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Including apple, and major venture firms. They spent six years during research with many of the Unsung Heroes of this era were behind the landmark developments. They have literally change the world. Just for you tonight. Cindy could sing. Bob swanson and bob taylor. Al, mike and sandy would you please stand. [applause]. The stories of those remarkable people and others is leslie berlin. The project historian for the Silicon Valley archives she has been a fellow at the center for advanced studies and behavioral scientists i would like to share five numbers. So, 35 square miles were the ones that change the world. Fourteen wild years. Two books published seven upstarts. Please join me in giving me a very warm welcome to leslie berlin. Great to have you. Leslie, really delighted to have you here. And enjoyed reading the troublemakers you had been a chronicle of the history for two decades you cant really understand what goes on unless you understand what came for. It is hard to out speak steve jobs on that. I do believe that you cant understand whats happening today without understanding what came before more important for as importantlys is that they have this remarkable advantage which is the history is still here. The people in this room and all over this community is quite accessible. I think that the young entrepreneurs that know what is up they come and try to talk to the people who are living here who have done this before bob taylor who i talk about in my book who is the person that convinced the department of defense to start the arpanet that became the internet and then ran the Computer Science lab which is one of the two labs that developed the technology that this in 1979. Taylor told me that Mark Zuckerberg came up to try to understand. How do you manage innovation. This is something i think right here for us to learn and that is such an advantage to have those mentors that have done it before. These people are all around us. How do you choose this particular time to focus on for this book. I took out a sheet of paper and i drew a timeline and i started putting little dots on it for important things that happened and there was just this incredible convergence during this time in addition to everything they talked about. In personal computing and video games. At the same time this is the birth of the celebrity entrepreneur this is the time that it launches two of its most important lobbying organizations that set in motion what we see today with a tight connections and it was just incredible this is when stanford starts its office for technology license. In 1970 when that office started in the previous 13 years stanford have made less than 3,000 in the combined ip of the entire faculty staff and students. And now that number is 2 billion. And this is something that was happening during the same. Of time as well. What was in the water. What was going on here. Because it had been a place its a little bit of an over simplification the sum secure region. It explodes on the scene. I really wanted to tell that story and then the challenge became how do you tell a story that is that complex. It has some moving parts. We talked earlier while you are writing about the process and you have this unusual of weaving together. How did you come to choose that as a way to unravel things at that time. The structure of a lot of books like this that you would read and just to give you an overview i look at seven individuals and i look at what they were doing during this window of time. And the way that i initially have imagined i would write this book is right about person a and person b and quickly became apparent that i was losing the really cool part of the story which is how all of this intercepted and how you have someone like Regis Mckenna pop up the person that introduced the microprocessor to the world and then the personal computer to the world and then the biotech industry to the world. If i were just telling the story kind of silo and you sideload you would never get that. I really needed to find a way to do that. The way it is structured now as it looks at a. Of time heres what each of these people are doing. And i give a window into what is happening in terms of how it is seen in changing. And then i jump to the next window in time and i show again what everybody is doing. That enables me to hit those nodes where things are quiet crossing many people look at that is socially from the outside in terms of a heroic individual we started talking off about steve jobs but youve chosen for this book people who may not had been household names for many years. How did you choose these people and the criteria was the person had to be important or teach something important about the valley. They have to have a truly interesting story for fun i almost exclusively when youre talking about something as complicated as that. To be able to take a person and tell their story was important. I needed people that had interesting stories. People who were not as well known. I talk about this party that i went to. A long time ago. And he was a cio from a very famous celebrity ceo and this person started singing a little song. I did all of the work he got all of the credit. I think innovation is a team sport. The analogy that i usually use is of a baseball game where the pitcher has thrown a perfect game. Anybody who was at that game they just step on the back. It is making it the perfectly calibrated the pitcher through a perfect game. And anyone who is honest about how they succeeded in the valley is going to tell you it was a team effort. I really wanted a way to tell the story of the people who were just outside the spotlight but without whom the person in the spotlight would not had been there. I will tell the story of mike and always dangerous when the person sitting in the audience they can jump up. And correct you. I think a lot of people in the room know who mike is. As i have gone around to other places asking who knows mike markel is. Not many very many people do. When people know about the founding of apple they know about the two seats. What they dont know is that they have Something Else who owned a third of apple and that was mike markel a. And the way that his story came to me luckily we have gotten it was a biography who was a really important friend to mike so since i do a lot of history i knew that there were so many of these little startup Computer Companies all over the valley all over the country. And they all had the brilliant engineer not as brilliant as that. What was it that made apple come up in the more i looked into it the more i realized and he would say there are a lot of people. One of those people was mike. When you look at apple in 1976 steve jobs was 21 years old. He had 17 months of business experience in his entire life and that was working as a tech for atari and Steve Wozniak he wanted to stay in engineer. How did those two guys end up with a genghis company ever to hit the fortune 500. In the answer is that mike came in and he brought with him a cadre of people from the micro trip micro chip industry. If you look at the s1 when they went public you have the president the vp of manufacturing the vp of marketing and the vp of sales the cfo. You have several of the major investors all brought in by mike through his connections to the semiconductor industry. And that to me is a story that is just remarkable goes back to what i was saying about the importance of building on what came before. For those two guys to feel like organa do it ourselves. They do not have the same success. A passing the baton and a generational connection. Can you say more about how that has happened in the valley midst disruption and there has been a passing of a baton from generation to generation. It is actually another steve jobs term from his 2005 commencement address. And something something everybody just alights right over. He talks about when he was fired from apple in 1985 he got on the phone and apologized for what he called dropping the baton. And he really have the sense of a baton being passed. He did not really talk about it. But he passed it forward. He talked with the google founders. He didnt pay did pay it forward as well. And bob noised called it restocking the stream i fished from. It really does motivate a lot of the people the sense of pain back. It has happened in the number of ways. Through formal investment. That is a classic way. There had been Informal Networks of people one of the nicest things that anyone has said to me about this book was they said the problem is with the analogy is that there is one baton i cant go up to Mark Zuckerberg and say give me the baton this person said your book can be a baton. I really like that idea. Its also incumbent has been the ballys great strength which is that handing things off within a network in a tight network. People that are not in that network who are able to also get folded into the stream. Such an important question. I would like to not i would now about bob taylor his role and how you develop that story. This is something that im a little ashamed to admit. The inside story of the valley how do they not know. I really had not been aware of how tight the ties were. That was something that i just didnt appreciate someone in the same people who helped to develop that. And launched the personal computer revolution. And bob taylor in some sense he was an incredible way to tell the story. This gets back to my point about what he did was undeniably important. Run a Computer Science lab. One of his key researchers one of the most important people behind altavista which is the first really great Search Engine several years before google gets started. Actually very unknown. When i have done surveys. It is very rare for hand to go up. If theres one thing i hope this changes. Is that. What a story. Bob taylor is the guy has a masters degree in psychology from the university of texas. And he ends up responsible for a cadre of some of the more Computer Science phds. From all of their all over. And taylor was in charge. In the caliber of these people was so extraordinary that the president of mit worried aloud about the possibility staffing the Computer Science department. They were all working for bob taylor. And the story of how he managed and someone described him to me as a concert pianist without fingers. This is an incredible analogy. In of course there are people whose iqs are way up here. And let these people will just print everything they say. And that line captures it because he was really able to hear the music and even more impersonal computing. In yet he couldnt do it himself. He didnt really know how to code. He was able to find the people and get that moving forward. He was an amazing person to work for. And a very difficult person to have work for you. That makes for an incredible story. So far weve talked a lot about a lot of the great men and its really important that we include some some extraordinary women who are part of this. A lot of people say its so good. A software entrepreneur. I wanted to tell sandy story because she was an example of someone who made this work outside of the network that were talking about. She didnt have done valentine helping out from the beginning. Her startup story is i was in the garage. And its definitely a part of the story. The way i talk about sandy is that she was a double outsider. She was selling software at a time when no one used software and knew what it was. People ask bob taylor how much does the software way. I love the people dont know that they have several cofounders. Larry tells the story. As soon as they came out of their little mouth. To make sure he hasnt stolen a copy of businessweek on his way out. It was a shady kind of operation. People thought they were selling laundry. That is an incredible story. That is part of the way you have things that happen. The story of course extends forward. There had been reasons to look again and how women are leading. How to have opportunities and they dont. Do you think along the way in your book you tell about that. About breast enhancement and other things. The things we are a part of. The culture at the time. I think it may surprise people how gender was viewed. This is in a really the really interesting thing to talk about. I had been asked some really strange and hard questions. One person asked me Silicon Valley good, or evil. You cant answer that question simply start picking that. And they are taking them for pocket money. Of cupertino california. Getting a job on the manufacturing lines. The Silicon Valley companies that it was a really exciting for this book. And being able to talk about rome. They cant seem to be on the manufacturing she didnt care where. She ends up the chief of staff. I talked to sandy. I talked to a lot of women as well. The story is very complex because from the inside there were women videogame they have a lot of women in positions of relative power. They were treated just one of the boys. At the same time they were still operating in the remarkably sexist world and i mean this on the level of the laws. It was in 1974 before a woman could get a married woman could get a credit card without her husbands approval. And it was 1980 before the eeoc exercise that. This is an environment in which a Company Newsletter and the atari Company Newsletter can publish a short story that is flat out this is in the pages of your Company Newsletter. And the stories that i would hear to me i would just say that is so terrible. In the perspective was no deck i was just a jerk where this is just what happened. From the inside people were treated as equals or sandy has always pointed out that she was in charge. That was a logical way for women to go. At the time. But on the other hand i could just name for you these women. It wasnt like there was clusters in scads of these women all over the place. What was accepted as the norm is impossible to imagine now. So of course its better now. Then it used to be. And the way its can get better still because it is still not great as we need to have more women the position of authority and power i would like to weave in. Until some of them. The culture counter the culture. The growth and change and fall of companies. The atari story the story opens with him hearing teargas canisters going off as a student. They actually have a lot to do and the core of the Computer Science lab. A lot of them. It starts with the whole battle over peoples in the strife that this area faced in the country as a whole face. And the reason i know that is because of course its an important part of als story and very interesting in germanic and terrifying but at the same time the anti vietnam war attitudes here were really important for establishing the valley largely because a lot of the people that ended up going to Companies Like atari in the late 60s early 70s the logical place for you to go was some form of a defense contractor. That was important. When i think about what happened at this time about this incredibly powerful technology which is the silicon chip. Its 1971. Intel brings out the first microprocessor and you really see this incredible powerful Technology Fall into the hands of people who did not trust the prevailing institutions. And i really think that led to that sort of flowering innovation around the area. The other thing i really like about als story is that Everybody Knows a story the story of nolan bush. He was the ideas a guy behind atari. But again, its concert pianist without fingers. Its a very generous. And he needed nolan they are completely absurd. I am doing this just for the pleasure of having it blow up in my face and telling nolan i told you. And then it works now says its like the dog in the car. I like that story. So many things that happened in the valley happened in these teams. We talked about we still had one more to talk about. Lets introduce him. Bob swanson story it actually gets and the birth of the biotech industry is very interesting the way the overlap happens is the patent for dna the whole idea to even pat not came from neil who would be the first to tell you he was just a chemical engineer he have no idea what the heck it meant. To build anything in this whole universe and he talked about going on vacation unlike a 4pound book. This technology could be in the beginning of something huge. He have to really a battle battle and work through the question of what is the purpose of the university. The way you do this is to increase the Public Knowledge at the same time patent some of your ideas. And how do you determine what ideas you patent. And only pursuing profitable at the same time they are wrangling with these sorts of questions bob swanson has just gotten fired from what was then kleiner and perkins and is literally living on welfare trying to interest people he basically goes down a list of people who attended a conference on what we would call biotech today and starts stops calling them. Do you think we could make any money. And they just kind of hang up on him. Until he gets to ucsf which is one of the two inventors along with stanek at stanford. Of the dna process. That is a really interesting story because bob swanson was so persistent and really went into this without any idea of how to build a Biotech Company in the ended up building a company that in some ways was in the beginning almost a precursor to the virtual Virtual Corporation and a time when people did not even think that way. That was largely due to tom perkins. That was toms idea. See mac we think you so much for introducing us to all of these main characters of the story and i would like to now pull back and look at the broader space. The larger ecosystem that was happening. Could you talk about how thats the catalyst that it was then. And how you would compare to how the venture world. And that ecosystem now. This is an interesting question because Silicon Valley is no longer home to just the outsiders. It has become a very mainstream place to put your money the best and brightest from various universities and people who want to make their mark on the valleys but also people who just want to make money. They all come here now. There had always been people here who just want to make money. I dont want to paint it where everything was idealistic. And now its not. I think that is an easy trap to fall into. Im not the first person to say that there is an enormous amount of money chasing you are seen another then and now question. In the book as a contentious relationship what to talk about. And how you can pair that with the valley the federal government it was vitally important in launching the valley a hundred percent of the early microchip the biggest employer out here was lockheed which was a major defense contract sylvania hughes all of this was a vitally important and in some sense such as an early Venture Capitalist. Not necessarily expecting and return. A little bit of attention from the government. Talking about places like lockheed in sylvania i think its a missed perception of the valley what made the valley a startup and also people that the spirit of the valley is lost. Because time and again the way the Small Companies got started. We just want to throw that out there. After this first splash. Where the in the 1970s but started to happen they have some real impact on how our lives are lived and there was two key pieces of legislation that i wont go into in great depth but lets just say one was a Capital Gains tax cut. And the other was a change in the law about who could invest in what tension funds were allowed to invest in. It was suddenly possible to invest in very high Risk Companies the amount of Venture Capital that rushed into the valley was enormous. Throughout this time the valley was really seen as the golden child of the golden state. It could make legitimate arguments about their importance not only to the economy but to National Security that led to really significant legislation and defensive moves against japanese imports for example. And as you keep going on and you begin to see a little bit of question. At the end of the 90s is a good example of how you start to shift. Its really different. They are in the crosshairs about the left and the right to see them as to leftleaning. Its really tough. Who gets to decide what is fake. We can ask Mark Zuckerberg to arbitrate for us all. And what is fake news. That is not the solution. We can a crowd source. Nothing second work. We cant even agree on what is real news or fake news right now. I dont know where thats going to go but i cant say that could after decade. What is can kill Silicon Valley. They were going to kill Silicon Valley. The y2k was going to kill Silicon Valley. In the valley just kind of keeps going up. I wonder if we kind of want Silicon Valley to die a little bit. I think it is the reflection of people coming to realize your phones. This thing knows where i am and who are my friends. What are places i go to. Evening the time im lookg at in this book, the percentage that was born outside the country has been running at about twice the u. S. As a whole. Now above statistics that ive seen out of the joint ventures in Silicon Valley shows that of the people working in science and tech between the ages of 25 and 44, 66 of them, two thirds were born outside of the United States. And for the women it is at 76 . And this speaks to one of the great secrets of the valley that has been we have been able to draw from the population of the planet that are the best and the brightest. When you think of the kind of person that decides to pick up and leave their country and go start some place else, that kind of risktaking has been at the heart of the valley from the vae beginning when people looked out here and thought nothing. Why would nobody ever come here and so right now you have more than half of the Unicorn Companies privately held with a valuation of a billion dollars or more, more than half of them have a founder or cofounder born outside of the United States and this, to me, has been the secret source constantly refreshed in the system. When people ask me what is the biggest threat to the valley, i always say it is screwing down thdownthem also on immigration f you choose to couple that with Public Education i have no words. [laughter] with risktaking comes often times failure and then the sometimes resilience. Not everything is up to the right being up on the edge. What did you discover during this time and not what only the companies and industries but failures. Can you tell us about that . I think for every Single Person i wrote about, there was a moment they were sure it was all going to end. Im going to go be a consultant. This happened. Its really important to remember the people that made the books, that it is incredibly hard. And he told me this story about when he went to intel from fairchild and there was a simon and garfunkel song called faking it. I might be faking it. Im not really taking it and he thought it was directed at him. And i think that having the ability to persist in the face of those intense selfdoubt is a really important attribute of the people that have been successful and at the same time it does require you not to be foolish about it and to understand okay, i need to redirect. This isnt working in this way. I need to do something differe different. They started saying very early okay, the 2600 which was the famous that you could plug the cartridges into. This was absolutely the most incredible if not just a toy but a cultural phenomenon of the 1980s and people inside the early 80s, people inside the tire atari said today what we would say we need to disrupt ourselves and have the next thing ready to go. They couldnt get any traction and so i think sometimes the frustration isnt actually do to ourselves and that is another sad fact and sometimes you have to decide okay i need to change how i am making this happen. So the persistency is talked about and resilience and flexibility. What are some of the attributes that you see in this set of troublemakers that are so successful . I think it is a strange combination of what i can recognizcharacterize as persistd audacity because i think often times sort of most audacious people are those that come jumping off a cliff and then when they land, they dont really know what to do. So, what you need are the people who have those kinds of huge risktaking ideas but actually know why youre doing it and what you are going to do if it works and it doesnt otherwise work and those are actually really important attributes. I will save another one because i know that you will ask me at the end. But that is quite important. The other one that i was pointed to is i think that right now the book is called troublemaker and i think that it is easy to mistake the means for the end sometimes. These people were making trouble not because that was their goal in life, but because there was something they needed to do wanted to do that they couldnt do in both structures that existed at the time so any time you are pushing against the existing structures, you are making trouble for everyone around you. And i think that the fact of recognizing that you are being reckless for the disruption for the sake of doing it which seems to get badge of honor this was just an incidental effect of the larger purpose that people have in mind. For the great history that you want to counterbalance, the Lesson Learned what have we not talk about that you would like todays technologists were entrepreneurs to take away from your . That we have not already talked about ourselves tonight . Well, im going to mention what i think it is a really underappreciated aspect of people who get things done in the valley, which is humility. That is what really matters and i think that that is an underappreciated aspect of being a successful entrepreneur and also the other thing i would point is knowing how to be a team player. Theyve turned up with the term Unicorn Company and she famously said no one like us to make money for the hole and i also think that is true. Its knowing how to be part of the team, most companies you can name had two or more founders and some had eight founders. This is something that you need to learn to play with others. Lets get the audience into the conversation. The first one, the first question to you see similarities between bob taylor and steve jobs. Both are charismatic visionaries who inspire people more than themselves to produce Innovation One research and one of products but both could also be dismissive of those who didnt get it. Similarities or differences . They are similarities that were both adopted and told by their parents that unlike most kids who came to paris and had to take whatever showed up, they have been chosen. There are some real analogies and i do think they were both absolutely brilliant people with no time to waste. Here is the question how do you fit bill gates into the story and decide to go to seattle and stay in the valley . He was from seattle. Some things i hope to address more i keep my focus as i told you this was a very complicated book, and so my focus is tight on the valley. Obviously, when you talk about the idea i need to be talking about dates and he comes up restocking of you need to pay for software and that sort of thing but he is very much part of this generation. A lot of these things need just ticked through would absolutely apply there as well. Increasing the gap between the Technological Advancements such as self driving cars and drones for the very basic Services Play out. What i can say is this widening gap is something that president people have been talking about. I find a quote from john young and 1920 talking about how this not just this technology to this place is going to completely bifurcate and we are going to lose the middle. Everything that was asked in that question is a valid point to make and i would also point out the role of technology plates now in developing economies, cell phones have been essential for micro lending and other things that are happening. How many of you go t to the Tech Innovation in the social realm doing well for the world but they are remarkable to see how the technology is being put in the service of the higher ideas someone who is working on a notforprofit technology to certify the validity of election in places like colombia. You were telling me that you have beehadbeen in a conversatia young entrepreneur thinking about whats next for the valley or the threats with it. Lets talk about what you see developing now for Silicon Valley. We have already hit from the threats that i see as i see foremost among them is slowing down immigration. That to me is the one to be most worried about. And i think that in terms of what is coming next, they had this incredible ability to reinvent itself again and again and to me that is so much more of a question of rather then why they have it here, there are regional economies forever but what is interesting is how has the valley gone from the sort of instrumentation to the microchips to this stuff that im talking about in this book to the Networking Companies to the cloud and social and mobile and now we have all this ai stuff happening again. So do i think that the valley is going to continue . Yes. Do i know how . Though. [laughter] thank you for the views on how History Matters and what is happening today. For the other places that have their own distinct models. They exist today and the notion that it is a zerosum game for the regional technical economies is just flatout wrong. You have these enclaves of innovation without which Silicon Valley would not exist. How do we become Silicon Valley. You need to figure out what it is that you are doing that you are already good at and how do you parlay that into being a part of this economy. So, i mean in tulsa, the pipeline had all of this pipeline that was empty and someone handed the idea of filling it with fiberoptic cable and that became worldcom which got appointed to mci, and that was building on an infrastructure or corning new york thats where the gorilla glass and iphone came from. Corning new york has been in the glass business since at least the 19th century. I dont know when it got start started. So those are places that have figured out we are not going to cost the Silicon Valley. Silicon valley arose at a very specific time and place. It was a unique confluence of a sophisticated technology, namely the transistor showing off in a place that was largely agricultural, and then having the ability to essentially design speaker system around the hightech industry, and that just is not going to happen again. To say that we want to build a Silicon Valley, you see this. You can go to places and they have literally built universities with red tile roofs. And that is not going to do it. [laughter] you talked about the consequences and some of the cost that come from the middle class and others. This talks about various possible than to continue and perhaps missing out on the new innovation. I do worry about this. I worry about it and i think there are plenty of people who are willing to sacrifice for a few years they come over here and they are not in a relationship you dont have children and they are just kind of willing to go for it. I do worry about what comes next and i worry about palo alto and basically none of our teachers, firefighters, none of our police, none of them can afford to live in the community anymore. People are dealing with the peace twohour commute each way, and we are all dealing with all that traffic. So that really does worry me. Then i put on my historians have ended in the 1970s, people are talking about how it is too crowded and too expensive and so i dont it seems really, really difficult right now and San Francisco i think in some senses its going to be the testing ground on this because there is a lot of activism around Affordable Housing and such and a lot of these issues because we have come up with it and San Francisco is suddenly experiencing it as something that is new on this scale as we have seen it over the battle of buses for example and this question of how we have this community when there are fortunes of this size being built. They are trying to answer these questions, so that is good. We would like to close the conversation and think about what advice you would like to give to a troublemaker in the next generation following one word of advice that you would get and can you tell us the story . This is my word which is humility. And i talked about a little bit about why i think that matters and another word i think i could have balance. Someone who is full of humility to the extent that they never promote themselves and their ideas, that isnt going to work. I would say that in general, taking advantage of where you are is key. And it is not just in the vall valley. Find people who have done this before and get their advice. It doesnt have to be a perfect analog. You just need someone that has done this before. Get their help. It is important. This is the troublemaker comingofage. Thank you. [applause] [inaudible] [inaudible] [applause] a followup on this issue. The white house staff including the agreement when they came before the white house. There is an ethics agreement i cant get into any additional details. The president wants all americans support. He hopes that every american in this country wants to see us do bigger and better things. That is his focus. Hes not singling out the support from any individual that wants to bring everybody together to bring this forward and that is what he campaigned on and that is what we are going to continue to do for the next several years. The white house said there were statements in this book. Can you give a few examples of things that have been set in san this book that are false but you would like to set the record straight . There are numerous examples of falsehoods that take place in the book. I will give you one. The fact that it was the claimed the president didnt know who john boehner was considering the majority of you have seen photos and the president of only those have both played golf with him that its Pretty Simple and pretty basic. It would be super easy to fact check and there are numerous mistakes but i am not going to waste my time or th the countrys time going page by page talking about a book that is complete fantasy and full of tabloid gossip because it is sad, pathetic, and our administration is focus is going to be moving the country forward. [inaudible] did the president s lawyers share the idea that this is a prior restraint . Im not sure about the specific details between the president and his personal attorneys but i would refer you to questions regarding that matter. Other prior restraints such as the one that is commonplace to ask they believe in the First Amendment as we said before, the president also believes in making sure that information is accurate before pushing it out as a fact when its certainly had clearly not. What is the president s reaction for the book and the media . It is disgraceful and laughable. If he were unfit, he probably wouldnt be sitting there and wouldnt have defeated the most qualified candidate Republican Party has ever seen. This is an incredibly strong and good leader. Thats why we have had successful 2017 and will continue to do great things as we move forward in this generation. Thank you. Two questions. First, the book repeatedly says the candidate uses families of the top officials of the campaign and didnt believe he would be elected. Can you name anyone else was at the time on the eve of the election he felt he would win and giv did the president himsef believe he would not . As we stated before go back and look at the interviews. They wouldnt have put themselves through that process if they didnt think they could win, and they didnt want to. This is something they were committed to and have been since taking office and will continue to do so over the next seven years. Again, it is absolutely laughable to think that somebody like this president would run for office with the purpose of losing. If you know anything, you know donald trump is a winner and isnt going to do something for the purpose of not coming out on top and not coming out as a winner. That is one of the most ridiculous things claimed in the book. Did they give Michael Wolff all the access that he wanted . Absolutely not. In fact, there are probably more than 30 requests for access to information from Michael Wolff that were repeatedly defied including within the two dozen requests for asking him to have an interview with the president which he never did. He never discussed this book with the president , and to me that would be the most important of ways that you could have if you were looking to write a book about an individual would be to have some time with him. He never did. He was repeatedly denied that i think because we saw him for what he was and there was no reason. Frankly, since we were unable showed the letter from the president s lawyers be aimed as a threat from the United States government from this administration to not publish this book it is not from the United States government committed from the president s personal attorney. Thats the thing to add to that if you have anything i would refer you to the president s attorneys. [inaudible] you can watch this entire press briefing at cspan. Org. Heres a look at upcoming book fairs and festivals happening around the country. Hello, everyone. Welcome. My name is julia. Im a professor and chair of the History Department here at the new school. I also codirected th center for capitalism studies, and tonight the center for capitalism

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