of the Balfour Declaration which in mentioned earlier it betrays the part of the buffer the creation which says quote nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights the indigenous population which balfour rather dismissive is referred to as jewish as if they have no identity of their own but what would you say about that part of his clearly their rights have been prejudiced it could well be argued that there were many occasions since one thousand nine hundred seventy even in the partition plan of nine hundred forty seven itself when those rights could have been secured not just civil and religious but Political Rights in fact in one hundred forty seven in the framework of the partition plan and even earlier in the earlier partition plan even more favorable to the palestinians that resulted from the Peel Royal Commission in one thousand thirty seven the palestinians were offered a state not all of palestine but in part and in one thousand thirty seven in the great majority of palestine and in one hundred forty seven half of palestine so its not as if that was never on offer it wasnt offered it was an offer from the International Community and it was rejected on that occasion thirty seven forty seven and then again and again when it was offered do you not know why do you really not understand why the indigenous population the native population of palestine which had been subjected to the influx of foreigners into its land foreigners with a sense of. Who what went around behaving is the place where their own these Indigenous People off to all this and off to british repression brutally of any kind of demonstration or protest. But against these foreigners coming into that country after all that you really think that the Indigenous People would have said thats fine please give half my land to the invaders thats fine as long as i can have half it solves my problem of course thats not what people do thats not how they feel and its one thing to look back with the wisdom of hindsight and say ah maybe that would have been better than whats happened today thats one thing but were talking about what people didnt felt at the time when these these socalled offers were made and if you think about it is fundamentally this its fundamentally unjust to go and partition other peoples countries and give them to this group of people of that group of people that is what we have to be and its fundamentally unjust you know i think its important to try to see things as they were from a palestinian perspective thirty years after the Balfour Declaration they were being asked to give up more than half their country to people very sore as foreign settlers at the time i think it was understandable that they rejected it but of course there were terrible consequences which very living with to this day and im going to were running out of time and i know were discussing history we came here to talk history for this question but i have to ask you all one hundred years on from balfour do any of you see any kind of resolution on the horizon couldnt even spell out what you think a resolution would. I dont have a solution to the Israeli Palestinian conflict maybe that makes me a minority of analysts and historians in this field. I do see the possibility for coexistence even if i dont see on the horizon a alternate solution on the basis of two states or any other possible formulation because he says exists no one is completely satisfied with its parameters. This is with or without documentation with what i would call the status quo which includes elements of the occupation elements of autonomy elements of selfgovernment. Elements of settlement these are all part and parcel of the present status quo no one is professes to be happy with the status quo but its amazing how whenever its threatened all sides seem to come together to defend it sustain it its often said its unsustainable but i see both the Palestinian Authority and israel. And even hamas in gaza making efforts to sustain some kind of a livable status quo hopefully this can evolve into something in the future things to start a sustainable possibly no course its not sustainable you can see its utterly unstable but let me just say in terms of a solution there really isnt a good solution however there is only one way forward and looking at the reality on the ground thats what im dealing with the reality on the ground is that israel is in possession of the whole of palestine israel rules the whole of palestine but the problem is that one half of the population that is the people who are not jewish the palestinians have no rights and the other half fundamentally and in order to jews have all the right now that it seems to me is the only way in which we can see a chink of light for the palestinians to acquire equal rights with the jews on the one rule under one roof. Will and in that way we might heal and we have some of the terrible damage that weve been left with after one hundred years of the Balfour Declaration and you share god as you that that is the fundamental flaw in the Balfour Declaration i dont believe myself there is any other way to resolve this conflict the by some form of separation partition division of two states but how you get looks increasingly difficult to predict or i think the status quo sustainable maybe but in very very difficult circumstances that are certainly not good for the palestinians and i do believe in the long term theyre not good either for people who care about israel and its democracy and the kind of country that it is so theres only one way to resolve it but i dont see it happening any time soon well have to leave it there on that note and martin thank you so much for taking time out discussed about full declaration one hundred years on thats up front will be back next week. Its the end of the breeding season as we take a ferry through the straits of magellan to Magdalen Island today the island is a penguin colony sanctuary with access to tourists accompanied by foot nine percent penguin expert cloud able boy we learned the penguin colonies in south america are under threat Climate Change is one reason it is well documented that changing rain patterns or spend was to abandon fly the nest warmer Ocean Temperatures have diminished the quantity and quality of fish for the penguins who must swim further and further away to feed their young overfishing and ocean contamination especially plastics are also killing penguins aljazeera recounts the shocking story of the assassination of counts for cabana dot. Tossed by the Security Council to mediate between arabs and israelis. His death would prove one of the darkest days in the quest for peace in the middle east. Killing the count at this time on aljazeera

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