Transcripts For CSPAN2 C-SPAN Cities Tour Exploring The American Story 20240713

The country exploring the american story as we take book to be an American History tv im the road. With the support of the local Cable Television provider, we visited only four cities in the last year. And over the next two hours, we will look and highlight from some of the stops. We begin our special feature in milwaukee. So this is the photograph of the lynching that occurred im august 7th, 1930, near indiana. James cameron was 16 at the time, was supposed to be the third person hanging from the tree. But he miraculously survived the lynching. His two friends abe and tommy, it was like 18 and 19 years old, they were killed that day. By mob. Between ten and 50000 angry white people. This was actually in North Central indiana. Join lynching took place. So you end up writing the book they called the time of the survivor story memoir of the memories of the surviving lynching. Actually started his life that when he was in jail. I was a mistrial that he was finally convicted and sentenced. Events writing the book, and vince cameron, was actually born in wisconsin. La crosse, wisconsin. In 1914. And his family moved around. His dad was a barber and they eventually made their way to indiana. So he grew up as a child in indiana. Eventually, as an adult he moved to milwaukee in 1952, and made his home for the rest of his life. When he was going up and and hannah come join the family moved im there. As a stigma and have significant note amount of africanamerican people primarily they didacus back in the 1850s, the actually fan black people from leaving in the state of indiana. It was in the constitution. As of the didnt have a great black presence in the state. In the town that he lived in, was kind of a mixed town of a small industrial town. His local factory there. A lot of farmers. A lot of farmland around indiana. And so it was a staple that had very kind of mixed reviews fox because of the racial dynamics in the state. Actually 1920s and 30s, indiana had more ku klux klan members than any other state. Very heavy presence of clue clocks clan members. It wasnt state for black people live in. So basically leaving up to august 7, 1930, the night that that lynching took place, the day before, James Cameron is known as jamie by most of his friends or apple. It was outside hanging out and two of his friends pulled up in a car, and his friends abe and tommy, they asked if they wanted to go for right and he said sure. Here is the 16 yearold kid jumping in a car with the 18 and 19 yearold friends. Unless they are driving, they go out by the river outside of town. They tell them im the way there, were going to rob somebody gives her name to get another car. And he was like wait a minute, i didnt come so long for this. But he stayed in the car and join they cut down to the river, there was a car parked there. I told him we want to go over to the car and rubbed the people in the car. And we give you this done, open the door, and states to come up to the people who are in the car. So he was very nervous about it, he didnt want to do it. But he mayday bad decision and that the peer pressure get the best of him and he opened the car door and as soon as he opened the door, he recognized the man in the car is the 23 yearold white guy with the name of our who was one of his best friends in town. Its actually best to park an issue such trying stan and zoe realized that, i dont want to be a part of this. He gave the gun back to avon tommy and he took off running. And then he was running and wrote a short time later he heard some gunshots in the brent all of the way home. The authorities realized the three boys were pretty soon after the shooting took place. A farmer across the road heard the shots, and came to the aid and took them to a dr. In town to be treated. And before he passed away later that night, ashley identified the three boys. Cameron and abe and tommy as well. So they already knew who they were. They went and arrested the three almost immediately. And once word spread around town, some of the neighboring communities that mr. Nair had passed away later that night, somebody put his bloody shirt, they hung it outside of the windowflame the crowd even more and then rumors spread staying that they thought mary was in the car with him. The rumor spread and eventually by the next warning, there was a crowd of thousands of whites in town. They were in intent im going into the jail and taking the three boys out of losing them. And eventually they wouldnt and they took dave and tommy out and murder both of them. Eight he hung them im a maple tree right next to the courthouse which is about a block i wake magellan join at last to get cameron. And they had to work around the rope around his neck and dragging him through the crowds and people were punching him. They were kicking him here they were spitting im him and calling him all kinds of names. And he recognized a lot of their faces in the crowd. These were people he knew. The people he considered to be friends of his. So as he approached the tree, he looked up and he saw avon tommy dead. And he thought that he was going to die next. And so he said a prayer to weve god. He asked weve god to forgive him for his sins. And then he says, he heard a soft voice. They came over the crowd and it was really very loud, is chanting we want cameron, became very part of why its. And he said he heard a voice that said leave this young man alone. He had nothing to do with these crimes. And miraculously, they let him go. They allowed him to get back to the jail. He had been beaten very badly. He ended up losing it kidney as a result of the meeting. The sheriff setting out of the jail later that night to take him to a community for safekeeping. And then he sat and he waited a year before his trial for, he was tried not for the murder he was tried for as necessary before the active manslaughter. He was convicted. In a sentence to 20 years in prison. I served four years before he see his part in. The photograph was a depict abe and tommy hanging from the tree and eric mandana. That photograph was taken by a local photographer. Ashley staged the photograph. Ashley has a registered off of the tree to get a better view and he put lights in front and behind the body. And he has people to pose in front of the body. He took that photograph and sold thousands of copies of it. In about seven years after the photograph was taken, a young jewish guy, actually saw the photograph in air quality so the lensing in the so he wrote home and called bear fruit. In turn he turned the bitter fruit in to a song of strange fruit which Billie Holiday staying. Black men screaming in the south strange fruit hanging, from the tree. Recent that was so important and the reason he wanted published was he realized that lynching was such an important part of American History. In a part of American History that was never taught in school. So he wanted people to be able to get it eyewitness account of the survivor of a lynching to see exactly what the dynamics of a lynching work. He basically opened up the museum, to tell the stories and really to humanize the victims of the lynching so the people wouldnt just see them as a name im a piece of paper or a photograph of someone who was murdered. He really wanted to humanize the victims of lit lynching. So we can begin to kind of developed the greater understanding of what happened. The lynchings, how widespread they were. And really just understand that its just another part of American History. Most americans the led to believe that lynching was kind of a Southern Institution but lynching occurred all over the country. In the lynching that cameron was in was in the North Central indiana. And there are several other very famous lynching photographs and there is one from omaha nebraska, there is a very famous one from duluth, minnesota. And really people in milwaukee, there were aware that wears a lynching in milwaukee as well in 1961. A young man of name of george lucky. So we do look at the lynching the stories tell us that there were over 5000 and that documented cases of lynching. And way more than this were never documented. The documentation came from a variety of sources. Ndebele news see pete kept a database and another placed cabinet database in the chicago newspaper also kept a database. So most of the lynchings that we know of, comes from stories that we heard from newspapers, and there were a variety of types of lynchings that occurred. Some were small, private people it takes her name in woods and murdered them. They met others who were known as spectacle lynchings like the one that cameron survived who are literally of thousands of people, all of the people from the community who are white, will be there as part of this. A festive environment to brooke people from neighboring communities that would come into that town people this angry event. But it was a very festive event for people who were there participating. I can read, all of the blocks, brilliantly found. Because they were frightened and they would be victimized as well and actually left. Until a couple days later before they came back again. Im in 1999, took a really important trip that led to the foundation of the museum. He went im a trip to the holy land with his church 1979. They were in jurupa, they did a jewish Holocaust Memorial and in virginia his wife of 68 years, and they were standing in this garden, he said you know what virginia, we need Something Like this in america to show what happened to black people. And all this freedom loving white people helped us all along this way who helped us in america. As head of the genesis of his beginning to say about starting museum and getting it the name to give it. And eight years later, about eight and half years later he actually open the museum im 1980. But the museum never really had a great deal of financial support. To make a sustainable and eventually the recession happened in the 911 attacks, the Great Recession in 2007, doctor cameron passing away im june 11th, 2006, all of those things negatively impacted his ability to stay open. Sawyer forced to close the museum. In september of 2008 because we literally ran out of her name. The museum is the very good place now because we were able to kind of contain doctor camerons work after the museum closed. Just a couple of years ago, there were started beat talk about someone building a new building that would have a place for the new black holocaust museum. So here we are in the space now. Were still installing exhibits. Were hoping to open the museum sometime before the end of this year. We have the opportunity to really kind of contain doctor camerons work. In a way that we were never able to before. With worldwide reach, still pertain to have our Online Presence as well. Some of the highlights from the last year continues. This particular rochester, minnesota. Famous people. Do you consider yourself a politician. Well i guess so. I have my own party no. There is no president in the party, no Vice President no secretary or anything like that. So its hard to get in. A right wing in a leftwing bloody. No. Henneman up the scale. [laughter] most people say that bob dylan, is leftist or somehow associated with the Hippie Movement of the 1960s or Something Like that. The voice of the generation of the 1960s. Those are the labels that were tested, they would look at him as perhaps a great leader of the antiwar movement. In and went to an antiwar march. In fact, bob dylan is certainly not partisan. You cant stick him in depressed or republicans. And i would also see that you really cant see that he is exactly left or right. There were certain themes of the come through through his life. About is politics. The subjects are social justice, support for the underdog, suspicion of institution, and authority and concern about abuse of power. Those things are necessarily the domain of the right or left. And i say the most people have a misconception about what bob dylan is. Off dylan grew up in northern minnesota. Having minnesota. And that is a portion of minnesota known as the iron range. This kind of a specialist in minnesota. In a wouldve gone to the iron age and state late 18 hundreds or early 19 hundreds, wouldve been a hotbed of radicalism. You would run into socialist and communist, these are folks working deep underground and iron minds. This is part of the Labor Movement that existed in america at this time. And so dylan himself at one point said that more suspicious of bankers going up and communist. And of course bob dylan grew up in a jewish household is that it mayday mint minority im the iron range as well. So obviously this might have an impact to im his support for the underdog and that sort of thing. The answered my friend, is blowing in the wind, the answered my friend is what blowing in the wind in the 1960s, early 1960s, 1950s as well, the Folk Movement in america sprung up. It was certainly a by and large, a leftist kind of movement. Interest in civil rights, antiwar, that sort of thing. So you look at the early songs about dylan, weve got things like everyone knows blowing in the wind. Masters of war would be another one. But there were more topical songs, sung about in mattel for example. These types of songs were written by many of her folk centers see as well. So what happened is that dylan sort of progresses beyond that. By the mid 1960s, many starting songs that arent exactly songs you can put your finger im. Its all right mom, bleeding or right like a Rolling Stone rated they were visited with almost a hallucinatory dive boat lyric so what happened as American Society is changing people start to read in a very heavy political message in dylan at a time where if you are really looking at is objectively coming couldnt see that the songs are necessarily overtly political. Diplomat who carries im his shoulder, a siamese cat and people will resist me. There must be some deeper message. Johnnys in the baseman and im im the pavement thinking about the government. Why does it see what you thinking about the government, but you the listener then, and just your own meaning into that. So has brought really offering answers throughout the sign. His voice of a generation thing, he says the answered is blowing in the wind. Well, is the great song. If i were to make a playlist of 1960s music, that song would be im there. But the answered is blowing the wind is particularly helpful if you are surfing for answers. So thats how we have to understand his political output. Again, thats one mean join i see has brought exactly what people say. Photograph of you, you are wearing a tshirt. Nobody. Mean something. I like to know. I like to know what it represents you because you are part of that. I had it really look at it that much. I thought about a great deal. People are looking to bob dylan for the answers. It is a great thing to youtube. Bob dylan press conference 1965. No matter which one you hit, its one be great. If you start to say about what it mustve been like to have every little thing that you do or see it looked at so intently, how many times do some may see what is the meaning of the shirt you are wearing right now. Well, what you gonna do that. And just had to great im a person. I say any thinking person that was in his situation would just find a lot of this in name. I believe thats a big reason why he really got away from the voice of the generation protest music. He saw it as in my opinion anyway, a son is the prison. Once he got locked in to being this one thing, he could never get out. 71965, it was electric. He started playing electric guitar rather than just acoustic and a monica. And you into his concert, and yield at him and booed him and how dare he. And that sort of thing so once again, i say you looked at all of that and said no thanks. Is the by 1966, is out of there. He goes to upstate new york, and starts having children and start writing love songs and sort of domestic bliss. In the sort of thing. So the holo dylan. After 1966. The irony is the 1970s, join it becomes a bornagain christian, he for the first time is telling his audiences, i have the answered and a lot of people are very interested then in hearing what his answered is. In the public news reaction to the new dylan by the 1980s, even remember now where whole generation from the 1960s. So theres a whole group of kids growing up in the 80s and i wouldve been one of them, were watching mtv. And bob dylan he was a great songwriter but he has brought may be the most mtv friendly persona. Her 14 yearold anyway. So, it really depends im which public at this. Because the baby boomers are now adults, they got mortgages and jobs and not following music is closely so in some ways, dylan is flipping through slipping through the cracks a little bit. Join we are the world comes out, he is invited. He sings im that. And so has brought forgotten, but he has brought quite the same public figure that he had been. And as a dylan fan, join people find out that im a dylan fan, some people will see i like the songs but not and i see listen deeper. By the way his voice is oft awesome and very good. Its like, the coat, is broken in. And thats join it fit the best. And so, it really is the remarkable artist he is rated it might not necessarily be everybodys favorite style of music but something he has said will resonate with you. Sue neck making 24 steps in the last year, the cspan2 cities tours explores the history of selected american cities. Next up a look at one of our segments from rapid city news, south dakota. We are here in the black hills in custer state park, where the state game watch which is 1920s era building. It was constructed several years before president Calvin Coolidge. He mayday summer white house here in 1927. Supreme president Calvin Coolidge and the first lady, grace, stay here for nearly three months, from june through september 1927. While they were im vacation. Coolidge took office in 1923, when he was Vice President , harding died. They served out the last little bit of more harding news turn than he was elected to do his own term. In 1924. And so he came in toots south dakota 1927 join all people were speculating what he or would he not run for another term in 1928. It was widely expected that he would. But he came here 1927, because he was looking for a place to kind of escape the depressive summer in washington dc and mosquitoes and bugs and attention of the white house. Coolidge had vetoed a farm bill and there was a farm depression going im in south dakota was actually kind of the epicenter of that. Our prices had reduced by about 62 percent during the early to him in 1920s in south dakota. As of the farm block in progress past the bill called the mcnary how the arm release bill. It was the plan to buy up surplus commodities and then dump them im the International Market and raise prices for farmers here. Coolidge vetoed that radiated government intrusion. In 70 did that, farmers and ranchers in the midwest and west, a really angry with coolidge. And the idea took hold that he kind of need it to go somewhere in for his Summer Vacation and then sense, Alonso States were considered, wisconsin, colorado, different places but he settled im south dakota. Coolidge and president s before him, and had a tradition of setting up summer lighthouses and almost always been in the east conceivable or close to there. So it was really unusual for president by coolidge come this far west. What would happen was a 26, south dakota mayday failed attempt to attract coolidge to set up a summer white house in the black hills. Not that time coolidge said was just is it too far away any wouldnt didnt say he be able to transact business out here to stay in touch with dc. In 1927 as mentioned, he vetoed the house and built and all of a sudden, he had more than a reason to come west for his vacation. But also south dakota had a sort of legendary former governor and then u. S. Senator and rebecca. He was instrumental in attracting coolidge to the black hills. To hurt nor back was a big fan of the mcnary how good farm release ability really wanted brinkley job here. And talk to bump up that bill. But also with this mountain called rushmore, there was an attempt to carve Mount Rushmore and is only a few years at tha that. And no carving it taken place at the time. Fundraising was happening in peter was part of that local Committee People to raise her name to carve Mount Rushmore. He knew if he could get the president out here, it would really boost aspect for that as well. Hopefully become easier to raise her name by getting attention to this project. And then the third reason was really, nor back knew it would be a huge boost to tourism in the black hills. This was a time join automobile tourism was just beginning. Black hills was trying to market itself as a destination for terrace even though we were sort of backlog of time. Sooner back knew that if he could get the president out here, huge for tourism. Rapid city the black hills would have state lines and papers all of the country and there would be pitcher and stories about the beauty of the black hills. So peter nor back really made it his personal mission to recruit Calvin Coolidge to black hills and did so. And he was instrumental in getting him to select this as his Summer Vacation spot. Fully set out here, in june 1927, and his days were really scheduled. He stayed here at the state game watch and generally every weekday warning and a driver would load them up in a car and had a little bit of dance for a model t, and drive him over 32 miles of gravel roads down out of the black hills and then north to rapid city. He had his office in the old Rapid City High School which is downtown rapid city. He went into a converted french teachers classroom join they had moved into a big mahogany desk im him and cleared out all of the students desk. He conducted business there. Then huge set up with telegraph lines and Communications Equipment that they had set up there for the summer. And he was but his warnings in his office in rapid city, and he had twice press conferences with about two dozen reporters who followed them out here from washington. And then he would be driven back here to the game lodge at about 1 00 oclock every afternoon. And he and grace coolidge, have lunch here at the State Game Lodge. And then in the afternoons, they would go sightseeing, they would go fishing. They really traveled all over the black hills and saw just about everything that was to see in those afternoons during the three months that they were here. Coolidge us obviously, nicknamed sally cow. He is very reserved person and in washington dc, reporters who cover him their new him as a very silent character. In a standoffish almost. That was what was so fun from the mountain black hills and he was given a 10gallon hat by people from the future who is trying to recruit him to come to their summer rodeo. Anywhere that 10gallon hat numerous times and sort of became part of him. He was given a full cowboy outfit in horse by Boy Scout Troop from custer. And he dressed up in cowboy at one point and he really kind of handed up for the cameras. It is really out of character for embry to secret Service Agent had second sort of childhood experience here like he had woken up in a dimestore cowboy anomaly release and have a lot of fun. So its really fun sort of just bizarre summer which are president here for three months, just becoming a part of the area. I say my opinion of coolidge was probably like a lot of people join i started the research im this project. He is sort of an unknown silent character. And unknowable in a lot of ways, and so is really refreshing to research this book and find out they really did have a personality that came out here in the black hills. And i say maybe in the most interesting, led the book with the story about what happened this summer with coolidge deciding to it simply commit the presidency here in the black hills. And so it was obvious in 1927, he woke up here in the state game watch like every other warning, and had breakfast and instruments rapid city, and he went to his office there in Rapid City High School in a press is the good two times a week, and it happened to be the fourth anniversary of its presidency when he took office. In some reporters asked him to sum up his first four years in office and he did. He spoke it like about that. And at the press conference by staying, he wanted the reporters come back a little bit later that warning and he might have an announcement to make. Thats the reporters didnt know what was going im. He never done anything like that before but they went away and came back at the appointed time. And while they gone, coolidge had written up a note any and had his stenographer make a few dozen copies of the new and he cut them up into little slips of paper. And he brought all of the reporters back into his office and he told them all to come up and grab a slip out of stanford and the did in the open enough in the southward stigma that said i do not choose to run for president in 1928. And that was how he loved the world knows that he wasnt going to run the date first reporters try to president for tomorrows stigma and more information for the next patient refused and one of the staffers in the back room open the door to the outburst out of the Rapid City High School complex blended telephones and telegraph wires rebirth is new to the country. And coolidge just walked out calmly from that announcement and was driven back here to the cb he wanted to have lunch with his wife in the president. It was sort of the guy that coolidge was. Very understated. And that is how he basically surrounded the presidency here in the black hills by making that announcement. The set off all kinds of speculation about what did he mean by i do not choose for months, there were speculation that he meant the people nominated him and maybe wonder maybe you wouldnt. But he sort of enjoyed watching people scurry around and try to hurt his stigma while he remained silent. But people peeking out out here to the west to basically pander to voters that he had angered with his veto of the formerly skill and people were surprised and confused. You cannot hear and demand political fences that why then would he not then run for presidency again. The a lot of ways he cannot hear really to repair any damage that he had done the republican party. His veto of the harleysville and i say he became convinced he had done that. The party could survive him leaving office. The reasons he didnt want to run again, he had served a little bit of hardings term and then he had served another for your term and feed one another term, he wouldve ended up surfing ten years in office. How something frowned upon by some people in that the colleges had also had a son die a few years before they came out here to the black hills. And coolidge has said that that sort of took away the joy of the presidency for him. And so apparently, he had been thinking about it and perhaps a decision had been made solidified while he was at her and black hills but for whatever reason, the heat then chose that day and made the decision and nobody except maybe one or two people who are very close to him knew this was coming. So it was really a strange thing to have happen a Little High School and little classroom in rapid city. Calvin coolidge is really underappreciated brawl with Mount Rushmore. So that idea was hatched several years before he came to the black hills. They had raised some her name and they had recruited who is then carving Stone Mountain georgia. He left the project and finish to come up here and work im Mount Rushmore. In 1927, join Calvin Coolidge into the black hills, no carving had been started. It had a dedication ceremony in 1925, but there really hasnt been able to get the project going. They hadnt taken a girl but not yet. And still Calvin Coolidge comes out here, he gets really flamboyant character, mayday concerted attempt to recruit president to come to another dedication ceremony in Mount Rushmore. He hired a pilot to fly over the State Game Lodge and drop a wreath essentially inviting the colleges to Mount Rushmore. Psychology eventually agreed to go to a consecration news ceremony because already had the dedication ceremony. Some 1927, while coolidge was here, he was driven to keystone which is the little mining camp essentially at the base of part route rushmore. And because the was in such poor condition, he wrote of course the rest of the way up the horse vault named mistletoe up to brent Mount Rushmore to mason mountain, and then erected a wooden plank platform there were coolidge give a speech. And during the speech, coolidge the effort that was undertaken and rushmore basically entitled the people who are doing it to support of the federal government which was a really big deal. Coolidge was a guy who was a real miser with the federal budget and question everything down to the amount of pencils that the government was buying. He was a real budget cutter. So for him to come out here and see the federal government should give her name to a project that twocar faces into a mountain was really something. And really set the project im a new project three. So he did that, and he received attention all of the country. And during that ceremony, the boardroom actually scaled the side of the mountain and hung over the side of the mountain and applied the first drill bit to Mount Rushmore while coolidge watch. And coolidge after his vacation in the black hills, you move back to washington dc dc and that during the last couple weeks in office, he signed a bill that gave Mount Rushmore is first 250,000 in federal funding. That was great fun spread that open it up. Then ended up taking a long time. Mount rushmore wasnt finishing to the 40s but coolidge really got started. I long for Mount Rushmore at historians, you read the books carefully, give coolidge a lot of credit for getting Mount Rushmore going into time in his future definitely was not certain. Bleach had a lot of people and he interacted with a lot of people when he was at his office Rapid City High School. Uber was a commerce secretary at the time would be the next president. He came out here and visited coolidge in his office. John pershing was bent of world war one euro, came out and visited coolidge here. General leonard wood, Fort Leonard Wood was named after, came out here to visit. Charles lindbergh did a flyover here, earlier this spring lindbergh had done his fly and flown across the atlantic. He was im the barnstorming kind of thing crosscountry. He flew over the game watch. And while coolidge news work here in rapid city was really thrilled with the attention and sort of the celebrities that came to see coolidge while he was here. He also met with a lot of just everyday people, south dakota citizens and politicians and he did make several visits with native americans in the rapid city area. He visited the rapid city and its goal which was boarding school for native american children. He also did a turning the pine ridge indian reservation which is about 50 miles east of here. First out the ghanaians it was an honor that coolidge shows this place. And for people in the tribe, this had been the land. In the treaty at only 60 years earlier. Some were excited were about the visit does not. He was, while he was here, he went to a ceremony where some native americans ceremonially adopted him into the sioux tribe. They gave him a headdress, traditional headdress and gave him native american name. In summary was welcomed by some but there are others really resented that some native americans did that didnt say i shouldnt of been done. Coolidge never came back to the black hills. There was an effort years later im one of the anniversaries of his visit to get the price coolidge to come back here. She did not either. But it was a oneshot thing. Eisenhower did come and stay in the game lodge in the 50s. He said you are not nearly as long but there was another president ial visit to the game lodge later. If you look at the exterior, it does look like more of 1927 except the back then, it was just basically a large house that they coolidge is inhabited. Hotels and banana none of the size of the game lodge. Go inside, still the extensively renovated so that it probably doesnt look a whole lot like what coolidge news experience. Right inside the door there are portraits of Calvin Coolidge and bryce that were painted during the summer of 1927 and they are still here. It was really funny doing the research for this book because we live in panera now or the president goes golfing a few times and is almost how much time is the golfing. President coolidge, he its been weekday mornings working while he was here that was pretty much it. For three months, he was im vacation every afternoon and all summer for three months. As far as i could tell the research, that was not a national scandal. It was even something that people really raised an issue with her got angry with. It was kind of understood that the president need it time to get away. And need it time to relax and get away from the strains of the office. Totally different world back in the now. You can imagine, the president did that today, then see, im just going to disappear in south dakota for three months. That probably wouldnt be accepted like it was back then. So is really interesting, it was a different time for sure. This is such a unique chapter of south dakota history that a lot of people dont know. Maybe because coolidge usually one of the more prominent president s historically, and so i say that people would be really surprised to know the president did come live in south dakota for three months. And didnt have as much fun as he did and i just had a really fun time discovering more layers to the story and all of the experiences that the coolidge news had here. And knowing that we come out here to the game lodge and we drive back to rapid city, really tracing his route and the history is really countable. Just like a said, a unique chapter in history that we will never see repeated. I guess what i would like people to understand about coolidge and south dakota in the back hills and the remote book, is that he found such a wonderful time in the black hills, that it really brought him out of his shell. And it exposed him as may be a different kind of person. And people were used to and i loved how being here in the back black hills and seeing the Natural Beauty here, and being away from washington brought out a different side of coolidge playful side. And a second childhood as i mentioned. And i say that shows what a special place we have here in the black hills. And it is just such a unique chapter of history that will never see repeated again. You can imagine the president will overcome and live in the black hills for another three months. While they are staying president. And so it is just a really unique fund. History. And it never happened before and will never happen again and so many interesting things happen the summer. So i hope people get im my book the this is sort of an out of body experience for Calvin Coolidge, heres a different person and enjoy himself and really open up to the people of the west and the black hills. Some of the stops along this cspan2 cb sewer from the last year, continue. As i take you to toledo, ohio. Join people hear the name anthony in this area, its a combination of, what we know his name is everywhere, we write his big huawei into the cb. No one specifically who he is, what was he. They can probably see, he was mad anthony. So thats kind of my inspiration. To begin really writing this book. And to really bring to life, that hasnt been date done before. Anthony wayne was born in pennsylvania, a wealthy young farmer. What outside of philadelphia. New years day in 1745. He joined the american resolution first politician in the pennsylvanias senate. In 1775, he joined the continental army. He bought into washingtons camp, long island in april 1776, in washington, hes enthusiastic his knee. He then fought in the battles of canada, he thought it washington from brandywine, and didnt your town is the general, he had to learn to be a general. We say as he won this battle or the metal. We forget join the American Revolution started most of them had absolutely no experience of war. The only thing they know about war was what he read. So he drove washington mad. He kept telling washington, but we do this, and we do that, it will be just like caesar. And the british and endemic artwork. People said about him, that im the battlefield as soon as it began, he came to attention. Almost never lost to school. He could retreat better than anybody. In washington need that a lot. And in a terrible campaign. He was sent to georgia. In a complete physical and ms ms. Physical and mental breakdown there. He pulled himself together. He kind of had a ruined life after that. He could not go back to his family. It sort of was like the best years of our lives pretty canceled back into the routine of leaving. In plantation in georgia, there was a failure. It wouldve been a complete disgrace and throne of congress for having his friend to get him elected in georgia. This was 1791. His life was ronna. His family know matt longer felt anything for him. George washington was desperate for a general. So i came out to the ohio country and against the wishes of his cabinet and just about everybody else, he chose Anthony Wayne. We have one of course the first 13 original collies im the atlantic. But the british have given us all of the land from the operations of the Mississippi River including north of the ohio. The ohio country where were at today. The indians had side or major treaties. Allowing the americans to cross the ohio and go up to about halfway what is now the state of ohio. Americans have settled for the south and the indians remained to the north. George washington said no cost appellations, we dont cross the ohio, but to Start Building nation, with opportunity especially Economic Opportunity land, how will we ever survive. Imposing appellations, causing the ohio in the future, but we are now surrounded by the british and the french and spanish in the indians. So this time simple. Will cross the mountains and negotiate with the indians and will recognize the state over the land and we will buy it from them. Not just once but every year. And call it an annuity. Well set up trading post in trade and eventually we will be one happy people, the United States of america. Im the cheek by the name of general arises up and says i didnt find any of these treaties pretty to put together this massive confederation of all of the indias north of the ohio nhs washingtons administration, you send your man across that river, and will run red with their well have. And he was able to defeat two armies. In George Washington as to make a decision to try again or do i give up. And he does not give up im policy. But he meets another army, hes going to hold the men in check. They have to be perfectly trained. As negotiations fail, then that army has to move against the indians. Washington what he is trying to decide, who am i going to pick. His list of 16 generals. Who were still alive in American Revolution and he said, i need someone brave and sober. These men are old and tired. So where mccoy defines a bloody and he could not remember anything good anthony join his dent im the battlefield. You remember his mistakes. The massacre in continuum of care programs, many of his men, taken is it too many chances in virginia. His cabinet, many people come to him and see, he drink so much. When he is sick, when he almost all of his her name. He just got thrown out of congress. Like i dont fit him. In washington had to go through his own mind is like what do i remember good about wayne. Will is devoted to me. He wrote me letters before every battle and revolution. And join i lost, he read a letter to me telling me it does matter, we are going to win. Hes been advocating me as president of the United States, he wrote letters to everyone staying we need to washington. And he also said,. Ellipsis country. So combination thing, that lolo latinas and dedication. And also wanting the job. And begging for anything. Washington ignored the cabinet and he takes a chance. It was given a job in the spring of 1792, is appointed the commander of the legion of the United States. Is oprah going to give you 5000 soldiers, Previous Army have been slaughtered. In 1791 and he was told trainm trainman. All of the asset officers are dead. She must raise up the officers. He sent first and then he sent downriver to Fort Washington in cincinnati. He will support repo, hundred 2. All the while is being told, trainman perfectly, this new strange organization, he came up with the allegiance of the United States. Get to train them some perfectly Good Washington cisco, pneumonia win. But you cant be so aggressive in trying the frightened indians printer because he knows goucher news and to continue. Well wait until the spring of 1792, he has brought ordered finally appear. Until spring or summer of 1794. He comes about in the summer of 17 and four after George Washington has negotiated with the indians for two years, her and what the ohio river in support of the ohio country. You never know George Washington is so worried does not win but even offered the ohio river to the water. Washington at one point said indians you can have it all. They said no. Great hostility with weve god the backing of the british and the setting up of our country forever. What really pissed George Washington off was this place. It was pre 1974 when he was still negotiating with the indians. The british come down from detroit they should be in detroit. That is american soil but they wont get off of american soil. You can still see at least the remnant of the report. They come down here claiming to protect detroit in the coming down here to arm and support the indians. And that is what effects washington. He said all right, negotiations have failed, Anthony Wayne take your army began marching. Dont dont go dont go towards kiki gonda, one of the capital come up towards the river and make right. At that resort. Somewhere between greenville and the bridgeport, were almost where the certainly were the indians will check. You got to win. Decisively youve got to win. Keep marching even to the port. And if you get there, take the port. So is given quite an assignment. So he marched march and marching marching marching where the indians bear they get to the fort defiance, they kept sending out the runners and make a deal, a treaty, you dont have to fight. And finally, they are marching all of the way up here. Another going to get to the british fourth, august the 20th. In 1794. Its only a few miles. The marching marching marching they get up to the wall is about 7 miles from here. They see the gorgeous rapids down through the river, and william harrison, young kid at the egg to wayne, writes of twain and he said, i say theyre going to get so excited if the battle does begin that the there going to forget to me the orders. Is, orders of the day, charge the masters with bayonets. Which is the old staying from the American Revolution. Im it at that very moment, a shot rang out. A thousand warriors had lined up about half a mile im the slopes. Wayne was astounded at his men were so scared, they panicked at first, but then they did exactly what he said. He had trained his men at the first live of attack, live up to then army in five minutes they had lined up across from them upfront. It is the battle did not last long. It lasted about an hour. It is the union came in and the american left, and then they went up the middle. Given the training of those men, and their artillery, they pushed the indians back through these timbers. From a tornado of pushing back all of the way up to fort vegas is right. Across the river. The indians flood the battlefield in the run for the sports. Thinking the british would protect them. And would allow them to commit to four. But instead the closed doors in the indians face the canadian militia. Close the door in the faces and they said, dont know you. We dont have any problems with the United States of america. The accomack of the battle is that again for at least a off a year, doesnt say he has succeeded. He suffers from depression. And he goes back to fort defiance, and he builds fort wayne. He is ordered to do. That was keeping at the capital of the confederation. He sits and waits, and the anxiety is almost overwhelming. And thats beautiful weather. He is walking back and forth staying i cant do this again. I cannot wait another army, i cannot face another army. We beat them once, we will never beat let me begin. My weve god where are they. And finally, the leader of the shawnee, he is the true leader. Little turkey turtle doesnt win this battle. The blue jackets. Tims and fort ringo and says it is over. You have one. We turn our backs im the british. Were going to accept that live. You can settle. Across the ohio im the other side we will train with you. The fighting is over. In the summer of 1795 north one year after the battle of the prophets, he negotiates the treaty of greenville. So wayne, that was his victory. He is and i thought to bring peace. And i got to get the americans my people to settle across the ohio. There is no known United States of america. Any thought to, there would be peace with the indians. What is it do for us, as america. Across the ohio river from the poorest of the poor. People from new england, they come up from virginia, many people in virginia finally free their slaves and africanamericans, live along this western part of the state. Southern scum for the backcountry, people started trickling in from great britain. Its the beginning of this huge migration. Twentyone was really ten years of peace. And in ten years, ohio will enter the union in america will start looking west but in ten years, the lost young man, shawnee the runs away from the battlefield, and runs to the sport. I guess the gate slammed his face, said we are going to try again. Im going to put together the biggest confederation of history. Bigger than Little Turtle and blue jacket. In 18 oh five, a source of confederation. In that but young edge fighting at the side of wayne, phone timbers, and harrison who will be the great general arises up. Ten years of peace before the war of 1812. It is finally settled. This country belongs to america. The british would go, and the indians let go. Is getting time to build our nation. Anthony wayne, still commander of the army. Finally as november and decembee land, that would be his headquarters and said had been a surveyor. Because you know, a giant triangle between pittsburgh cincinnati and detroit. If anything was wrong, my tent nation needs me. In a way i can be at one of those points. He thought he would be general for at least another year. Coming across the lake, he is an attack of gout. His gout and he suffers from malaria and all source of diseases and the gout goes through him. And he dies in december 1796. What is interesting is has brought like they said i said we are with loss Anthony Wayne. Anthony wayne is now the path now. He is the revolution. And he opened the door to the west but it would all be provided in that, that battle in the first war of 1812, and the out west in the civil war it will take a while to remember this country news hardfought and we did it join it inevitably. Its a real fight anyone. Stream of the country to a swarthy american story. This expense any tour of stockton 24 cb in the last year. Next a look at of our segments from detroit. What happened in detroit. Race happened with detroit. Foreign cop foreign competition tampered with detroit. Ideals, it destroyed itself. Cost to leave the cb. We were the richest. With the richest cb in our the poorest and i cant buy a cadillac. What is going to happen if i can make it for all of her kids, then im interested in that. Will be so much her name here. They talk about saturday night drives, you got a new buy a new car every other year there so many jobs. The bosses bringing the girl across the street. Two of them die, threw a rock and we had the greatest graduates. We didnt take advantage of it. Things changed. After the oil shock, the people didnt want the cars, they were made poorly. According to the japanese, factory started moving out of detroit and moving to the south. Moving to the west. There moving to the burbs. We start to see the school fallen apart. In the practice. Then theres cartels in the well have. I tell you, the intense, 13 and 12, they would cross the streets. Eightys, 70s, i went into the liquor store, ill never forget it. There is this guy. [inaudible conversation] there was a black man lion there. Halo of well have coming out and he says, a little man, the other thing that happened was the corruption here. Corruption started with coleman young, first black man, that the mere 9030, removed from office. Clue clocks and for the mayor in 1945 went to prison. Because his name was double dicks dipstick. Getting it payroll for his good is it too. The sheriff had a gold crusted wanted he would away. The county prosecutor went away. 1969, the last republican there there, went to prison and 69. And 62, when he couldnt explain what 2,160,000 was doing in his estate im a 20 a year salary. The county executive was going to go and ed meckler was going to go to prison. Except he died. They were so rich that he did notice. You iw was corrupt and everybody knew it. And theres nothing left to take. Middleclass left and then and therefore the last 20 years. It is basically for, is black, unemployed, functionally illiterate, left a lot of people behind. Here you can now about detroit come back. In your hearing that. Do your library rep. Is it. I see some emptying ports but i see the cb that was also americas biggest and bankruptcy. Human subsidies to billionaires in the name of development. You do the math, the war, the public and never been replenished. It gives people work and thats a good thing. But there is something called a public thing. School fund. Water, if thats out there, where we going. This is the stacked law. All states have them. An opportunity zone. Places that are down and you pump investments in them to bring them up. But what they really are is the stacked shelter. Capital gains stacked shelter. You will see development but nobody is moving into them. We are capturing taxes that were intended for the schools. In the schools arent allowed to buy because they are so far in debt. The school are falling apart. The really rich man doesnt share this information. Everybody out there, in detroit really is 95 percent of detroit is outside downtown. Can you see this and they see it, i dont say johannesburg is the good model for development. Youve got to do something for everybody. Some people call them the uprising. I see this or innocent people to weve god should im. You say i was that bad, they were Walking Around with 38 specials. Now weve got problems. Do the math. Im here to tell you we have to do better by each other. That is not a liberal thing. Im more conservative. I have a 12 yearold girl man man that makes you conservative. If its happened before it will happen again. This not only treating the history of the United States, it was occupied the United States army three times. During war times. The civil war, and history lots of stuff was happening. 1943, wed arrived in 1967 during vietnam. We dont give a bleep if you are busy. Where an interesting place. We have the greatest cb in the world. Black people are crazy. And they burn it down. Now look at it. All trade is coming back. Through detroit, dont you know that the math to seven up join we build a house here and we see it took us from detroit and we had developed the detroit schools, we build them out. They took it out of your school district. New york has suffered and were all staying what are our chances. Or were busted. Or the zoo, or the art museum, or the loads, or the roads. You what flat really was. The skype decided to build something that he need it the. Clinton was going to pay for the cost and it was going to be this for the water but they were going to charge the same price to pay for it. Where did they get the water. Detroit. Metro detroit as we know, clint is now back im detroits water which is the 7 milliondollar year payment for the bond do the math. Joe flat broke and in [inaudible conversation] detroit water system gives them a credit to make a bond payment. So rich man and the maker to financier, to make a whole. Normally join it goes broke, it was a gamble, we made them whole. The bailout. And nobody knows it. [inaudible conversation] is going im in america. We are not weird. But we can come back. We need to find a reason. Were not bringing them back. We dont push the live blue colors down and vote for trump because hes not stupid. He doesnt really say, theyre coming back. We all know theyre not coming back but we voted for, he worked at warren, you know to mean. You are not going to take whats left and ship it out. That was calculated. Everybody is going to come here this year or next year. Because this thing what red. As a green straight blues and michael red again. Resident for the last two years. You really care. We are because were just montana. We are you. Join a weird place. Look at the history of the sound. What this says about your future. The cspan2 cb tour as he swung the american story as we go with the tv and history to be im the road. This weekend we are highlighting some of the south and some of the 24 cities we visited last year. And watch video from all of the cities within two, the cspan2 Network Cities tour and follow us im twitter. The cspan2 cb. We continue our special feature as we take you to traverse city, michigan. In a nutshell, the white house, great explosion and one fifth of the power of the atomic bomb. It wiped out half of the cb of 50000 and half of the homeless in a split second and 9000 are 2000 killed so its one of the great disasters of all time. This is now the biggest how it was. The house explosion dominates headlines worldwide for a week. And nobodys ever seen anything like this to this. We not again until their shema. The bombing in world war ii. Thats what happened in the set by accident. Its an incredible story. This all happened in the fall of 1817. One month earlier, russia backed out of world war i and then pulsate work. Then he comes to power, and he does. So nonetheless, england, france, and canada. They are terrified of having no Eastern Front and therefore a defense. So join they do, they overdo it. They put 6 million of pounds of explosive im one chip. Thats 13 times of the weight the statue of liberty. This is the bad idea. Also height highly explosive and the atomic bomb of its era. The deity, does not need to be ignited. To blow up. It was incarnate, and the amount to itself. It is highly explosive and very dangerous. Shell to bomb the germans. This the point of the stuff im the ship. And the emission spectra, build bombs and hit those guys. Instead he has himself. Month earlier, earlier november 1917, a French Missions ship stopped invading new york. As part of brooklyn l course. But like a month to blunt up the ship with all of the stuff. Again, 6 Million Pounds of explosives. To lineup, they lined the halls, the metal hall with plywood, with timbers, and copper nails. Copper is one of the few metals that is not spark join struck. One spark from the whole thing will blow it up. Its been a month working 24 hours a day. The guys in the crew are terrified naturally. In the bombing of an exploding bomb. Through the halifax. Practically, after all of that was taken, the fence french government passed a 400 barrels of insult airplane fuel unusually explosive and natural of the caretaking, three and 4 barrels each, im the vote and stern. In the last date and that is your fuse. They built the perfect bomb that went out realizing it. So in December December 1st of the leave at midnight, they go to shore among maine of course awake to halifax. They were terrified. There are hundreds and theyve already plonked 3000 allied ships, terrified and their wanting convoy. There held up at night because its is it too late to pass through the metal fences, they were guarded. It is been one very sleepless night the night im december 5th, waiting to get into the harbor. One of the safest and biggest arbors in the world. The second biggest natural harbor to the cb of australia. From there of course moved out world war i and world war ii. Its not there yet. Im the warning of december 6, 1917, thursday warning, the kids are finally down. And naturally the dying to get inside. Her safety. So they go there very carefully im the righthand side, in the coming out of Halifax Harbour is the ship called email. In a bit empty, trying to get to new york to get supplies to help those who have been bombed. It ran late and the captain is the hothead this has brought helpful he has no idea what it has im it. It is basically a secret and he is going way is it too fast. Leaving the harbor in his passing chips im the left im the left and the left, and you should not do this. You keep im doing this, sooner or later going to find somebody enrolling im going your direction and thats exactly happened. At 830 in the warning, im december 6th. Ecs him and he they see each other and they cant wait, the captain is paralyzed and freezes. He has blasted the horn. Thus not the language for im in the right lane. And he is going is it too fast. In a stop backing off and again one last again to votes. And they cannot believe this. His playing chicken. Sooner or later you dont care, for they do. The last second, he shifts hard and at the part hard to the left and at the exact same second, the imo tragically backs off he goes to his right now they have bumped the channel and the fuel knocks over the fire starts. The french group, as seconds to make a decision. And they do what they sadly do what most people would do. Tsarnaev at the burning ship and in the base of the basin Halifax Harbour, and deposit area of the cb to build process. This thing is going at 845 in the warning. People are walking to work and the kids walking to school. You see a ship burning, you have no idea it was im it. We do pretty go down see whats going im. Hundreds and thousands gathered to watch the ship vern having no idea whats going to happen next. And 94, in one 15th of a second, join youd like. The temperature of the hall, expands from 9000 degrees fahrenheit. Six times hotter than molten lava, the emissions explode all at once up and down and left and right and hundred 34 miles per hour. Its about four times the speed of sound. In that split Second Coming up the first world emission cloud. A cauliflower of 2 miles high and in that cloud is the ship. The ship has disintegrated. The size of a football field filled, and about 2 feet by 3 feet, is gone. If you are anywhere near it, you are also vaporized. You are vaporized. Its a 30foot tsunami. Bottomed out, it split the sea basically pretty easy the floor for a few seconds of the harbor. The 30foot high tsunami so if you want it exploded, you mightve been drowned by the sink. Then of course the fire start all over the cb. So half of the cb is gone in a split second. Thousands of people are homeless in an instant. See the photos and book it almost looks exactly like hiroshima. What happens next half of the building to weve god that includes hospitals obviously but white now. There is no way to ask for help. 9000 wounded. 1600 are dead instantly. Of the 9000 were wounded, how many can you save. The rational answered is almost zero. Half of the doctors are killed the wires down as well. Talking to the spread and again they save all but 400. A sickly 95 percent are saved. The reason for that is as tragic as this was, the tragedy is almost as big as hiroshima but the response was so incredibly heartwarming. Strangers helping strangers. All areas were broken is incredible. And then of course from the process by the droves health came in. Within an hour there was hell. Ultimately two trains and two ships and a hundred doctors and nurses in a Million Dollars and 20 million day, they werent really allies at this time. Just six years earlier, the floor of u. S. Congress, speaker of the house advocated for the lloyds exhibition of canada. Loud cheers and a write up in the washington post. We are not friends this. They are suspicious of americans. They sent all of this help. Thats how they saved 95 percent of the victims. An unbelievable success rate. World war i gets half of the attention not even. In canada. Going across the border of course, interchanges quite a bit but it also the american story. Boston helps save halifax and thats what made his allies to the state because of the her name came in from boston montreal chicago you name it, and the locals and local spirit rebuilt richmond and build better in about three years. This im to see that the effects does not linger. People with wounds, from the 90000 people, in the explosion, you have the streaks in these cars because of sulfur or whatnot got into your skin heard the powder. My mom zach who lives halifax never taught a young edge, we do see the her name with these cars, the phrase was not stair, is explosion. And that lasted for decades after the explosion. It was with us for many years afterwards. The cspan2 cities tour continues and special look at some of the highlights from the last year and as we take you to laramie, wyoming. Like most people in wyoming at the turnofthecentury, it was a transplant. Is born and raised in missouri but i say jcpenney was a country boy at heart. Emotional thanks christian, you can always take the boy out of the country like you never take the country out of the boy. I say we see that in terms of the life that jcpenney lived. Even though he was in wyoming for roughly ten years, has its been the balance of his life in new york city, he never lost the essence of who he really was. Is this country boy who like small towns. And so we do look at where he started in wyoming, a lot of these communities were relatively young. Even as a branch the neighboring states, most of these towns have been incorporated into the late 18 hundreds and some of them werent incorporated into the 20th century. So in many cases jcpenney became the first Real Department start that was operating. Tell me about his early life. Where was he born and how does the unep here in wyoming. He was born in hamilton missouri caldwell county. Im a farm east of there. He was born and raised and its been his entire formative years there. His dad thought that he wasnt cut out for agriculture. And so he started towards the career in retail. He basically lined up an internship for jc junior, and he started understanding retail from those experiences. So thats really where he cut his teeth im that. He still has his own agricultural project cb down the side but his plan was to basically work his way up through that storm his hometown and unfortunately his father died from tuberculosis and became very clear the jc was also arrested that if if he stayed in humid climate. So news initial move was to come out west to denver of all places and he started as a sales clerk in what was called the Joplin Department store removing to farm stores and invert that assessment taken over by dillards. But the story started out any an opportunity then to use the savings and by his own butcher shop in colorado. Just north of denver. He wanted to get out of denver. He wasnt happy in the big cb so he moved at the time about 2000 people and he had deep religious values that pervaded him from drinking. His dad was a country patch and his dad had a huge influence im him in that regard. So when he bought this butcher shop he didnt realize that his greatest clients with a local hotel. But the chef expected the bottle of whiskey with every order of meat. So jcpenney obliged and provided the bottle of whiskey and he felt guilty about it afterwards. So he decided im not going to do that anymore so i didnt do that and he lost the business of the hotel in the process and the entire meat shop went bankrupt within a year. He went completely broke. At that. Had noticed the press street was this Golden Rule Store there was operating for he was intrigued by it and so he went inside and explored it and he understood retail. From his experience in missouri and in denver. So get to know the proprietor of that store was a man named Thomas Callahan. Also victim of missouri started this business. At the time he was rather unusual was the idea of having six doors basically attain department store. That intrigued many sweet talked his way and being hired as a temporary sales clerk. With the idea that he would probably be let go after the holiday season. Instead, this Thomas Callahan gave him an opportunity to become a clerk in wyoming and im the western part of the state. And if you worked out as a sales clerk, he was given the opportunity to manage his own sword. And own it arther bartner with tom callahan. So this initially withdrew him into wyoming. Tonight was a time of the book and why did you decide to write it. Smith titled the book is jcpenney, the man in the store in american agriculture. And i say really growing in rural north dakota and eastern montana, have to out of town to do your shopping where is in the country into town. And so mother took us to a tiny town called hettinger that a Jcpenney Store demonstrate. It was three years old i couldnt read or write, i was illiterate but i was amazed at the atmosphere was in the building. I was fascinated by the stores themselves. But as i begin to study the starts, then i began to know more and more about the man behind them jcpenney himself. In Rural America was always a part of my childhood in my formative years. I didnt realize the degree to which it was also a part of jcpenney news. And Jcpenney Stores themselves to the deeper i dug into this, and gradually became an academ academic, the more i discovered of this rural connection that i had known before and most people hadnt known about it either. So that is really what made that will come about the way you did. News Business Model is similar to what the golden rule merchants had started. He didnt open that store entirely im his own. His mentor tom callahan, and then ran another mentor, partnered with him. So was really different about the stores, they were a partnership. So an employee that came to work and pity prefer to call them associates, and an opportunity for viable ownership and the opportunity to seven day not only manages store but no part of it and share the profits. And i say thats what was more unusual about how he started. And as i told you, his father was a huge influence im him in terms of moral convictions and values. Which penny then, transferred into his approach to business. So even though the initial syndicate was called the golden rule, its really what drew penny to that syndicate was this religious idea of doing unto others as you would like done unto you. Symphony took that a step further and wanted to apply that normally between them store in his customers, but the employer in this case him, and the potential employees or associates that can work for him. And even a step behind that, they served as well as their own competitors and suppliers. That was what his goal was was to practice the golden rule in every facet of the operation. So say we do look at his approach to Partnership Goes back to this golden rule idea greg so it wasnt about him simply making her name and that was the end of it. He wanted to basically share that with anybody got involved with him. In the Agriculture Partnership that began ironically, really began at the worst time of his life when he is lost his fortune during the great depression, is using that same incentive to partner with common farmers and most of these wouldve been tenant farmers and hopelessly stuck working for wages im farms they wouldve never owed and probably never even generate enough income to own their own forms but then he thought and saw an opportunity with those rural partnerships that he could sort of do a solid for the tenant farmer was thereby giving them an opportunity to have a better farm than the or even working as head of arms im and then they would have the incentive of ownership and sharing the profits of that agriculture operation. Really one of the first ones was with lauren james, im the birthplace part the penny had been born and raised im. When he came back, he was a wellknown person nationwide. He was leaving in new york city the times he was setting up those partnerships. You simply walked up to the shack or farmhouse and the person was in an arc of the door. He would introduce himself as jcpenney and asked to come inside and opportunity. It is a no. But its very surreal we do say about that today. We thought about and more zuckerberg or jeff basil, knocking im somebodys door offering them skype this kind of opportunity that penny was doing, stranger than fiction. But he continued doing that. Really through the 1930s, 1940s and the last partnerships were finally dissolved in the latinate late 1960s. Mainly because his wife thought he was spreading himself is it too thin between new york city and missouri. There were at least ten different farming partnerships it is set up and they were substantial. In the change the loss of the people who got involved with him. In the book, one of the later chapters of the most successful partnerships were with two brothers. In North Central missouri. They were able not only to buy the farms out front jcpenney news in the 1960s, they keep their families im those forms today. Today both of those descendents now about five generations down from them, they have family farms that are largely traced back directly to jcpenney. You talk a lot more adult that struggles the store today and was im through the past few decades. I do. It is sort of in good news my parents prohibited me from ever owning jcpenney starts that turn out to be a good thing the last ten to 15 or so. I say you would be heartbroken by seeing what is happened to the company. I dont say we can blame it entirely im the rise of ecommerce. I say really what it is, is deviating away from the values that he build im. He had a mission stigma that he drafted in 1913 called the penny idea. It is basically seven principles that were all in the golden brawl that he wanted that company to operate by as it continued to grow. At the time he wrote that stigma he only had about 30 stores. Within 15 years he would be approaching 1400. I say what happened over time is that company drifted away from those ideas and from those values. And that is why it found itself or it is. If not treating your employees the way you be treated, if not treating your customers that way or responding to what your customers want and need, you are going to become irrelevant very quickly the 21st century. And i say that is part of the problem. We hope people take away from reading this book. I want them to see sort of an unusual approach to capitalism. They made that profit. Jcpenney kept an awareness of everything around him and the idea of doing what he needs to do to make the environment better. And he saw his company and wealth ultimately is a means to do that. Traveling the country to explore the american country, the cspan tour has visited 20 were cities in the last year, up next to look at a stop in charleston West Virginia. For 20 years it was a spokesman and leader of africanamericans in america. At the time we had horrible jim crow race in the south. That did not happen here much in virginia it was a different race relation. And what he observed was the ruling of a black middle class and that became his his caree ch of the National Celebrity. Booker was born in a place in south virginia, 225 miles from here and in those first nine years he was a slave ward, he did not have pants he wore a slave shirt, shoes were two wooden slabs with a piece of leather across the top. He wanted very much to go to school he saw white children going to school and he wanted to do that but he was not able to do any of those things. They leave the farm and virginia in 1865 pretty soon after the civil war and when there is a soldier who comes to the farm and leav leads the emancipation proclamation and says they are free and they can leave. His mother cried and said she never thought she live long enough to see that. After the civil war West Virginia did not have the devastation that the confederate south did, this area except for short period of about four months was under union control. And throughout West Virginia did not have the economic devastation that you had on the confederate south, notably different after the war. The other thing that was different was a slave population was very small, the smallest of any area in the south. And there were Something Like 4 of the state population for africanamericans. So there was a threat by number in West Virginia that was posed by black in the deep south. The family came here because washington ferguson, the stepfather was working here in the salt factory. And also in the coal mines and he sent money to his wife in order to get a horse and buggy to bring her in the kids. And once they arrived they find a Wonderful Community of christian believers that are centered in the safe quarters and she gets the job as a Chamber Member and then as a cook and then she get them to hire booker as a houseboy knowing he would learn social graces and have the big library available to him and he would have a lot of opportunities that otherwise he would not have, as an important part he developed a familiar relationship with the yankee lady, the second wife and she really liked booker come he could do no wrong, hes hardworking and always asking her how in my getting on, am i doing well, what do i need to do, honest and hardworking and very bright. I think she appreciated his talent and i think she did something for him they gave him a self confidence to his career because his career was dark hours. But he was able to see himself in her eyes reflected as a perfect being and he was here until he was about 15 and he went to hampton to school for three years and he would go during school and come back in the summers and the second summer he came back, his mother passed away suddenly and it was a hard time for him and he credits her as being his friend and helping them get back to hampton for his third year. When he graduates from hampton hes a top student in the class and he comes back here to teach school and he says it was the favorite years of his life when he came back to teach school and he said this was not enough so he went to washington to seminary to see if you want to be a minister and that did not fit. Then he tried reading for the law and that did not fit so he was trained to figure out who he was and what he wanted to do. One thing he did which is very important for his future career, West Virginia was having a referendum on where to place the state capital in charleston was one of three cities, so people in charleston had a republican and democrat leader to organize talks so they could go out and convince other counties to vote for charleston and booker was supposed to go along the railroad and go to for five counties to convince them to choose charleston, it was his first speaking tour, very successful all of those counties voted maybe not because of booker but he was able to speak to the africanamericans in the counties mostly coal miners and farmworkers. But im not sure he is known for that but he would speak to thousands of people every year and have tours, he would be on the stage with the governor and congressman and senator and he would always be the star speaker. He was incredible. Booker was working at hampton as a teacher when folks from alabama requested that an educator be sent there to start the school and so he went down at age 25 and on july 4, 1881 he started school at tuskegee, he was really just using an abandoned building and everything there had to be built, 20 years later or so president mckinley paid a president ial visit to tuskegee its a most president ial institute for africanamericans in america. He is celebrated as a great educator and his philosophy was we will educate people here to some back home to their hometowns to educate others and to build the black middle class. That was his goal and he got that from his heroes, his parents bought the house to integrate there and he seldom with the Church Members working hard to help future generations other than themselves to build the black middle class and they were successful and he thought that was the path ought to be taken in the deep south. He does it every year end he was devoted to his sister and would come every year and he was a National Celebrity after he gave the atlanta cotton state exposition speech, its a seven minute speech but it made him a National Celebrity. He always cultivated to his celebrity status and always photographed in a coat and tie and would have a hat on, theres a wonderful newspaper article where he comes to West Virginia to hunt and fish andys hunting and has a gun with a coat and tie and a bore and also a fishing pole and he would not be photographed looking casual or anything else. He was at a time when celebrity was new and he was very conscious about building that and maintaining that. When booker would talk about being in West Virginia, he did not tell the facts, he saw it as a way of manipulating the story that he is telling. There are several instances when he went to hampton, he said i was presented with two sheets in it was a puzzle and i did not know what to do so i slept on both the first night and on the second night i slept under both andy could not have lived all those years and not knowing what sheets were and how they work. He also said, this is shocking, and hampton he learned about eating meals with tablecloths in napkins. That could not be, maybe he did not use a tablecloth and a napkin but he certainly was not far away from it. So he tells that to make it hes saying is not about tablecloths and napkins, hes saying he did not his experience experience those normal social graces and that simply was not true. But he was trying to tell a story and the story was more important than the facts that were involved. There is an interesting issue, when he wrote up from st. Loui st. Slavery is a photograph of the home and the caption says this was the home that has a nice looking place in very tidy, the fence is up but he never use that photograph again, the photograph he used later was current and show clotheslines and falling down and boards falling out of the house, it looked really, really sad, when they bought the home in 18694 years after it looked pretty good, it was a nice substantial home and he did not want folks to know that because it would make it look like he lived a pretty blessed life. There is a governor mccorkle who wrote these memoirs and he wrote to all the complaints that booker t. Washington had about general were not true, he lived a very comfortable life with them. And i think that is true, his biographer liz says he learne la refined life and that something he wanted for himself. But its also the life that was important for him to prove he used his life as an example to the nation at large that look at me, im a successful person and i happen to be africanamerican. So he is using his life as an example for encouragement for blacks in an example of proof of the quality to whites. Booker t. Washingtons life in West Virginia was important and informative for him because of the values that were here and where the whites were not like they were in eastern virginia, they believed in the individual but it was a combination of all these things coming together that gave him the idea of an American Dream and gave him the idea of building a black man class throughout the south. This weekend were highlighting some of our stops on the cspan city tour from this past year exporting the history and literary life of selected american cities. Up next we go to charleston West Virginia. January of 2014 was when we experienced the mch him chemical leak into the river that contaminated the Drinking Water of charleston. The effects of that leaky tank were profound. This was not the first time we had seed contamination of that but the first time we saw it on this grant of scale. It affected this many people. The people who were affected which was everyone, not just people at the holler or this subset, it was everyone from every economic class, everything. Just paralyzing charleston in the community. Charleston i consider the southcentral part of the state, the heart of West Virginia is centered around the canal river and where the elk meets the kennel right in the heart of town, it is one of our most population dense areas so charleston in the canal valley have been coined as chemical valley because there has been a large scale Chemical Plant along the canal river one advantage that the big river system bring so they can accommodate the needs Manufacturing Companies need. So several plans have been along the canal and charleston area for years. We see these chemical storage tanks along our rivers is something that were used to. I have driven by those tanks on a daily weekly basis and it never occurred to me, i thought i did not know what was happening they looked old and rusty and i thought it was a retired tank farm and nothing much was happening there. Little did i know there is very dangerous chemicals being stored there in tanks that were not maintained and not being inspected. In the corrosion, there was a hole in the bottom of tank 396 where the chemical and ch them leaked out into the soil and there was not a secondary containment away to contain the spilled fluid so it was moving into the elk river possibly four days. The approximation dive team is around 10000 gallons eventually that leaked out of the tank. Mchm as a cold cleaning chemical, it is associated with the process to clean coal so it can be used for burning whatever is being used for. It was being stored there on the elk river just a mile and a half upstream from the largest Drinking Water system in West Virginia. Up stream from the intake. What has been discovered through citizen complaint because as chemical mch m had an odor to it and smelled like licorice, a sweet smell. And people near those tanks and driving by had picked up on the smell and reported that. That led eventually to the company reporting the leak to state authorities and not put in motion somehow, the Water Company heard about it and made decisions based on the information they had and by the time in one of the decisions they made was to not close the intakes but to try to handle the chemical and treat it to a safe level, that did not work. In steainstead people had it cot of their showers and were exposed to it and that led to a cascade of events, the most common thing people were experiencing were skin rotation and rashes, a lot of reports of headaches and flulike symptoms and people were not feeling we well, dizziness, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, a wide range but when you can actually see the rashes and no that was after i touched the water, it was a pretty strong connection. In the Health Department was trying to collect data around the range of symptoms and about one in three people were reported in experiencing a physical symptom due to the exposure to the chemical. The chemical once it leaked into the elk river was treated as a plume that was being tracked, they know how fast rivers and water travel so they watched this plume of mchm because there is no real way to clean up her ticket out of the river, there were some containment that they were trying to do but it was largely unsuccessful into late. So the next place they were worried about was huntington West Virginia because the canal was down there and thats a Drinking Water supply for huntington and they went on to cincinnati, all of these Water Companies i believe shot there intakes down to let the plume go by. So it shows what we know to be true that water flows downstream and that we are all connected by this. And what happens upstream in West Virginia because we are a headwater state and succeeding all of the major River Systems of millions of people rely on for their Drinking Water that it really matters what happens in West Virginia, the company that owned the leaking chemical tank was Freedom Industries, it did not take long until we saw the company filed for bankruptcy protection and it became clear pretty quickly that this company was stepping out. Stepping out of their accountability even though there were court cases that followed, the bankruptcy in terms of monetary reparation, that was not going to be available which a whole set of other questions of how is this Company Operating so irresponsibly for so long, where was the oversight, they were clearly a bad actor in her community and had a history of shady things going on. So the fact that those tanks, 396 was not the only tank and bad shape, and that tank farm had been neglected for so long with something people found unbelievable on how that couldve happened and why wasnt that caught in some way by regulators or oversight mechanisms that we can have in place. That question led to a whole other set of questions, is there state committed to oversight and regulation because in a place like wes West Virginia, charlesn where we have the Chemical Industry in the coal industry, oil and gas whore saying regulation or overregulation impedes our profitability or our ability to bring in new jobs and get this argument which is like a false choice that we have to choose between weakening regulations so we can bring in more jobs but what we are doing and what was brought to light by freedom industry is that when we loosen regulation we are making ourselves more vulnerable to these disasters. We have to do both, regulations are there to protect us and theyre there for good reason and there are companies that are doing things right and following the law and then theres Companies Like Freedom Industries who are not. Where is the enforcement of oversight is what the whole situation brought to light in a very real way. The first time people realized where their Drinking Water comes from. And i made that connection, it comes from a river and i heard the around the state, it really was an awakening, not for West Virginia but for the nation. We are vulnerable, we are still vulnerable. A look at the highlights march 2019 cspan city tour concludes as we visit cheriton, wyoming. The program t pro rodeo. Theres no place to be the second weekend in july except shortterm wyoming. We invite you all to come to cheriton. Ill tell you what this week is the biggest week and cheriton economically and entertainment wise. [cheering] we feel good about that because 89 years ago cheriton was dead as a doornail, nothing going on so citizens decided we need to have a rodeo to provide Economic Opportunity and entertainment, that was their charter and it still is so 89 years later were doing the same thing and we hope the Founding Fathers would be proud of us. In 1928 in 29 a family name j. P. Morgan bought the his historic ranch out west of town and for two years they had a big rodeo in the field and it was such a big deal, i think there were scars from 23 states, this is in 1928. So people and cheriton said if they can do it why cant we do it here. So group of citizens got together and formed a committee and they decided were going to have a rodeo, they did not start out on a small scale they wanted a big professional rodeo from the getgo and they put it together in 1931 there the first professional rodeo and cheriton wyoming. Here we are today. It is eight events, different stock events from bucking horses, livestock roping, steer wrestling, all the skills in the modernday area but it all started out when they had a contest of bucking horses. We are one of the top 30 rodeos in america and thats determined by the amount of prize money that you have for your event. Our rodeo competitors come from all over the United States, it was interesting we had people from louisiana, michigan, wisconsin, a lot of the rodeo contestants are from texas, oklahoma and wyoming has certainly a lot, last year in terms of our rodeo we had people registered for our rodeo to water rodeo from 49 of the 50 states in america and we are going to get delaware this year. Im pretty sure. We have people from all over the United States 49 of 50 and our rodeo stock that we have come from the rodeo in montana and they subcontract some of the other stock but they been with our rodeo for about 23 years, some of the best in the business. Our job is to provide the livestock for rodeo across the country. That includes from the cattle to the bucking horses to the bulls. We have 64 horses of ours that we brought in release 15 from a company out of canada and we have 100 head of animals for the steer wrestling in team roping and we have 100 head of each of those animals as well. The animals involved in the rodeo particularly the animals and the events are born to do and they these are not animals that are trained to do that, its what theyre born to do. If you think about it they spend most of their life in a pasture eating hay and they work eight seconds a day 20 times a year. That is their job and very truthfully, the prc a and s put animal where for first and foremost and we really believe in the welfare of the animal and we take the best care of them that we can. These guys are bred to be animal athletes, its not like a dairy cow or beef animal, their bread totally different and bred to be an athlete no different than the horses, its a totally different deal so their nutrition is different, their hair is different, if youre on a bucking bully from acupuncture of therapy to whatever it is to what they need we will give them and their nutrition wise is specifically for what their breed to do and they will do their career and at the end of it they retire and they will die of old age underneath the tree out in the pasture. One thing different of cheriton, we like to keep a small town feel to it, we did not want to become a big economic thing, we want to be a community, we dont want to get too big for our britches if you know what i mean. [shouting] another thing that makes us unique is the World Championship indian relay races which we started in 1997 its become a premier event of the rodeo, its not a prc a event, its a rodeo event to start off the rodeo. [inaudible] it brings a lot of people here that may not be interested in the rodeo event but they come to see the indian relay race, we have a Great Partnership with the Indian Relay Team and the indians in general. We have had the indian reservations they decided in 1931 that they wanted to have the indians, and in those days the indians would walk down from the cheyenne reservation to be part of the show and in those days before television and anything else they would have huge night shows like cowboy days in india nights and have big pageants and campfires and bonfires because they did not have that then. So theyve always been an integral part in over the years the last 20 years its brought us back in its ways been there but the indian relay races have become a famous beauty. Everybody wants to get their seats and find a great spot to watch because if youve never seen indian relay racing is pretty spectacular. Thats the event that most of the people talk about at our rodeo. There have been no challenges like shortly after the first rodeo in 1931 it wasnt more than a couple years later they became financially challenged. There has been a continuous problem throughout the years, they did not have the rodeo for two years during the war in 1942 in 1943 and in 1944 they started up again but in a modest manner because it wasnt professional like it was before. So the 50s or the indulgence and i got to the point in 1951 when the rodeo said in the community, do you folks want to have a rodeo or not so they took a pull, they said yes we want to have a rodeo so we were alive again and got more community support. So over the Decades Community support from sponsors and businessmen and quite frankly some of the public in the last 1990s flowed. Typically we end up around 22000 over the fourday event in our facility seats 6000 and will be sold out on friday and saturday and wednesday and thursday are down a little but we hope in between 20000 22000 in the course of the week. That is actually attending the rodeo, not to mention the other events that go on in town and how many people will attend those. Were pretty sure that the church and rodeo brings over 5 million in the community in one way or another. Motels, hotels, restaurants, bars, businesses, the Economic Impact is pretty good and it got turned over several times. Its the biggest economic event in sheraton miami. Is started by citizens that carried on by citizens and had a lot of trials and tribulations but held key to the tradition in the culture and its become an part of the community and nobody can imagine sheraton wyoming without the cheriton rodeo. [shouting] [inaudible] join us every third weekend of the month on book tv in American History tv at the cspan city tour and explored the american story, watch videos from all the cities from 2011, go to cspan. Org city tour and follow us on twitter at cspan cities. Book tv continues on cspan2. Television for serious readers. Hey everybody. Hi. Everybody welcome here is a