It is an honor to welcome the National Space council back to the museum to continue the work of mapping the future of American Space expiration. Surrounded here by icons of our nations highest, proudest achievements. The council is ensuring our future achievements are fully empowered by past achievement. The things you will be discussing today will one day be enshrined in this museum. Dont forget about us. We need hardware. Last month at our museum in washington the apollo 11 space suit, Vice President pens spoke about this generations renewed commitment to American Leadership. Here at the national air and space museum we see evidence of that commitment every day. Helpless children have stood in this very spot and marveled up at the Space Shuttle discovery and then turn to the parents, grandparents or teachers to ask how something so big could fly so high. Our museum is where the country comes to understand its heritage of adventure and discovery and to pass that torch on to new generations. We are the dawn of a new spaceage with the challenge to return to the moon and beyond. The americans who will make those first flights including the first woman on the moon and the first humans on mars were not alive to see our first step onto another world. We must recapture the energy, scope and complexity of our first shot for those that were not born in time to see it but who are called on now to repeat it. This summer the museum celebrated that old spirit with the program he called go for the moon. This was no ordinary commemoration. A a fullscale 363foot saturn five rocket onto the highest point in the nations capital, the washington monument. It was almost 90 at 9 00 oclock in the morning on july 16, 1969 when the real apollo 11 launched in 11 launched in florida. It was that hot in washington, d. C. This summer at night. Despite the heat, half 1 Million People came out to see our rocket on the national mall. On the night of the 50th anniversary, we recreated the launch of historys most powerful rocket with full light and sound effects. Looking at the faces of the children in the crowd, you could tell that they felt the connection. That moment in 1969 when for the first time in Human History the moon was in reach. For the children who will stand on the spot later today marvel up at the discovery, the moon is within their grasp. Earlier this year, president pants by the end of the decade in 1961 he had well before we knew how to make it happen. It will take that same bold commitment to american ideas and innovation to meet the challenge to return to the moon and onto mars. We are are grateful to Vice President pens for their leadership and support as we work to educate and inspire a new generation of innovators and explorers. It is now my great pleasure to welcome the chair of the National Space council and the Vice President of the United States, the honorable mike pence. Thank you for that kind introduction. Tank you for your tremendous stewardship in your tremendous leadership. Join me and thinking for her outstanding. To all the members of the National Space council to our Advisory Group, all of whom very quietly came on stage. I think they all deserve a big round of applause. Making a difference for American Leadership in space. Would you join me in thanking them. [applause] to our gracious host the smithsonian institution. All the men and women here. It is a great honor to be with all of you today. Thank you for your patience today. Thank you for your attendance today. Welcome to the sixth meeting of the National Space council. It was three years ago that a candidate for president came alongside his new running mate and he said to me, you know, this thing called the National Space council has laid dormant for more than 25 years and i was wondering if you would like to follow the tradition of past Vice President and share a renewed National Space council. I looked at him and said, would i. Join me in thanking a leader who is committed to securing American Leadership on earth and in the vast expanse of space. Join me in thanking the 45th president of the United States of america, donald trump. [applause] s his leadership has made a difference. You will hear about that today. Nearly two years ago right here at the national air and space museum that we held the first meeting of the Space Council. We could think of no better place to hold our sixth meeting. We will reflect on the progress that we have made. How our administration in the United States is on track in our efforts to expand and renew American Leadership in space. Really, i can think think of no better time. No better time to be here and to celebrate the progress of our renewed leadership one month ago the world paid tribute to three extraordinary american astronauts. The crew of apollo 11 and the 400,000 men and men and women who stood to hide them 50 years ago. It was one small step. One giant leap. What a great celebration it was. So many of you were a part of it. All across the country. I have to tell you, deeply humbled for me to be able to spend time. Many of the men and women and heroes that made that moment possible. They secured American Leadership in space. Together here today we do so recognizing it has been 47 years since the last american set foot on the moon. Our great shuttle program, including the Space Shuttle discovery behind me was grounded nearly a decade ago. The truth is, as all of you know, too long america was content with low earth orbit. Missions focused on the earth instead of aiming for the stars. I am proud to report that under President Trumps leadership, all of that is changing. As the president said in his and arguable address, we stand at the birth of a new millennium ready to unlock the mysteries of space. That is exactly what we are doing. [applause] after two 1 2 years under the president s leadership, america is leading in space once again. This president recognizes what the American People have known for more than a half of a century. Our security, our prosperity and our very way of life depend on American Leadership and American Leadership in space. We acknowledge that lower orbit is not our final destination, but rather a Training Ground for the infinite frontier space. I can assure you of the American People are ready for the next chapter in our nations history in space. With the president s direction, we have put in into decades of budget cuts and a client. We ever nude american commitment to human Space Exploration vowing to go further into space, farther and faster than ever before. That is why our first year in office, President Trumps side space quality number one. The United States of america returning to the moon and prioritize crude missions to the lunar surface. Marking a watershed moment in America Space enterprise. With it, the president finally gave nasa the clear direction and Clear Mission that it needed as he said, we will return american astronauts to the moon for the First Time Since 1972. Not only to plant our flag and leave our footprint, but we will go there to establish a foundation for an eventual mission to mars. [applause] earlier this year, President Trumps made at the policy of this administration to return to the moon by 2024. Ensuring the next man and the first woman on the moon will be american astronauts. [applause] the mission has already begun. We are well on our way to making the mission a reality. You will hear more about that today. The resources they need to accomplish this mission. The agencys largest budget ever as we speak were working with congress to add an additional 1. 6 billion to support our renewed commitment. The space launch system known as sls, the most powerful rocket will launch astronauts to the moon fully assembled by the end of this year. Last month we marked the capsule complete on the orion capsule. The spacecraft sitting on top of the sls. Deep Space Exploration and half a century. Just last week we announced that the Marshall Space Flight center will lead development of our new lunar lander and working with Johnson Space center we will ensure that a new generation of astronauts have the stateoftheart vessel to reach the lunar surface safely and return by 2024. We will get it done. [applause] in fact, the administrator told me that was strong congressional support we can actually start bending metal on the lander in the next year. Whatever that means. [applause] i am proud to report also we have empowered our commercial partners. Space x successfully knocked its automated crew at the interNational Space station. Blue origin tested engines for its own lunar lander. Boeing is working hard to launch a crude vehicle by the end of this year. Working with our Industry Leaders before the year is out. The United States will once again send american astronauts into space on american rockets from american soil. [applause] we are making great progress. We have new ambitions. America is not only going to return to the moon, but we will return with new objectives. Unlike a halfcentury ago, this time, our jacket will be a permanent presence on the lunar surface. We will develop the capabilities to journey to the planet of mars. Taking this big leap, you all here know that we have to demonstrate that we can live on the moon for months and even years. We have to learn how to make use of all available resources to sustain human life and all of our activities in space including by mining the vast qualities of water that is frozen on our lunar poles. Once we returned to the moon we will develop the technologies to live and arrive in a multimonth month expedition added south pole. Using what we learn at the moon will bring us closer to the day, as the president said. American astronauts will plant the stars and stripes on the surface of mars. [applause] in fact, within the last year, American Technology touchdown once again. The inside mission touchdown and marked our eighth successful landing on mars. Even now, the men and women of nasa are hard at work identifying those areas of the red planet that would be most suitable for exploration. Not only planning to go, preparing to go. Our Space Program relied on tools and methods that did not exist. Achieving our Ambitious Goals will depend on Innovative Technologies including those with our panelists we will talk about today. This time, our efforts will not rely entirely on government action. Instead, we will go forward into that Bright Future with the strong support of our private partners and international allies. Nassau is working with leaders to develop plans for the lunar gateway. A critical outpost that will help us develop the technologies, test the systems and train the astronauts for the first ever journey to mars. On track. America is leading the human Space Exploration again. Dont you doubt it. [applause] we will also talk about today under the president s leadership we have also unleashed americas commercial space industry as never before. As a president said memorably not long ago, rich guys love rockets. We have taken steps to make it possible for american entrepreneurs to invest and to help america develop the technologies that will carry american into space. Reflect again today we are streamlining the licensing regimes that oversee reentry and new operations into space. Removing unnecessary regulations. Stifled innovation. All of that has happened over the last two and a half years. Encouraged a more stable environment for developing the worlds first Space Management traffic policy. As we have restored confidence in the opportunities of space, we have helped drive incredible Economic Growth. Just two years ago, the satellite industry alone generated some 350 billion in revenue. Studies predicted that number will increase to more than a trillion dollars annually in the next two decades. More than ever space is recognized as the industry of the future. In the first half of this year, weve seen almost as much invested in Space Companies as we did in the tire year before. In the last decade more than 22 billion has been invested in 500 Space Companies. I am produce a that the majority of those investments have been made in American Space businesses. America is leading it public and private. [applause] as we all know, as we lead human Space Exploration, as we lead an American Innovation and entrepreneurship in space, we must also lead insecurity. The sake of our security both here on earth and in the heavens above. President trumps direction we are working with congress as we speak to stand up a new branch of our armed forces. Soon, congress will approve and the president will sign the sixth branch of the armed forces of the United States. The United States space force. [applause] as the president has said we all recognize, it has been true for decades. Space is a war fighting domain. The space horse will ensure that our nation is prepared to defend our people, to defend our interests and defend our values. Here on the earth with the technologies that will support our common defense from the vast reaches of outer space. Next week we will formally stand up a new unified command. Known as the United States Space Command. I am pleased to announce we will recognize its new leader john rehman will be the first leader of the United States Space Command. [applause] before i move on from general raymond, chairman of the joint chief of staff, served this nation in uniform with extraordinary distinction. He has played a Critical Role in ensuring the National Defense of the United States and he will be concluding his duties as chairman of the joint chief of staff in the months ahead. Would you all mind getting on your feet and just showing how much we appreciate the life and career and leadership of general joe. [applause] thank you, general. Thank you for your service. Particularly on the matters of American Leadership in space. A historic contribution. I know the president feels is ideal. We would not be out this historic moment without your leadership and your support. Later this morning we will hear more about our administrations progress towards a new agreement to defend the space assets and to ensure our collect defense. For all we have accomplished, the greatest triumphs of American Leadership in space still lie ahead and you will hear about those plans today. National Space Council today will send new recommendations to the president that will help drive even greater cooperation between our government, commercial partners and likeminded across the world. Nations that share. We will build on the success of the interNational Space station by working with our friends and allies. Supporting moon landing in 2024. Sustainable long term operations and to build a spacecraft that will build us to mars. Continue to unleash the creative powers of the Space Enterprise. Recommend the steps that will encourage innovation and encourage companies have a level Playing Field that they need to compete and win in space. We will continue to transform nasa into a more accountable and agile organization. Isnt that right, jim. [laughter] we will make it easier than ever to recruit and retain the brightest scientists, engineers and managers. We will hit our goals and make new American History. President trumps reigniting and reinvigorating the American Space program. I am humbled and proud at the same time to say that is exactly what this team is done. That is what we will continue to do with the support of so many of you gathered here today. It is americas destiny to be the leader amongst nations on our venture into the great unknown. That is why the National Space council has reconstituted and that is what brought us here today. It involves hardship and hazard, sacrifice and perseverance, we know with the men and women of apollo 11 new 50 years ago. That is simply this. The americans can accomplish anything we set our minds to. America will lead the world back [applause] thank you all for being here today. We are grateful for everyone joining us here today. I look very much forward to our dialogue and our discussion. And the support i see in this room. The support i hear from not only people involved in the great Space Enterprise across this country, but from Everyday Americans from every walk of life. We have only just begun to renew American Leadership in space. Thank you for your support, thank you for your presence here today. Lets get get to work. [applause] thank you, everyone. We will get right down to business. We are joined today here. Lets give the smithsonian another round of applause. This is a spectacular place. [applause] in addition to all the members of the National Space council, we are joined by number of distinguished guest in the audience. I want to thank each and everyone of you for being with us today. Its hard for me to not recognize virtually everyone in every seat. This is just a small sampling of the incredible leadership of americas public and private Space Enterprise. Give yourself a round of applause. [applause] todays meeting will provide updates from our councilmembers on ongoing work to help secure leadership in space. We will hear from leaders about innovations that will drive the next era of human Space Exploration. Discussing a new set of recommendations. To begin with, i would like to ask president and ceo of the coalition for deep Space Exploration to bring us some updates on our User Advisory Group activity since our last meeting in march. We appreciate your leadership, your extraordinary career. Thank you for bringing your experience. Join me and thinking all the members of the User Advisory Group. Many of which are here in the front row for their contributions. [applause] would you mind standing up. [applause] quick report. Mr. Vice president , distinguished members, thank you for inviting me to provide an update on the activities of the Advisory Group. As you well know, the objectives, scope of activities and description of activities is defined in statute, is negative, executive order and the charter of the Advisory Group dated december 6, 2017 signed by the administrator. While they are administratively charted and supported under nasa , it functions exclusively in an independent advisory capacity to the National Space council. Reporting to you through the National Space Council Executive secretary. Mr. Vice president , you have repeatedly challenged to function as a think tank. In addition to the advisory role spelled out in its title. It is intended to be a conduit for new ideas. It also offers differing but constructive commentary. We often know sometimes to conventional and not nearly wise enough. Organizationally, the u ag is divided into six other committees that reflect priorities that you and our chairman discussed prior to the formation. In the months since our meeting we have gathered to review specific taskings that we would invest earlier this year. The exploration and discovery subcommittee led by retired general is structuring a onetime review of nasas newly named program. Focusing on its architecture, technical planning, organizational structure and leadership. The fact that the general capably chairs the council will ensure that the ua g draws on the work of that committee while offering independent advice to you where appropriate. As you know, admiral ellis is chairman and leads a very Capable Group with the required security clearances. Reflects National Space Council Interest on the organizational structure and functionality. As part of their review last month they received a high level from the department of defense. And the Intelligence Community on the process in progress and into the patient of congressional action. Cochairing the economic development. As you directed, we are first discussing how to best manage spectrum issues. Including both process and content in this critical area. Also considering additional recommendations for process reform and partnerships beyond nasa and accelerating and beyond. Retired colonel veteran astronaut and Space Shuttle leads the Technology Innovation subcommittee. The committee is focused on assessing the status of the nasa Space Exploration. Space technology speaks to be compared and timelines that must be met. The result of that review will determine support is required. Retired colonel chairs the committee on outreach and education. I will say more about outreach efforts in a minute. Her committee is committed to developing recommendations to enhance space related education on all levels. She has begun to draw from the National Committee of state legislators. From universities of nasa involvement to gain a broader perspective on education and workforce issues. International gauge meant subcommittee led by doctor david wolf. Electrical engineer and your fellow hoosier. The committee will include review of both the current policy as well as the guidelines, behavioral norms and technical standards affecting interNational Space cooperation. We have followed the successful outcome of the session of the United Nations committee on the use of outer space. Have planned a session with the department of state to ensure that we understand the Administration Space goals and objectives in the diplomatic arena. As a users Advisory Group to the Space Council enters its second year, we are reviewing the organizational charter. Better define the organizational structure require resources and streamline work processes. We believe and know from discussions from you that you agree that an ongoing and active role is important to the success of the administrations effort to marshal a strategy. Finally as i noted earlier, panel to represent all users of space, members have participated in major domestic and International Events over the last several months. Many of them in conjunction with the 50th anniversary of apollo 11 as referenced earlier. We will continue to serve as the eyes and ears seeking input and ideas. Issues and innovation. Students and teachers. Experienced aerospace veterans at all levels and importantly the upandcoming new generation of space professionals. Mr. Vice president , on behalf of of the Advisory Group, thank you for this update opportunity. Wherever we go, at home or abroad, we see a we see a new energy. A new vitality in the Space Community. We appreciate the focus that you and the National Space council has brought to our nations role in space. We look forward forward to continuing to support your effort and our shared contribution to the future of the Space Enterprise. I will be pleased to take any questions. Thank you. I do not see him through the bright lights. Chairman of the User Advisory Group. I dont know if he is with us today. You can give him a big round of applause as well. [applause] the admiral and the whole team are doing questions of the panel of the User Advisory Group. Anything having to do with committees or reports that were made. Thank you. Thank you to all the members of the User Advisory Group for outstanding work. Now we will move to some reports by members of the National Space council. I will recognize our secretary of commerce. Wilbur boss who is been involved in working on space Traffic Management Regulatory Reform and is almost as excited about American Innovation in space as the president and me. Join me in thinking the secretary and commerce. [applause] thank you, Vice President pens for the opportunity to update the National Space council on space activities at the department of commerce. Last year, there there were 104 teen government and private space launches worldwide. The first time in three decades that that number exceeded 100. Thirtyone launches. Including a Record Number of commercial launches. China had 39. More. More than 80 countries have now entered the space industry. Often playing under different rules from what we have. These countries realize that space is a strategic industry that creates a highly technical workforce with spinoff technologies and Economic Growth this was evident at the Paris Air Show which highlighted u. S. Leadership but also made clear the substantial efforts of foreign governmentbacked entities to surpass us. 75 of percent of space industry revenues are now commercial. We intend to keep the United States as the flag of choice as the global space industry moves from 415 billion of revenues to 1 trillion within the next 20 years. Commerce department is pursuing the space Traffic Management goals outlined in space policy directive three. Our Strong Partnership with the department of defense will modernize state Situational Awareness capabilities. Market daily, the Senior Executive with experience in both defense and space commerce leads the Commerce Department ssa landing team and the 18th space control squadron at Vandenberg Air force base. Our joint ssa efforts will help avoid the destructive impact of space debris. Even as space activities grow more complex and global in nature. In response to our april 2019 rfi, more than 50 academic and Industry Partners submitted Creative Ideas to limit the creation of new space degree. Through satellite design, improved ssa and Early Mission do your bit. The Commerce Departments role is critically important. Launching thousands of massproduced satellites and consolation. Developing an open architecture Data Repository for space debris information. This will allow us to provide conjunction notifications to the u. S. And global commercial Space Industries in the near future. The new repository will incorporate privatesector innovation to track and avoid space debris. That, in turn, will facilitate new commercial space services. Under space policy directive two. A limb and eight or streamline regulation. We are revising Remote Sensing and export control rule. We have received extensive feedback from u. S. Companies in the vast developing and extremely competitive Global Market for Remote Sensing. Our immediate goal to the new draft rule that encourages domestic innovation while ensuring Global Competitiveness and market leadership of american companies. Commerce is working with the state department and other agencies to review Public Comments on our march proposed rule so that we can issue a final rule this fall. And industry day i hosted in april, we discussed the need to maintain export controls with some countries while streamlining them for others. Within the Commerce Department, we have reestablished the office the space commerce that had been dormant for decades. It is the only u. S. Government entity charged with pursuing the unique interest of the commercial space industry. The commercial industry has said repeatedly that it needs an advocate. A onestop shop in its dealings with old u. S. Government and foreign government. We continue to work within the administration and with congress to establish a bureau of space commerce that will give their resources needed to execute the Space Councils directives. Thank you, mr. Vice president. I look look forward to our discussion. Thank you very much, mr. Secretary. You can give a round of applause. [applause] thank you so much for your tremendous efforts. I want to offer my congratulations. The summit at the department of commerce cohosted in june. I think you have also spoken about. I hope that our private Industry Partners see the tremendous commitment by the president and our department of commerce two and livening private investment and development. I will ask members of the panel to throw question at the secretary. Quick question. The new commercial Remote Sensing regulations are being developed that commerce. Can you speak about when those will be completed . We think i the end of october we should have that completed. Okay. Outstanding. Any other questions from members of the panel . Okay. We are very grateful. Thank you very much. Included in the record as prepared. Next i would like to recognize the administrator of nasa. Become a great friend of mine. He is a great champion for American Leadership in space. He was given a charge by the president of the United States to return americans to the moon by 2024. Make sure that the first astronauts on mars are americans jim, i know i speak on behalf of the president when i appreciate the energy you have brought to this effort. We should not be terribly surprised that a navy pilot was ready to move out and move out quickly. Join me in thinking the administrator of nassau for his tremendous efforts. Jim, look forward to your report. [applause] thank you very much, mr. Vice president. It is an honor to serve in this position. Just yesterday i was at the White House Briefing members of the National Security council on our plan to go to the moon and on to mars. While i was there, victoria brought in a box of m ms. By the way, these are President Trump m ms. Not just any m ms here. I said what is that all about. She said m and m. Moon and mars. She said make sure you show this to everybody and let them know we are going to the moon because we are going to mars. The president has been very clear. We will put an American Flag on mars. A couple of things i think are important to note, i guess so importantly you gave us that charge back in march. A number of things have changed. I will just kind of go through one at a time. Figuring out how to do things commercially. On the brink of being ready. Commercial resupply. Resupplying the interNational Space station. We have announced we have objectives. Starting with creating both the demandside and the supply side. On the demandside, two lines of efforts that we believe could have major breakthroughs for basically activities and lower starting with industrialized biomedicine and then advanced materials. Those two lines of efforts, experiment after experiment in a rating one after another, i believe in the next threeseven years we can have a strong breakthrough that will lower orbit. We also want to make the interNational Space station itself available to more people so we are looking at additional habitation using the port for commercial operations on the interNational Space station in each of these activities will increase supply, while at the same time, working hard to generate demand with an eventual effort and of course we got your crimmins on the way that we are interested in seeing what industry can provide but we want to have free fires and lower orbits that are crucial in neighbor. These are things were trying to in earths orbit. Remember why we are commercializing. Its important for everyone on the National Space council, why are we commercializing . We want to use the resources that he gives to us to go to the moon following space policy director want to go sustainably and to go with commercial partners and International Partners to utilize the resources on the moon, water, that the and use that as life support so how do we live for months on another planetary body so ultimately we can take all the knowledge on to mars. What we do in lower orbit matters because we want to go to the moon and on to mars. Interestingly just last week i was at the issue assembly in new orleans and i know youve been, mr. President , keenly focused on the sl x rockets. I thought i water. We say the words but its for the complete i would say its well over 90 complete at this point in the engine section was the long pole in the tent and the Critical Path and we removed the engine section from the Critical Path and integrated the rest of the record horizontally and its a beautiful thing to see in the horizontal and this week and next week we will be integrating the engine section into the rest of the rocket and by the end of this year as you quickly said earlier we will move that rocket out of the factory and test it. I will tell you [applause] these are exciting to see that and i will tell you mr. Vice president not just the first sls but the hardware for the second sls is already being put into place and will start to be assembled very soon as well. Very exciting times. Jonathan at the Assembly Facility and as you were there last month, mr. Vice president , when you announced the capsule complete with the European Service module we are close to shipping that up to plum brook station where it will be tested with thermal vacuums testing as well as emi testing so all of those very exciting activities are underway and we also since the last Space Council we have gone under contract for the first element with the power and propulsion element with social electric proportions the command module in orbit around the moon for the next 15 years so thats a Great Development as well and, by the way, the reason i was able to go so fast is because of the charge to be ready by 2024 and land not just the next man but the first woman on the south pole of the moon and that charge is what change the dynamic to make that go so fast. That acquisition element. On that gateway we are moving as fast as we can rapid acquisition of what we call a many have come a small habitation module that is not the longterm solution but that will get our astronauts from the orion into a lander and land on the surface of the moon. Not last week but we announced that leander talking about will be managed out of the Marshall Space Center and its absolutely true, mr. Vice president , the Johnson Space center will be involved in that and certainly when it comes to in my mental control and life support system there is no place on the planet better than the Johnson Space center when it comes to human and machine interface no place better than johnson as well. Of course when it comes to Mission Planning the Astronaut Office a lot a capability both at marshall and that johnson to get this National Project underway and as you are aware, mr. Vice president in the last month since march based counsel we named the program and i think that is a significant milestone. It was you who wrote the speech yourself i was there when you did it and said he will put the first woman on the moon and i will tell you that has energized so many people, my daughter included, who is 11 years old claims she wants to be a teacher right now but she is certainly excited about landing a woman on the moon and i like to say it its 50 years ago we had apollo and it just so happens that in greek mythology apollo had a twin sister and her name was artemis, goddess of the moon. This time we go to go with a very different highly quality astronaut to include women and is long overdue so we are very excited about that but mac lastly, i think its important to remember the moon to mars. When we think about what we are doing next the reason the gateway is so important is that it is absolutely a gateway to the surface of the moon we want to do long durations of the surface of the moon using gateway. Its also a probable and it is an opportunity for us to take humans deeper into space then weve ever done before in ministry and the fact that is our ship to get to mars. By the way, if we have the right investment today with advanced propulsion i know we were here a little bit about Nuclear Thermal Propulsion and about advanced propulsion and the ability to do entry to set a landing 20 metric ton payloads into the Martian Atmosphere and onto the martian service these are investments that are not much more than what we are already spending and we can put together a robust mars plan in keeping with the direction to put americas flag on mars. Mr. Vice president , things have changed since march and we are moving rapidly under your direction and the direction of President Trump. Thank you. [applause] thank you very much, jim. Thank you for that great report. Mostly thanks for your energetic and enthusiastic leadership of the president s vision for space. I will take this box of m ms back to the president right after you sign it. [laughter] he will know even better today that you got the message. Thats worth remembering. Doctor calvin the director of the office of science and Technology Administrator just mentioned that pr efforts to update the approval process for launching Space Nuclear Power Sources and the doctor has a report for us on that and will give us some words on the progress. Thank you. Thank you very much, mr. Vice president. A pleasure and honor to be here with you today. As we embark on a new generation as you so elegantly described in remarks this time we go to stay in the challenge here is achieving a persistent human presence in space and on other world that is staying there and will require the development and application of a wide range of advanced technology, including lightweight and longlasting Energy Sources that can support human life and expiration activities in the most austere and inhospital environment. Over many decades as we hear from [inaudible] they relied on Space Nuclear systems on the moon and mars and in the outer solar system and also for other missions where alternative car sources have been inadequate. Some of these environments are far too dark or solar power were too far away to carry sufficient supplies of chemical fuels. In the dawning of a new era of American Space expiration we just heard about exploration into deep Space Nuclear Power Sources will remain critical to the fullest realization of our scientific and exploration objectives. From modest power needs radioactive topics thermal generators which are essentially Nuclear Batteries can use the energy of radioactive decay to generate or to city or even decades. For higher power needs money directors provide heating toxicity and spacecraft propulsion needs. As we look forward and look outward we must ensure america can safely develop Nuclear Space systems that enhance our ability for Space Exploration in our operational capabilities and also the potential for increased commercial space activity as the administering or just mentioned. Over one year ago the office of science and algae policy began reviewing existing Nuclear Space policy and as i reported at the councils march meeting in huntsville that review led to the creation of an Interagency Working Group cochaired by [inaudible] and colleagues of the National Space council. That working groups mandate which developed recommendations for the Space Council to establish updated and risk informed processes for launching space and are systems that are funded or licensed by the federal government. Our primary objective here is to ensure rigorous and Effective Nuclear safety analysis and review are conducted prior to the launch of linear Space Systems and in doing that we want to leverage past expense wherever we can. To that end we must provide clear guidelines to help Mission Planners and wants approval authorities ensure launch safety is maintained. We also want to ensure a positive response to positive space safety analysis that is forwardlooking. When we think about the future of the lost federal government, as we just heard the private sector to effectively use Space Nuclear systems, as we return to the moon in venture far beyond. We seek to strengthen the existing process for launching space and their systems in ways that will better ensure progress risk informed safety without excessive redundancy or waste of time and cost. We have continued these are the activities mr. Vice president and in close cooperation with the National Security council we have now finalized a set of regulations that we believe meet the objectives that have outlined and we asked the Council Approved these regulations for updating the existing process for the launch of space cutting space to their systems. I like to really appoint that mainly ensuring a rigorous launch safety process is essential to using space to their systems but we cant stop there. Moving forward but also focus on ensuring sustain the skills here in america and develop the technologies needed for Space Nuclear systems that are ready to propel as well as power the future American Spacecraft. I look forward to working all of you in implanting this and other policy initiatives that will be necessary for strengthening American Leadership in space. Thank you very much, mr. Vice president , for your leadership and support. Thank you, sir. [applause] we will move on to National Security issues in a moment and i will ask other members of the panel to submit your report in writing with one exception, Steven Bradbury with the department of transportation the present and i cannot be more grateful. The secretary lane chow has an energetic shes made to update the regulations regarding space launch and with our commitment invigorating continuing to see the private Space Enterprise develop i want to recognize bradbury for a quick update on apartment of transportation activities. Steven. Thank you, mr. Vice president. Members of the Space Council and distinguished guests. On behalf of secretary chow pleased to update the council on the department of transportation effort to streamline the licensing of commercial space launches and reentries and on dots activities regarding satellitebased navigation. First, on april 15 of this year in accordance with the president space policy directed to the department of transportation to the faa published a notice of proposed rulemaking for a major streamlining of faas commercial space launch and reentry regulations. This proposal represents a great deal of work by many people at the faa and the office of the secretary and was produced in the near record time. Was developed from input with experts in the faa, commercial space industry and other departments and agencies across the federal government. Consistent with the president s instructions the proposed rule would replace outdated restrictive requirements with more flexible performancebased criteria and it would allow us to license different types of commercial Space Operations and vehicles to a single stream im set of procedures and dramatically reduce the size and complexity of the faas commercial space licensing regulations. Dot has received substantive comments on the proposed rules from dozens of companies, organizations and individuals including 15 submissions asking more than 100 clarifying questions. The faa has endeavored to address in a public rulemaking record. Its obvious the proposed rule has generated a lot of interest and a lot of questions. To allow for greater if it department extended public comment. 126 days and it just closed yesterday, august 19. Also in response to industry request for base input the faa held a series of meetings with individual commercial Space Operators and their representatives faa honor all requests and met with representatives from blue origin, space x, virgin galactic, virgin orbit, boeing, lockheed martin, United Launch Alliance and the coalition for deep Space Exploration. The faas digesting the commons information we received and will be hard at work over the coming months to address concerns and consider potential revisions to improve the final rules. We are committed to achieving the licensing framework that enables x ability and innovation in operations, including where appropriate by relying on advisory circulars and on methods of compliance developed by operators in lieu of prescriptive rules. Our goal is to publish final rule by early fall of the next year. We are confident this rulemaking will bolster americans Industrial Base and leadership in the commercial space sector to a smarter, more efficient licensing process, one that lowers the burden and cost obligatory compliance while ensuring protection of life, property and National Security. Let me turn briefly to satellitebased navigation. Under National Security president ial directive 39 issued in december 2004 the United States is committed to developing, maintaining and modernizing the Global Positioning system or gps and other satellitebased navigation systems. This includes backup capabilities in the event of a disruption of gps. A recent study funded by the department of commerce found gps is enabled for than 1. 4 trillion in economic benefits since 1983 and a 30 day loss of gps could cost 30 billion in economic harm and have serious safety of life applications. In spd 39 get dot lead response ability over the full range of civil uses of gps and along with dod it makes dot cochair of the National Space position navigation and Timing Executive Committee through this pnp xcom we are working closely with dhs and other federal departments and agencies to address policy and technical issues including the security and resilience of gps receivers. In light of the critical importance of gps deity has asked for submissions from technology vendors, interested in providing gps backup technologies and we are now organizing field demonstrations of those technologies. Another way to protect gps service is realtime monitoring of satellite signals to ensure they meet the necessary performance standards and we are providing funding to the air force to support that monitoring. Working closely with the Commerce Department and tia and the fcc dod conducted a gps adjacent ban study to measure levels of tolerance and interference from adjacent ban radio but with the systems. The state results show we need a strong consistent policies to ensure rf protections for satellitebased navigation. Let me quote by emphasizing for the secretary and all of us the department of transportation our participation in supporting the objectives of the National Space council is among our highest priorities. By coordinating the efforts of all the members of the Space Council we can achieve tremendous benefits to the American People and our national economy. Thank you. Great. Thank you. [applause] grades. I can attest to the secretary enthusiasm and we are very grateful for the effort. One last thing before we go to National Security. We asked the deputy secretary to begin and the apartment of energy is not a part of the National Space council but doing so much important work in this space and we want secretary perry and your team to be represented so to the deputy secretary dan, maybe you could summarize the testimony and then will move to National Security but give a round of applause to the department of energy. [applause] thank you, mr. Vice president , to share a few. Its a personal honor to be here with such a distinguished group of individuals who are continuing to work on americas resurgence on the next great frontier. Because this is my first participation with one of your new thought of you my comments at a high level and provide each of you a summary of the departments historical contributions to the Space Program. I want to be clear, mr. Vice president , that the department see space as a important and Strategic Focus for our department. Doe is your partner in innovation and exploration and in excellent. Our predecessor organization Atomic Energy information was a key collaborator during the Apollo Missions and we are eager to join you in returning americans to the moon from establishing a Permanent Base there and developing the technologies that are needed to send us to mars and far beyond. Secretary perry likes to say given the breath of our efforts doe stands for department of everything and theres a lot of truth for that. No question. Does 17 National Laboratories discovered dark energy but to kickstart the development of the World Wide Web and celebrated the Ongoing Energy resolution and most important link for todays conversation we powered the spacecraft that explores other planets. I would argue doe spans stands for the department of exploration. Are proud to partner with nasa and other members of the Space Council and a number of important endeavors for almost 60 years scientists have built the rtd, radio thermoelectric generator mentioned by the doctor a few minutes ago. Theres a power the defeat mission like pioneer voyager, [inaudible] and new horizons. We provided centers and sensors for earth and space and our user facility engaged in a large range of space related research from modeling plasma and testing materials or radiation to analyzing common asteroid symbols. After we join nasa in the cycle forum in the event devoted to solving tough Energy Challenges here on earth and in space. We collaborated on the crusty experiment which is a bit of a strange acronym but stands for kilowatt reactor using sterling technology. Despite the funny acronym under this project we demonstrated key conversion concepts that will provide design basis for efficient Power Systems on the surface of mars. The effort was so successful it may received the gears of government president s award for making a profound reverence in the life of American People. Today we are working a number of initiatives to enable Nuclear Power base expiration over the next decade and these include powering the mars 2020 rover and developing the dragonfly craft which in the 2030s will explore patterns moon, titan. We also are exploring other frontiers which may be as important to the Space Exploration and those are artificial intelligence. Our laboratory of the homes to many of the worlds fastest supercomputers and we are currently working on developing three machines the launch into the next generation of computing power. Ai technologies being used for many applications for Cyber Security to better treatment for cancer and traumatic brain injury. We look forward to applying these capabilities to the many challenges that come with deep Space Exploration. By working with our interagency Partners Private industry secretary ross and members of the Space Council we can push the boundaries and overcome their challenges and we can dream bigger and reach further. Im confident we will see what spacecraft for the great frontier and they will be enabled by the department of energy and they will be destined for greatness. It is our sincere desire to be of service to you in your service to our nation. Thank you, mr. Ms. President. [applause] thank you, dan. Well done. Thank you so very much. He will shift to National Security and then we will have our panel forward and i would encourage members of the Space Council to take a look at the recommendations that we will be certifying by acclamation the course of our meeting today. My duties will take me back to the white house today with the departure in about 40 minutes. We will work to that but if there are questions related to our recognitions i urge you to look into that. We are honored to be doing today on his birthday on the job by general joe mcguire who is the acting director of National Intelligence but brings with him an extraordinary background of military service and service to the country. Join me in welcoming general mcguire. [applause] mr. Vice president and members of the council, thank you for allowing me to update you and where we are with the director of the Intelligence Community in the department of defense to look for ways to increase our effectiveness Space Operations. As everyone here knows the u. S. And their allies have vital interest in space including military, commercial and scientific. However, these interests are increasingly threatened as china and russia develop destructive weapons placing u. S. And allied Space Systems at risk. Some examples, china has deployed a groundbased muscle intended to target and destroy satellites in low earth orbit. Russia has a similar system in the filament that will likely be operational within the next few years. China is pursuing weapons capable of destroying satellites up to [inaudible] earth orbit and russia has fielded a groundbased later weapon which could blind or damage our optical sensors. In addition, china and russia have established dedicated space forces in both countries view capability to the system as part of their efforts to deter or defeat an adversary in combat. In short, the threat to u. S. And allied Space Systems continues to grow unabated. Turning to the president s task in february 19 of this year the president signed space policy director for which prescribed established the requirements of the director also stated that the director of National Intelligence shall create and enhance mechanism for collaboration between the department of defense and the United States Intelligence Community in order to increase unity of effort and effectiveness for Space Operation. In response to this president ial directive the Intelligence Community department of defense leadership created a working group consisting of repetitive from 14 other organizations in the department of defense and the Intelligence Community. This team generated over 50 recommendations to how dod and the ic can increase collaboration and improve our Space Operations posture. The best of those regulations are being concluded in a report that would be presented the president which is a final coordination and review. I will summarize the highlights. Four years they have been debates about how the military space organizations could be better integrated. Earlier in this task we recognized the proposed establishment of your Space Command provides us with the opportunity to finally determine the appropriate level of integration between the Intelligence Community and dod to ensure effective Space Operations. Im pleased to tell you that after months of analysis and deliberation the Intelligence Community and department of defense have agreed to align u. S. Space command and nro into a new unified defense concept of operations at the National Space defense center. Part of u. S. Space command the National Space this fence center is a joint Dod Community organization and will be the center of gravity for defending off vital interest in space. For the first time there will be a unified structure of the filling is great Intelligence Community space to put defense plans, authorities and capabilities to ensure seamless execution of Space Defense systems. Furthermore, the arrow will take direction from the commander of u. S. Space command and execute defensive operations based on the journey develop playbook and informed by a series of exercises. I want to commend Space Command and the nro Leadership Teams for their thoughtful and innovative work to develop this new approach. This will ensure this committee and the American People that if adversaries challenges no space they will face a truly unified National Security team and thank you again, mr. Vice president and members of this community for allowing me to update you on the vital reforms which will increase the joint effectiveness to ensure we remain safe in space. [applause] next we will go to the acting secretary of the air force, matt donovan and then i will ask general dunford to bring Closing Remarks before we move on to our panel. Mr. Secretary, thank you. We are of the cost of the launch of the United States space force and it will be the sixth branch of our armed forces and let me just say to you and the whole team how grateful we are for the tremendous partnership that you secretary wilson have had in bringing this day around. Mr. Secretary, you are recognized. Thank you mr. Vice president. Good morning and thank you mr. Vice president for your chairing this meeting. You are a strong leadership and its been a unifying discussion on space. Its an honor to represent the department of defense and the secretary at todays meeting. Our nation needs the United States space for us to guarantee our preeminence in the space domain and it must be a new and separate service to unleash its full potential. As a congressional defense authorizing committee the fiscal year 2020 National Defense authorization act we need them to take the necessary steps to fully establish the United States space force as a separate and fully equal branch of the armed forces within the department of defense. Although the current house and senate provisions is addressing the demonstrations proposal different in some ways they fundamentally agree on two important points. A new organization is required to retain american dominance in space and it will reside within the department of the air force. A key component to this effort is reforming title x of the United States code. This will provide the necessary Legal Authority for the space force to organize, train and equip ready forces for our war fighting combatant commanders. Without modifications to title x the current legislative provisions do not provide all the necessary authorities to establish a separate service and sixth branch of the u. S. Armed forces. The department is fully engaged for the defense authorizing committee is to ensure the final and daa language explicitly includes the United States resource has an armed force with the Necessary Authority in title x. Thereby, codifying it alongside Sister Services in this bedrock law. All this news service will reside within the apartment of the air forces does not mean it solely an air force effort. Each service has its own space expert with a keen sense of how space affects their unique domain and they should be given the opportunity to contribute to this important event in this history. To be truly effective United States may force must integrate with the larger National Security space effort and collaborating across the whole of government as director mcguire mentioned. We will do this i first consolidating the dods finest space professional and uniting them under a Common Service with the common mission. As part of this the Department Space Relevant Agency using streamlined acquisition authorities and a focus on Rapid Development that they are poised to synchronize the development and fielding of new military space capability. In fact, the Space Development agency recently held their industry day as the private Public Partnership to promote commercial innovation and technology into the future of the National Defense space architecture. This agility and responsiveness will be hallmarked of the United States space force which is critical the transition to space transition into the new service after it established. As you mentioned, mr. Vice president , in the coming days demonstration will formally stand up the Space Command in the war fighting command responsible for military Space Operations. Fully supported by the congress who unanimously confirmed this first commander the u. S. Space command will be charged with defending our critical base assets from the increasing threats posed by potential adversaries while providing crucial Space Operations to support the military operations on land, in the air and at sea. Ladies and gentlemen, that was an exciting time for americas future in space. The space force will be a 21st Century Service design for the Information Age and committed to building a flat, agile and Rapid Organization that would be the pathfinder for modern military service. We will continue to work closely with the congress to bring the historic establishment to reality and a reasonable, responsible and most importantly, effective manner. The department of defense is a department of the air force is ready and america is ready for the United States space force. We must act now to ensure we retain our technological and military advantage in the 21st century and beyond. Thank you very much, mr. Vice president. Connect thank you. Very important. [applause] thank you so much. Thank you, matt for your secretary. Thank you for representing the secretary of defense and for your tremendous collaboration on this historic endeavor which, i want to amplify one point that the acting director of National Intelligence pointed out that essentially with both china and russia have established their own space forces in recent years and it underscores president drums vision in the imperative of that vision making it a reality. No one to whom we are more grateful than the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff and i have asked him to simply reflect on this broad topic but also general dunford, thank you again for your active participation in the launch of the United States space force and for your tremendous leadership. You are recognized. Thank you, mr. Vice president. The Vice President and secretary donovan spoke about the space force in the initiative of a positive impact on our ability to grow as a people and capabilities we will need in the future. Like secretary donovan im confident with the focus that a Single Service will bring to bear on space will have a profound difference as Vice President pens mentioned in his opening remarks will establish the United States Space Command next week on the 29th of august, the Vice President resides over the ceremony will immediately assign 87 units under a single combatant commander. The staff will put us on a path to maintain a competitive advantage with the Vice President pens describe this as the president described it in this critical war fighting domain. When general raymond assumes command will bring together capabilities that include missile warning, satellite operations, space control and space [inaudible]. Members of the council, the direction is clear and we understand it. [applause] thank you so much. I will ask the panel to come forward and we will move quickly through the balance of the program this morning but members of the panel, please make your way to the stage. Our first panelist is the president and ceo of bw x and he will speak to us about the uses of Nuclear Power in space but is here also because he 17 year veteran of nasa and served as chief operating officer. Rex, its great to have you here. Second panelist, doctor klein neil will provide an overview of lunar resources and professor of planetary geology at the university of notre dame in the great state of indiana. Someone said go i was out there, i think. Thank you. [laughter] he also trains nasa astronauts and were grateful that you are here and thank you so much that the third panelist is sarah lynn marx who was speaking to us as frankly a worldrenowned leader in Womens Health and author and professor and advisor to nasa, hhs and office of science and technology and as we launch the mission and as the minister said with what is today a diverse core of astronauts that we will send to the moon and mars we are grateful to have the doctors reflections here about some of the Human Factors in spaceflight and finally, rounding out the panels, doctor elizabeth [inaudible] planetary scientist with Johns Hopkins and will share space driven innovations in human Robotic Exploration efforts and she participated in the Galileo Mission to jupiter and mission to saturn in doctor turtle, i want to offer congratulations to you on the selection of this mission. Join me in welcoming this outstanding panel, terrific group of people. [applause] let me start with rex into each of the panelists know that he will submit your remarks in their entirety for the record but we ask you to keep your remarks to three minutes or so so we can move through it quickly and maybe get to questions which oftentimes is more informed of these National Space Council Meetings. Rex, you are recognized. Thank you, mr. Vice president. I am deeply honored to speak before you today and im here to talk about the application of Nuclear Power systems in space and the confluence of advanced technologies that will enable Nuclear Power systems to be a key capability of our nations robust Space Exploration program. As you well know nasa has been using plutonium based Nuclear Batteries in space for decades to power such things as scientific spacecraft and autonomous rovers but my discussion today will focus on much higher power yet compact Nuclear Reactors that empower entire spaceships, large vehicles and human no space settlements. Bw xt the company i lead has a six decade history of supporting u. S. Space expiration programs and designing and manufacturing Nuclear Reactors and civilian applications with manufacturers delivered over 300 such reactors and as it happens i served as the Vice President for 17 years at nasa concluding my career there as an associative administrator of receiving the portfolio of progress no Space Exploration Technology Demonstrations and science. What i learned in nasa and cnet w bw x has their Technological Capabilities right now to push the boundaries of human exploration at the moon and further on to mars. Many Space Exploration operations problems require power be available at all times or on call and there is a class of such problems for which Nuclear Powers are preferred if not the only solution. Technology is rapidly evolving to make relatively lowcost Nuclear Reactors that are not just attractive alternatives to space bar options but the means to accomplish that were not a compass before. Bw xt has worked nasa on a Nuclear Thermal Propulsion system that will propel spacecraft from earth orbit to mars and the system has a number of advantages over other designs and will contribute to significantly shorter travel times and lower exposure to cosmic radiation for astronauts. There is no better option to saving to human to mars and safely their health. [inaudible] Nuclear Energy is a compelling solution for off grid forward or a more military bases and we have envisioned classes of reactors can be used in exit protection and defense systems. We bring such technologies because of advanced manufacturing techniques that are progressing in the United States faster than ever and for example, or developing 3d printing capabilities at bw to manufacture metal components that can radically improve the economics the delivery timeline for Nuclear Reactors. In closing i would point out since the dawn of spaceflight weve encountered problems of power and propulsion of spacecraft must be propelled efficiently and every system life support, habitation, scientific instruments, rovers and so on requires electricity. Historically limitations on both days have curtailed mission scope, scale, speed and duration. If we are have the objective and President Trumps first space policy directive to establish longterm presence on the moon and the first crude mission to mars Nuclear Power is arguably the most Important Technology to enable these both national goals. Given technological advances and our nations renewed interest in Space Exploration there has never been a better time to employ Nuclear Systems in the space. I thank you for your interest in this technology and look forward to your questions. Thank you. [applause] great comments. Particularly evocative on the ports of Nuclear Power we talked about longterm missions. Not just to the moon but to mars. Doctor klein neil on lunar resources is recognized and thank you again, rex, for keeping it about three minutes. I do want to get to questions. Thank you again. I probably will blow this but mr. Vice president and administrative members of the Space Council i am from the university of notre dame but the Vice President has already probably get that from my Northern Indiana accident. [laughter] deeply honored to be talking to you about lunar resource. The time is not right to take a giant leap by using the moon to learn to live off the land thus enabling sustained human presence on earth will stimulate in a new secretary of our economy. As we look forward to the moon we need to learn from history and apollo was a monumental achievement and last month we celebrated the 50th anniversary of apollo 11. However, apollo showed us how not to conduct human Space Exploration because such a Program Based upon International Competition is not sustainable. Its devastated by the fact that in 2019 it marks 47 years of the last human walked on the moon. Therefore in order to have an enduring sustainable multi human space expiration program two things are required. First, we should choose to go to the moon with our international and commercial partners in a spirit of cooperation. This will allow the buildup of assets on the lunar surface we can learn how to live more productively off planet in preparation for the exploration second, Space Exploration must deliver a return on the taxpayer investment so that the budget of our space agency is an investment in the future of this country. Nevertheless, the moon and moved to mars program has been interpreted at least by some to be a stepping stone or box to check on the way to mars but lunar resources can be amazing by maintaining human life, or in the base of human relations going and stimulating the economy and making journeys and destinations beyond and their more affordable and sustainable. This requires a permanent human presence of the moon that would create the demand for the resource products. What are lunar resources . They can be subdivided into those can be used in the two and those for export. Institute resources include polar, ice and other resources. Or 3d printing of lunar habitats and refine for oxygen, titanium, et cetera. Resources that are potential include rocket fuel from lunar water solar power back to earth and Platinum Group and rareearth metals and helium3 which is a potential fuel for Nuclear Fusion yielding no toxic byproducts. China is very interested in this. However in the discussion the term resources have been used or reserved and a resource is a geological commodity that exists but is the best estimate and reserve is a subgroup of a resource that is a known size competition and can be extracted economically. Therefore the most immediate and vital issue for lunar isi you is defining resources if our reserves and so are economic viable. Assets are critically needed to map out the area and concentrate in composition of any resources and note that prospecting is not done just on location but conducted several in order to find the best structure investment the geological prospecting on the moon needs to be a Campaign Across cuts through nasas mission directorates. The Artemis Program on record was beyond chips of apollo focusing on increasingly longer human stays at one location leading to the establishment of a Permanent Lunar base Service Based operation. A field station at the south pole by 2020 is the goal of this program and having the capability of resource extraction before then will be viable. The fuel station will require local resources to sustainably develop, expand and maintain it. The development of local resources will allow humanity to survive and thrive on the moon and beyond. However, based upon the initial findings from the lunar isi you workshop in july not knowing if the resources are reserved coupled with the lack of markets from products for such resources are preventing any commercial mining involvement in nasa provide the muchneeded data to create markets for the research products. Water is a resource in many localities throughout the solar system in fact water is the oil of the solar system in terms of fuel for interplanetary spacecraft using liquid oxygen, hydrogen engines. Therefore development of the destination agnostic water isi you capabilities means no new systems are required we go to mars and beyond. In a summary bringing the moon into our economic sphere of influence will benefit society on earth, create a new sector of our economy and reinforce the United States leadership in Space Exploration. I look forward to your questions. Thank you so much. Doctor martz is recognized. Mr. Vice president , members of the National Space council sting was guests thank you for the invitation to speak to you today. Gender and sex impact every aspect of our lives on earth and space. Its more than space [inaudible] see the impact from the shoes and clothing we wear in the Electronic Devices we use in cars we drive and even the medications we take. Modified appearances or pink and shrink it will never work in the environment including space, battlefields, hot zones and in our homes. The National Academy of medicine design defines gender as a persons representation of male or female based on social interaction and sex is based upon ones genes. We now know the environment can modify gene expression which is called epigenetics the definitions are more nuance. Many women adapt to space differently where even small differences significantly impact quality and safety of life including astronaut work performance. Its imperative that the commercial space partners and nasa address these differences and how they plan to conduct missions to allow projects by performance clothing including liquid cooling and ventilation tools and hardware in machine Human Interfaces and how they establish extra vehicular activity or trading protocols and medical guidelines for countermeasures and decision medicine. In several parts from the National Academy of sciences recommended that nasa fully evaluate and address the influence the gender and sex have a physiological and psychological changes that are occurred during spaceflight. In response nasa launched reviews assessing the impact of gender and sex on adaptation to space in 2002 and 2012. Every system in the body changes in the microcosm of space. For example, its been observed that some males and female experience neural ocular syndrome in which there is visual impairment and increased intracranial pressure. Interestingly the signs and symptoms are more severe in male astronauts. The inability to stand without feigning is more prevalent upon landing in female astronauts that in their male counterparts. Additionally radiation presents a major hazard for space travel and its been reported that female subjects are more susceptible to radiation adduced cancer then mail has promotional exposure limits for radiation are lowered for women and men astronauts which could impact their ability to participate in longduration spaceflight. I want to be crystal clear. This is not about with faster, better or smarter but just different. We have the capability to develop the tools to ensure everyone has the opportunity to live and work well and safely on earth and in space. Most of us in this room were influenced by the apollo program. Apollos changed direction of our careers in the course of our life and we need to ensure there will be an artemis effect. I want to believe the next boot will be worn by a woman on the moon lunar surface but they will not only fit her but inspire the next generation of explorers. It is time to see the world through a gender lens. When we achieve this goal we are taking a major leap toward Mission Success for everyone that will enhance Space Exploration and our daily lives on earth. Thank you for your time and attention today. [applause] doctor elizabeth turtle and then we will go to questions as time permits. Doctor. Thank you, mr. Vice president. Members of the council and distinguish guests, i appreciate the opportunity to discuss the next steps in robotic planetary exploration. Science and technology the desire to explore uncharted territory have driven innovation since time immemorial. This is devastated by nasas history of innovation for the purpose of exploration beyond our earth and beyond our solar system. While there are many invasions we can discuss in recent selections is the next new frontier in my role as Principal Investigator in my limited time i will focus on the example of the dragonfly mission. Our entire team is excited to be on the path to explore an extraterrestrial world comport with lakes, mountains, clouds and even rain. When the states craft arrived from [inaudible] in search of the Building Blocks of life. Indeed it is the opportunity to work on projects like this that inspired so many of us to pursue careers in science and engineering in the first place. For the Johns Hopkins applied Physics Laboratory dragonflys latest chapter in the story that began shortly after world war ii went on a mission led for the Defense Department the very first picture of the earth and space was taken, the two rockets. I point out the partnership with the Defense Department in the first milestone to highlight the synergies that are possible and indeed essential when it comes to space innovation. The Space Community has been added from the [inaudible] but from the National Science foundation and department of defense and innovation from the private sector. The benefits go both ways and our state space expiration and investments have further education and the Technology Leverage for the nation economy insecurity. Dragonfly is an example of a mission that involved notable science and engineering disciplines. We worked across boundary lines within and between Government Agencies and institutions that nasa Centers Industry and universities. As well as across international boards. The investigations dragonfly is designed to pursue will help transform our understanding of chemical reactions that may have led to life here on earth. Upon arrival at 2034 dragonfly is designed to take advantage of the atmosphere which has low gravity, it makes titan ideal for flight. It takes 38 times less power to fly their then here on earth. Put another way, a human being would only need to put on a pair of wings to fly above the surface of titan. Thanks to the considerable recent development intro technologies dragonfly will be the first radioisotope powered vehicle to conduct aerial exploration of another world. A critical point is well dragonfly provides a Novel Concept and architecture for osan world expiration the design leverages hightechnology investment and development in order to minimize cost and mitigate risk. Because of this we frequently say graham dragonfly demonstrates the power of innovative application and technology and especially appropriate that dragonfly was selected during the 50th anniversary year of apollo 11. Along with the demonstrations public support of going to mars back to the moon this historic commemoration has rekindled Space Exploration across the country. Interest that will be soaked again with dragonfly plans on titan and begins admitting images and data from this alien world. Dragonfly also provides a crucial link between the teams the design, build and operated Previous Missions and the next generation of technology who will be ready to take the next step in space innovation as we enter the middle decades of the 21st century. In closing, the interdisciplinary nature like dragonfly bridges diverse scientific and technical fields incentivize the kind of innovation that is at the heart of nasas robotic expiration of the solar system and beyond. In this way nasa develops new Technological Capabilities, investigates new horizons and inspires the next generation of explorers. Our thanks again for this historic opportunity and i look forward to your questions. Thank you. Thank you, doctor turtle ba back. [applause] thank you for your leadership. I think we can all tell we tapped the right team four dragonfly commission. You very much for your insight and enthusiasm. I will oh two several members of the panel with questions and we will start with administrator brydon stein and to those in attendance were looking on will go to about ten minutes before the hour. We will keep our questions very brief, answers as brief as possible. Also, i want to remind the panel if you have additional or the record of this meeting for the National Space council is made available publicly and if you want to submit additional materials in writing we will publish them in like manner. With that, mr. Administrator. Thank you, mr. Vice president. One thing i would like to note before i ask my question is doctor clyde neil is our lunar resource expert on the panel. Come together, which i never thought i would see, its a thrilling thing for our nation. To see the unity between these two gentlemen its still not that pretty. [laughter] i had a question for rex, we talked about radioisotope, thermal generation, the ability to basically use Nuclear Decay to create heat and use the heat to create electricity. Dramatically valuably been using it for years. You are talking about something else. You are talking about actually using Nuclear Fission for propulsion. Thats absolutely a game changer for what nasa is trying to achieve. Propulsion hasnt changed. You got a mass and you need to accelerate and we use Nuclear Fission you can heat hydrogen to levels that make it exceptionally fast. That mass is accelerated faster than we could otherwise accelerated. That gives us opportunity to really protect life when we talk about the radiation when we travel between earth and mars, can you share with us how much time do you think we could save in that travel between earth and mars if we had nuclear normal promotion. Nuclear thermal engines are about twice as efficient as chemical engines and simpler for a variety of reasons. The transit time tomorrow for typical chemical rocket engine when mars is at its closest approach to earth is about six or seven months. With the Nuclear Thermal Propulsion system we anticipate being able to get a crew to mars about three or four months. About half the time. You can see those same economies and efficiencies for scientific exploration as well. The next question for you would be other applications, its not just for reducing the radiation dose for humans flying through deep space but also National Security implications. How do we maneuver within lower orbit or system of orbits so that ultimately we can move quickly to various spots during the threat we heard today. Theres many applications that benefit not just human exploration but also National Security, am i correct . Thats correct. We anticipate this kind of technology could also be used in a variety of National Security applications and i mentioned in my remarks off grid power for forward or remote military bases you can certainly imagine using a compact High Temperature gas reactor to power directed Energy Weapon using diesel fuel but thats not sustainable over sustained battle. To that directed Energy Weapon, could that be used for example to protect earth from an asteroid . I think you could envision that for planetary protection as well. Its possible to put high amounts of laser energy on an asteroid. Whatever threat you are concerned about. Its a possible technology for that as well. Could be used to take debris out of orbit . It could be used for taking debris out of orbit. People talk about using laser energy to change the trajectory of space debris and its very possible obligation for that as well. I think mr. Vice president there is an amazing opportunity that the United States of america should take advantage of. With that, secretary commerce wilbur ross for question. Doctor neil, whats the biggest challenge that you face in training the current class of astronauts . The biggest challenge . Its educating them in the limited time that we have for going to the moon, about the moon. Trying to make them understand about the environment. You dont really know until you go there. Ive never been. Ive studied a lot. I think the biggest challenge is actually having time with the astronauts to teach them about off world exercises and how they would maximize their time on the surface of the moon or mars. What do you see as the biggest challenge going from habitation of the moon to getting to mars . It comes back to actually getting to mars. We learn about living and working productively on the planet and the moon and take those lessons to another hostile environment for human life. I think they will translate quite well. There will be nuanced differences but i still think that the journey and what we just heard is one way to try to mitigate some of those risks by going faster. That journey is going to be the issue. We have a liberatory in our backyard and we need to make good use for it not only for economic benefit but also for training to go beyond there. Its an off world lou liberatory a thank you. Thank you wilbur. Next we will go to the under secretary of state for Economic Growth, energy, and the environment, keith cronk. Thank you mr. Vice president. Doctor ai have a question for you, you spent so much time and space diplomacy over your career. Its really this, as we develop and operationalize our Global Economic Security Strategy integrate into the National Security strategy platform, the space industry is the top priority. Id be interested in your view in terms of how does the United States its leadership position and collaborate with our allies in their private sector partners and safeguard our ip and knowhow through global trusted frameworks and some of the things maybe you worked on over the years. There is so much to be gained from these kinds of partnerships. And at the same time to balance that with sharing of information and thats an area where we take very seriously in these International Partnerships. And something that we need to coordinate very carefully as we move forward. As so many of these International Missions have demonstrated, the potential of those collaborations is so valuable that its something thats worth investing effort in. Thank you. Thank you keith. Let me let the chairman asked the final question. Doctor mark, women are indispensable part of the Astronaut Corps of nassau and you been a great advisor along the way. He spoke today about some of the challenges the differences in the sexes make opportunities for one versus the other. We set the objective to have women and men leaving america back to human Space Exploration at the first woman in the next man on the moon will be american and we will send them and women to mars. He spoke about some of the differences. Earlier also, can you give us examples of the benefits as well about having men and women leading in Space Exploration and what that means to the sciences and expanding leadership capabilities. Thank you mr. Vice president for your question. I think it comes down to issues of diversity and inclusion. We see the device diversified workforces is optimal Team Performance sometimes it takes a little effort upfront to make sure people are communicating and sharing knowledge but we do see improvement at the end of the day and think what weve seen is the we will have a mixed crew american women taxpayers supporting the program they need to be represented. Additionally lessons we learned from the Space Program have extraordinary value for how we live our lives on earth. We need to represent that. I believe its time for nasa as well as all agencies and organizations to ensure their programs and policies have a focus on Human Systems integration using gender sex loans. It so wonderfully well said and its the reality at meso today we have under usury advisor groups of extraordinarily distinguished female astronauts who logged hundreds of hours in Space Exploration. I just want to thank you for your contributions to understanding we have opportunities to really celebrate that diversity but also its imperative if i hear you right that nasa and or private sector partners continue to lean in clear ride and account for the unique differences and challenges that men and women face in Space Exploration. I pledge to you we will do just that. Thank you. How about a round of applause for this whole panel. [applause] with that, with the time a little scarce so i trust that members of National Space counsel have reviewed the recommendations that have been presented to meet the president s objective army human Space Exploration and encouraging and promoting private sector innovation. As those looking onto the public will note these include specific timelines for reforms of workforce acquisition rules, management and Industrial Based issues they also create opportunities for international and commercial partnerships and i recommend the publics attention the Public Record that you will find that we are setting specific timelines for the administrator in the next 60 days to designation of office and submission of a plan for sustainable lunar surface exploration and development of crude missions to mars. The next Council Meeting a plan to report on the technologies and capabilities necessary to implement sustainable lunar surface exploration. There are other very specific goals for nasa and we will think the administrator in advance for continuing to move out on those directives. We will also be recommending nasa facilitate the development of commercial and publicprivate successors to the interNational Space station. Hence set a timeline for the department of commerce on the authorization of commercial Space Operation not currently regulated by any other federal agency and complementary to our commercialization of the interNational Space station. The staff will present the Council Members a moon to Mars Development strategy. One of my takeaways today is doctor clive neils used the term prospector to describe activities on lunar surface and on mars and it brings to mind the old west and its exactly how we ought to be thinking about ensuring that we are developing the resources of space and giving taxpayers a return on investment. We will be calling for a moon tomorrows deponent strategy that will take in all the Technological Capabilities we have and also the director will be presenting the National Space counsel to plan to modernize the workforce. With that, if all those in favor of endorsing these recommendations by the National Space counsel signify that by saying i will stop all opposed, nay. The eyes have it and the recommendation will be forwarded by unanimous decision of the National Space counsel. I will be discussing these recommendations with the present later today and will be forwarding them to agencies at the president s direction. With that, let me simply close by saying thank you to all the members of the National Space counsel the members of the User Advisory Group and invite the crowd in joining me in thanking these incredible americans for the contribution to American Leadership in space. Great job. [applause] i also want to thank rex doctor clive neil, doctor sarah mark, doctor elizabeth turtle for the tremendous contribution to this discussion today and your testimony today and your written testimony will continue to inform our work. Join me in thanking our panel one more time. [applause] america is leading in space once again. Thanks to the vision and the leadership of President Donald Trump we have redoubled our commitment. To lead on behalf of human exploration with nasa at the tip of the spear to engage private sector partners to work in new and renewed ways with the American People to advance American Leadership and with president s direction commanderinchief we are reorganizing our commitment to provide for the common defense and developing the United States space force, u. S. Space command and develop technologies to protect this nation and going forward. I know looking out at the crowd, i know those looking on there is tremendous enthusiasm. For President Trumps leadership in space. But i ask only today those of you who share this passion for renewed American Leadership in space go tell the story. Its exciting to be here at the smithsonian. We made a point now this being the sixth meeting of the National Space counsel, to travel. Our objective is to help you renew like the imagination of the American People to the Space Program. 50 years is a long time. I know what im talking about. [laughter] our determination, our determination is to capture the imagination of the American People. The men and women and boys and girls club all across this country and really to inspire the world. I encourage each and every one of you maybe it will be assisted before you leave here today if you take a long stroll through this Historic Place if you look at these tremendous remnants of American Leadership in space i want to challenge each and every one of you Industry Leaders who are here, those looking on, educators and public servants, go tell the story and go tell the story of American Leadership in space, tell the story not just to those who represent you in washington dc and leaders at every level but tell the story in your communities and your state and all across the nation. I know with your energetic support, with President Donald Trump leadership and vision, with this Extraordinary Team that he has assembled, the work of nasa and with gods help, america will lead mankind into the vast expanse of space. Thank you very much, god bless you. [applause] [music] [inaudible background conversations] [music] [inaudible background conversations] [music] [music] [inaudible background conversations] [music] [inaudible background conversations] [music] [inaudible background conversations] weeknights this month we are featuring booktv programs so showcasing whats available every weekend on cspan2. Tonight programs from recent book fairs and festivals. We feature gun rights advocate john lott, the university of chicago eva ewing, historian susan dunn and michael batchelor. Watch tonight starting at 8 00 p. M. Eastern here on cspan2. Also this month we are featuring American History tv programs as a preview of whats available every weekend on cspan3. This week its our lectures and history series taking you into College Classrooms around the country. Tonight we examine world war ii Case University professor to ron taylor who talks about american cartoons in world war ii and how they influence the war effort. You can see that tonight starting at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on cspan3. The u. S. Senate comes back into session on monday, september 9, with two important issues on their agenda. Passing federal spending bills and antigun violence legislation. Before senators return to washington get a behindthescenes look at the summit with cspan history program, the senate, conflict and compromise. Here is a preview. The very government under which we lived was created in the spirit of compromise and mutual concession. Thomas jefferson question the need for senate. The founders envisioned. The framers believed. Lets follow the constitution. The framers established the senate to protect people from their rulers and a check on the house. The fate of this country and maybe even the world lies in the hands of congress and the United States senate. The senate conflict and compromise using original interviews cspan video archive unique access to the Senate Chamber we look at the history, traditions and roles of the u. S. Senate. Please raise your right hand. Sundays at 9 00 p. M. Eastern and pacific on cspan. The house will be in order. For 40 years cspan has been providing america unfiltered coverage of congress, the white house, the Supreme Court and publicpolicy events from washington dc and around the country. So you can make up your own mind. Created by cable in 1979. Cspan has brought to you by your local cable or satellite provider. Cspan, your unfiltered view of government. The u. S. China Economic Review Commission held a hearing recently on the role china plays on Global Health industries and how that impacts the u. S. Congress focused on a role in the pharmaceutical marketplace and u. S. 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