Wildlife refuge was taken over. That was probably the most intense experience on the ground. Game. A guessing this is somebody who said a lot of things that i think people have forgotten, including me. Heres the question. For the sake of a wider audience, i will read it. The Public Domain has been a force of profound importance in the nationalization and development of government. The person who said that, you would not expect them to have said it. Who said that . Told you areto be going to be tricked . [inaudible] reading. In your i said that. No, i didnt. , they are theds core of the way the federal government grows. Frederick Jackson Turner said that. He has benefited from you folks theg here because i reread significance of the front tier in American History and i dont know what was going on. Ofen of the quoted passages strips theier pioneer of his formal dress and puts them in a canoe. There is a lot of stuff about indians in there. Who knew . Apparently, anyone who reads it would know that. Not necessarily to the significance of indians but to their presence and the importance of settlers responses to them and to the national government. What i think might have the 1986 Patricia Limerick response is that it is so much that essay is so much about the eastern and miss white midwestern United States. It is really focused on the not far west. That might have been what set me off in the olden days. Interesting fact about frederick Jackson Turner, he taught at utah state. That is a beautiful drive, logan. Beautiful open spaces and i think he enjoyed going there. I hope i am giving some demonstration of how peculiar it is to think you know something and then when you actually read the whole thing with care, you think, oops. 30 years or more of misrepresenting frederick Jackson Turner. I o the family and apology. Family and apology. There is a famous episode in political history, frederick Jackson Turner was there and he gave his speech there that has more in it than i realized until recently. It does leave this question hanging, what a cliffhanger. Over. Ontier is the era of World History has closed. The frontier took strangers and transform them into americans. It is over. Dont stop there, mr. Turner. Please keep going. Education. He thought education might be the form of continuing opportunity and recruitment of people from outside into the american world. They were nowhere near as compelling a set of statements. And also, at the columbian exposition was buffalo bill cody. They were not on a panel discussion. [laughter] which was a shame. This greatte wrote essay where he compares turner ody and brings them into a conversation. In essence, he sees both of them coworkers in the overproduction of frontier nostalgia. Differences and they were mode both major practitioners and nostalgia for a west that had gone away. What will we do next . We will see the wild west. That is how you tell the world you are sophisticated. If you say, buffalo bill codys wild west show, that makes it clear you are an outsider because he never said the word show and he did not want people to call it a show. It was the wild west. Did you know you could betray your outsider status of easily . Would you all like to say it together . Wild west. That was really very effective. You will find that gets you someplace in very limited circles. Expect to go out in the world and everybody will be, how sophisticated this person is. Cody was the much wilder and unsettled kind of west and turner was feeling sad about the about the taming of the west. It started as a wilderness. It turned into log cabins. The log cabin stirred into comfortable turned into comfortable farm houses. Turner did not need to have visual illustrations in his text because if he said log cabin, everybody had it in their minds. He had some of his key terms, stagecoach, wagon train or wild or log cabin. It would be silly to say, and here is a log cabin. As to why that text can be so evocative is because the readers own mind in the 1890s and for many years after would supply that. Here are two nostalgiacs. Representing they are both successful in their own way. They are both equally effective and they are both equally creative and thoughtful. Has anybody read this essay . [inaudible] ago. Read it really a while many whiles ago. He does draw some very interesting comparisons between them and sees them as kind of coworkers in this really broad this is movement of important. [laughter] i mean, it is what elliott would say deal with it. I dont know why someone could not research this. I am looking at you, britain. Its pretty interesting they were in chicago at the Columbian Exchange in some kind of and that is interesting, but this is really interesting and important for our understanding of regional conversation. Anyway. This is the term it is a helpful term. , americans whoy were anxious about hanging questions. What will happen to the United States without a frontier . That will be a rough transition and there may not be anything on the other end of the transition. Book. S a really good americanf exceptionalism. , that sense ofr cody and turner, something really important shifted in American History. Many of the Franklin Roosevelts had that same sense. Henry wallace, with the end of the frontier, had better get bigger. Government has to step in and. Upply services if you do not have free land, you better have some other source of widely available understanding an opportunity. Upsurge it seems to have been hard on people to deal with. A growing conviction of some sectors of american society. Some of the results were very troubling. And really undesirable. Examples. Y if you are not a beaver, it is hard to be hungry for timber. States, the astounding resources, in some part of north america had been ripped through, wisconsin, michigan, the upper midwest, just chopped. Cut over. That anxiety, fear, terror, that that might continue. , theacific northwest rockies. The same calamity might have the resources of the continent would be a bunch of stumps. , that scared people. That scared, not just people interested in the profession of four street, but anybody of. Orestry those kinds of concerns. What are we going to do with this affliction of frontier anxiety . Take . Re an action we can one weirdness of reading turner andlosely, i share quite phases and er as. , here is hisg Cumberland Gap phase. Lining things up in phases and sequence. We have that in common. I like this quite a bit. Well, experience we have all had. Is there anyone in the room who writes so wonderfully that the perfect . Sion is would you care to identify yourself . Any halfway normal person has to keep going. Were three limericks or four drafts. That is a great habit to have in classes. Before i met jeff limerick, i used to sit in classes writing limericks. It is brilliant as a technique. Pretend you were writing a limerick. You are thinking, but you are sort of going, turner, burner. Think, i have got it now. You look like the most thoughtful notetaker. It worked really well for me as a student. I have classes of students and some of them have adopted this technique. It does require you to do several drafts. This is not quite on the main track. I did draft some beautiful limericks about warren hardy. One has the most beautiful internal rhyme. His slogan was a return to normalcy and he was retreating from all of the International Engagements of the first world war. Warren s an old man did everything foreign thank you, thank you. I think everyone was skeptical when i said it had the most beautiful internal rhyme. Normally,ike to live drunken informally. You can certainly use it today. Notion of the three drafts of the American West. , we do not know when it starts or ends. Westward expansion, that is the first draft. The second draft is what we are saying with this session coming into being, the progressive era. The sort of, that first draft did not come out right. Cut over lands. Minds that were once full of activity abandoned. Maybe theres something we should be thinking about. Bison almost extinct. Of looking at the outcomes of the first draft. Floods in utah. Deforestedity with hillsides and mountainsides and floods. It is hard to think where you would look if you dont want to have that moment of thinking this did not seem to come out exactly as i wouldve liked. The third draft is still in progress. Whatever features of the third draft, it has to take into account the rise of environmentalism, continued population growth to the point where we have to say it is hard to say where western expansion started. It might be harder to say where it ended. I dont know where you would say, well, period. Westward expansion, completed. Done. This is tied to environmentalism, a more conscious and inescapable reckoning. There was some of that in the second draft. This continued puzzle over legitimacy and authority to define progress. Who is really a deserving westerner who qualifies as a person who should be making decisions . Who gets to say what progress means . That is one way of saying how crucial the progressive era was for the west because its the second draft. Its a big deal. And i believe this is true. If we had more time, maybe we could do this as a party game tonight. Wherever you look in the American West today, wherever you direct your gaze, you will see something that is a legacy of the progressive era. I thought we might do it as a kind of party game and you have to suggest something. Ski slopes. I could do that one. This is the remarkable outcome and with this in the picture, the progressive era just gets astounding in the scale of its importance. Much of the west is the home of millions of people and it is now much of that is now owned as private property. And even more of the west is still in public ownership. Which is a Pretty Amazing thing, that quotation from turner. Turner did not see it coming. Notionto go back to this , progress from first draft to second draft, from westward expansion to progressive era, it is changing its course. That shift from the westward expansion definition of progress transferring the Public Domain into private ownership going from that definition of progress to the progressive era, that is a giant and disorienting change. Reversal in the meaning of progress. It is not a full reversal because the progressive era still has plenty of enthusiasm for finding resources in the west and developing them. We cannot be surprised this shift, even though it was under way 130 years ago, we cannot be surprised that the shift still leave some people and communities in the west unsettled and rattled. Technique that has actually been incredibly helpful to me. I just learned about it in february i guess it was a year ago february. Named randyrson olson, he is one gifted communicator. He is a biologist. He became more and more concerned about the troubles that scientists have in communicating to wider audiences. Left a tenured job at the university of New Hampshire and he went to film school at the university of southern california, which scares me. This is the second book. My husband. Narrative. Have a what he offers in it and i really have found this to be almost too useful. Method of communication. And, but, therefore. He has seen a correlation of the effectiveness of has seen prese. Writers as well as speakers. Heres mine, my adoption of this. And it does lead me to uncharacteristic brevity. Method,s if you use the the audience is sort of, stop now. We have got your point. The progressive era was a time of disorienting change and reformers responded with vigor but some features of our heritage from the progressives have proven to be troubling in their own right. Therefore, we are invited to reckon with the complex heritage of the progressives. We can map the escape route from this and seven of it ability because we are quick with the necessary skills to accept that invitation of working with progressives. A person representing one of the Major Political parties in 2016 is a person who says and and and and and and. Striking when you start to think what happens in public expression. It does not have anything to do with the quality of the thought but how effectively it gets through. Thing. Ndy this is the core of our inheritance from the progressives that we may fight over the public land but at least we have public lands to fight over and it is a wonderful gift to have such an occasion for dispute. Io or three big frameworks would like to install in our conversational framework. These are two historically and i thinks it is right to use the word romance because they are appealing, seductive. They pull people in in a process that has as much sentiment and emotion as it has reason and evidence. And they have to learn to live together. They are not doing great with that. The romance of centralized authority and expertise is a legacy of the progressive era, that we will do better, we will avoid less of these unhappy outcomes we saw in the first we hand decisions and authority over to a centralized federal government place. It will be an agency, a good chance that we part of the department of a good chance it will be part of the department of interior and they will offer solutions that will guide better behavior. That is a powerful romance and it is so intense when it comes into play. The first chief forrester, Theodore Roosevelts great friend, the first founding leader of the Forest Service. Charismatic, really smart, really thoughtful. He represents that. Many many ask of legislation rest on the notion that someone in the department of the interior or Forest Service and agriculture, someone in those two agencies will have a very smart thought and that will bake things work that are. That will make things work better. The romance of local control is just as strong. That is the legacy of westward expansion. Those two romances are both very powerful. Neither is going to go away. They need to be friends. Not going so good right now. [applause] [laughter] had a good your have friendship that turned into a bad situation and then came back is a good friendship . We have green, yellow and red cards. How many had a good friendship that went poorly and remain . Oorly remained poor you guys are quick on the draw. You have also been there. I will say that this cant happen, i think it has happened. In two ways that people would ever know that. It is happening on the ground level out in the west. This is nationally famous for armed people taking over public lands. A group called the High Desert Partnership met, there were federal officials for the wildlife refuge. Matches, there were environmentalists from portland, oregon and they met and they thought and reached a consensus plan for the wildlife refuge. That is where the cohabiting came back together. These are several people who have an interesting view. I dont know that they would ever use the phrase progressive and what that might mean to them. They said i have quite a colorful and interesting and amended imaginative view of history. Ranchers a time when were very prosperous and very collaborative and very goodnatured and they had complete control of the land and they used the land wisely. County, there is a innning tension and anguish the early. Of the 19th century. There was one allpowerful cattleman. To have a notion that you will and before the important of returning the land to the ranchers i am not making them come and go, that is not what i am doing. It is a very imaginative form of history and it makes buffalo bill cody look like an accuracy kind of guy. There they are. Here is the progressive legacy. I dont know that they ever got it. When i got to speak in the county, that was my first question to them, i asked the audience there if it gives an advantage in dealing with contention if there is such a contentious history and a good share of them they know that had a contentious history. This was elsewhere, they do not know that. In ais the present legacy grid map that shows you the percentage of the land and individual states that is under federal ownership and public ownership. There is a little water precipitation, if theres anybody who would like you to help interpreters interpret this as to which region pretty striking. If you wondered if this seemed like nevada was really crappy that could be part of it. This does not include indian reservations. It does include seven lands that could be included in that, that what happened to that a historical process that led to that that went to these lands. They were rugged and on uneven terrain. The phrase sometimes used is the leftover land, the land nobody wanted. This is land that did not go into private ownership. Homesteaders were not that goofy, they said i have the idea. How about the middle of the nevada desert . Y are matches there, ranchers there. That andreasons for reckoning with the first draft of western expansion and sing there is a different way of possessing and directing and owning those land. Use the different agencies that create that pattern. Smallest one is probably orange, the fish and wildlife service. The National Park service would be the second smallest. The yellow is the best one. This is the nations largest landlord. Forestervice service behind is the lime green. The Forest Service people are very charming. They refer to their Forest Service uniform as their pickle soup. Uit. They had a phrase that not all of them use. They wanted to know when you felt like a poor Service Person it is whenink you get your green underwear. Cultures are something that people have to be in for years. Here is the department of defense. Military lands are very important. They are lands to preserve if you bomb them that is an opportunity for while the to take hold. Wildlife to take hold. That would be one stupid bird would say that i dont care to be there because of bad history. From the outcome of to all ofssive era e agencies, era is in the progressive we will get to that in a second. I will have several heritages that we will go through here. This is a complicated second draft progressive era. The first of the heritages is the most unmistakable. The way things are now are not the way they have always been. In the progressive era, when the federal government is claiming all of this land, has there been a time when the federal government claimed land and then said maybe we should sell back to private . Patricia the federal government in the progressive area was not claiming land. What happens is that the formation of the United States is this is the first state to cede their land. It is not the federal government taking land, it is them classifying land. But over the past hundred years, yes, there have been lots of land swaps. Consolidateying to a special part and there is private landholdings that got caught up in the designation of public land, there will be swaps sometimes when you swaps on federal land for that. One of the most interesting jerry pharma has this icle that comes out soon jared farmer has this article coming out soon about how the got redesignated as military land. Monumentsout national , this is a very casual thing where president roosevelt wants to do that. Franklin roosevelt was to designate military man. Land. His attorney general says he does not have executive authority. Then he says oh you can do that. Interesting all the National Monument things we are getting right now. There is changing status as to whether there is really much of an occasion of saying this is a big block of land we will acquire that. Landal government acquires to round up borders but it is never anywhere near the scale of the situation. Here are two very famous bureaucrats they were on a federally funded and mandated expedition, they were bureaucrats. I have a Campaign Going that was going quite poorly to take the word bureaucrat and make it a word of neutrality that says someone who works for a state or federal county government or any other kind of agencies or organizations. I am trying to do that because what we do as a society ive done it myself is when you that was for an agency or bureau and you admire them, you go to the department of Motor Vehicles and you are treated well and you move in the present who is helping you with that, you think that is a great person. If youre going to have to classify them officially you would say that that is a great public servant. As soon as you find a bureaucrat that you like, you take them out of the category of bureaucrat and this leaves only drudges. You just said bureau worker. Thought i had not about that word for decades. Get your cards. Is that . I have my own answer. If you agree with me that i should make youth to glorify idea, if should i i should hold of green. Yellow it is possible it might work. If you think i should go to town with this insight that has never come to be before, the word rat is rather conspicuous. The reds are not holding back. Green might have a narrow edge. Habit whenhas a people are getting sentimental about prairie dogs, they are not dogs and they are rodents. I do figure care much about prayer rat but it is a powerful time. Im tried to do Something Like it is bureaucrats, you have heard of them. Just to see if i can repopulate that category, last year we had a woman who worked for the National Park service and she was never anything but enraged by my efforts. She thought she was not a bureaucrat. I must announce that not everybody is coming on board with this. I would say this represents an under recognized aspect of western expansions legacy. He went through the senses of the western states and territories in a contempt eight and 1890. 1878 and 1890. , somebody working for the governmental agency, somebody working for the operation. Anybody who worked with livestock there are phrases in here. That did not go over with the cow was fan. He did that year after year after year. Look at that, only one senses. This is just before the countable collapsed. Just when the countable was at when there is slightly more cap was then clerks. In 1870, there are more clerks than cowboys. That is a striking thing, clerks are importance in western im not sure i would want to give a prize for this could someone named a Great Western film where the main character is a clerk . The man who shot liberty valance. The timing is a little bit complicated for a few of them. The dam building federal agency which we will speak about later, terrain service, we will call it that. Theest had been forest reserves were created as of 1891. That is interesting, ive heard of the National Monument our buy backy that you can on it. Came into service being because there were always designated areas that were forest reserves, they are under the management of the General Land Office. You should your to be in a position to get that out of the general land. I would say he had some very ong feelings as he might they were evidencebased. Interiors had problems with corruption. This was a great river of money going by appointed officials and dipping into that was very tempting. They had reasons to think it would be better to get the forest reserves out of the General Land Office and into out of the department of the interior and over to the department of agriculture. That is usually offered. That was because they thought of trees as a crop. I think that is small compared to the interior. Getting it into another agency where it is not pulled into the history of that. There are parts that proceed that. The was a National ParkService Service wildlife the power to designate refuges comes into play in obvious ways. This became the site of the context. That is very complicated timing but it certainly comes into a more forceful era and then the era of management. That goes back to the general 1800sffice from the early which passes that land and distribute land and then becomes the foresttore of reserve. Ended,notice that this it is a was claims, is the successful ones. 1930s, the late arriving progressive era action creates the Grazing Service which regulates and allocates access to the grazing lands. The lovingoll is course. People vote for a taylor grazing act at that stage. Generaling service and land office. Students love this when you give the history of federal agencies, they love it. [laughter] patricia there is a video game went to happen. Think it ischildren fun. Be a bureaucrat today, this is fun. The talk i get on the department of the interior, i call it hairraising tales from the department of the interior. They are. In everyo are involved culture and the poor service you walk into an area where the forest,the porous that is hairraising. That is not for people who wanted an easy life. Places, theyce will work you into your desk. They come in all forms and somewhere out in the field. Some were out in the fields. Tos is the second big idea think about that i would like to put forward. This is the notion of thinking of the public land as a grand experiment in testing the compatibility of conservation and democracy. That is thaty every day in the west is generating new findings on a planetary experiment. Of great consequence. My starting premise is that much of what we considered the practices of conservation among europeans and your americans started with very concentrated authority. It started with colonial governors going to take scientist with them. Know a few of to the species, they say the local people are endangering the wellbeing of these creatures. Could we keep the local people from cutting wood in this area . Way these bridges will not be reduced, there is that, there is that, theres lawyer governors, quite early on, theyre limiting the activities of the local and ambitious people on to have a conservation goes and of course in europe, there are things and aristocracy and with the game preserves. That is a very centralized authority of limitations on what the peasants and locals can do on that land. Conservation comes with some pretty big political baggage. Children want to grow up. There is a wonderful story about that. My friend went to a party in graduate school and it was a costume party. You had to as what you really wanted to be in life. His date wanted to live in france so she came as the ipo tower. She had to look eiffel tower. She had to lie down in the backseat to get there. There were a lot of international students. My advisor loves hot weather. He goes to this party and he is dressed like somebody from the tropics because he loves hot weather. And lookso this party like he was to be a white imperialist. The iporather talk to tower then the imperialist. Lian the white the practice of european and your american conservation euroamerican conservation. I thought this technician would want to answer this. He says he does not want to. This is somebody with earphones. Maybe he is getting it set to him with earphones. I think we will wait a little bit. That is the experiment. When the progressive era hit, it takes that experiment and gives those public lands the incredibly Important Role of the laboratory where this experiment proceeds to see if you can get democracy into compatibility practices. What happens in a representative mock receipt, democratic government, when you also sometimes need centralized authority as you had it with the colonial governors. The important thing to say we will nevere say any of this. Aspectthe most important of this thing i brought to your attention about the control exercise by people of power in europe is the estate. That draws attention to the importance of gamekeepers who regulate the poachers and so on. You and noticed that everyone is getting that right now, that encourages you to read Lady Chatterleys lover. The main character there is a gamekeeper. You may be quite a stimulating book but you are reading it because he gives you such insights into the history of conservation. I will work on that. There were many that make this point. He would be portrayed in a way that echoes what i am saying, he has that cultural baggage to carry. You dont even know who his mentor was. Skype and he really tries to make a bureaucrat an interesting figure. The territorial governor is not so interesting to make easy. The first complicated heritage is all these bureaucrats of consequence. Progressives are all about science. They have strong and warm emotion for science. Faith, thathe word aience is the bedrock of positive belief. It is hard to call a thought or understanding that really does come into faith. We will send site is on field explorations and they will grasp goes and charts and makes notes. They will grasp fields and charts and notes. Then, nature in a way that is mending maddening becomes very complicated. Study the forest, learn their ways, and then nature in a way that is maddening, turns out to be extremely complicated. So all of the faith, Gifford Pinchot thought that fire could simply be eliminated from the forest. This was out of my conceptional range. Ive always given it a good shot to understand forestry. I have lot the of friends, the society of american foresters, and i hang out with these people and when i read nancy langstons wonderful book about the management of the forests in eastern oregon, the Blue Mountains there, thats where i read like three paragraphs of how significant organisms are if you clear cut a forest and replant the forest, theres a good chance it wont work because the sunlight will have scorched the soil organisms, and these little tiny things are working away. And when the Forest Service cut langston was writing about they left the soil exposed. And when and when they replanted, it didnt work. They put the same kind of trees in, and theyre, what happened here . And it was these ittybitty rather unattractive creatures. Theyre not mosquitoes, but theyre not anything that were on high mind. When i read that paragraph in nancy langstons book i thought this is getting out of my cognitive zone here. The entomologists may not be they may not have ever met each so the dilemmas of taking on outdoor complications is hard. This is our saving america west publication where we try to deal with the dueling experts the experts werent supposed to fight each other. They were supposed to think, confer, give you very solid, in our world today, its pretty different from that. Scientists can determine quite a few things, but what to do with those findings, thats where our friend who sometimes joins us at the Rocky Mountain but has gone on vacation, jeff mitten always says we can say, scientists can find out how many elk there are in Rocky Mountain park, they can find out what they are eating. They can do a lot to learn about the elk, but they cannot say how many elk should there be. That is a values choice, and thats where the scientists have to han offd off the baton. Its important to say, because people again to panic at these moments. There are five heritages. Were halfway. Were not halfway through the lecture. Were halfway through the last part of the lecture. [laughter] ok. Good. So this is a tough one, because i dont really know how we could, this has vast ramifications. And theyre hard to trace, hard to trap, because the progressive era coincides with the nadir of american Race Relations. Jim crow, segregation, install after reconstruction ended. Mexicanamericans, many nomexican signs around the southwest. The lowest population of indian people. The Supreme Court decisions that have exerted complete federal authority over indian tribes. Its, chinese exclusion, aliens land laws that keep japaneseamerican, japanese people, japanese immigrants, not japaneseamericans born in the United States, but japanese immigrant citizens not of the u. S. From owning land. Anyway, you can go through quite a list of things that are not progressive. As we would use the word, but would be hard to count as progress. So that is the era. Theodore roosevelt is not an impressive person, really. He did have booker t. Washington come to the white house. He did make some efforts, but he clearly was a person who thought white women should be having more babies because they would otherwise be out produce the by the darker people, so its a tough aspect of this era. And theres some Border Crossing in these issues of public lands. I dont know if its heartening or striking, but there are places to put our attention that the africanamerican soldiers in the army were sometimes sent, yellowstone was managed and operated by the army before the Parks Service was created. Black soldiers were there. Nearly everyone who goes to yellowstone in early years, visitors, white hunters, servants. They often have black servants there. Thats interesting. They often referred to the cook. Thats an interesting place to be. So there is diversity in the story, but it is certainly not in the decisionmaking directionsetting way. The park service of progressive era classic organization has tried, i think i may have mentioned this already, this is their project to make sure that the history of slavery gets properly attended to, not just in civil war focus parks, but much more broadly. We imagine doing the same project with tribes. But that legacy is there and the society of american foresters has the tiniest percentage of ethnic minorities. I dont know, as of a few years ago, it was somewhere in the 4 or 5 . Im not sure if it is better now, but they have a very Effective Program of going, when they have a convention, the foresters work with the public schools. But the legacy of the progressive eras Race Relations is difficult to pin down. Complicated heritage number four. The susceptibility for nostalgia. The progressive era, we have covered this. This will take two seconds, really. Such an era awash in nostalgia. Theater roosevelt and frederick Jackson Turner and all of these folks, the the russells and remingtons and so on, very visible public culture manifestations of it, but its also there as david rabell tells us with the story of frontier anxiety, that there is a lot of legislators and decision makers. So we look for that. Because it is a judgment distorter. I dont want to say we really want to have the slash across yet, but it does confuse judgment. It does set goals of a lost past that you dream of recreating, which well, good luck with that, but it may not have been that great a past anyway. So if you recreated it from you might be very sad. Be careful what you wish for. And these guys are sufferers from a really severe form of nostalgia and are probably the on treatment. So, this is the final point. Its not called the heritage, but it is sort of heritage number five. It is the last one in a point of reckoning with the word paradox coming into its own. And this is a salute to Michael Kammen and a spectacular person and a wonderful thinker about popular memory and also a person who served for years on the National Park service board. In influentialve ways. He died a few years ago. He wrote a book called people paradox. I miss him. He was a really wonderful person. I sometimes would find myself picking up his book. I was reading the preface just to be in the company of his book. And it finally came in to me. I was reading the preface again, and i thought what a spectacular quotation Michael Kammen has given us here. I mean, really. I think they were reef beingferring to a quotation, my lord, what i wouldnt give. And i put the definitions there just in case anyone needed to be reminded, if you need to know what scum is. Paradox. Impossible,hat seem actually true and possible. That, for the paradox of progressivism, some last items here on these paradoxical progressives who certainly had an unusual level of confidence in themselves. But confidence, i think i got this in my years in the ivy league in harvard. Confidence can be the thinnest veneer over something that really looks more like doubt, puzzlement, so not that theater roosevelt was a guy who did doubt or puzzlement. So i will back off from that. But what were they . Gifford pinchot and Theodore Roosevelt. Were that utilitarians, nature lovers, or were they hybrids beyond characterization . And you can see how complicated pinchot was. He was not just a how many board feet do we have here. He was really a person who loved being in natural environments, whose children grew up with that. His grandchildren have that quality. I had the great privilege of speaking at the pinchot washington, a bit scary, a big, solemn group. I come in, there are two people in the front row wearing nametags, nothing scary about that, but it said pinchot. So they are mixed. They are mixed. And to cast, there was some value in the clarity you thought you would get if you put john muir over here and Gifford Pinchot over there and you had mr. Utilitarian and mr. Preservationist and you had them separate. I guess people dream of that kind of clarity, but you have to work really hard to maintain it. Because theyll fight you on it. Those two guys will fight you about what are they doing . They do, ife, as theyre supposed to be purely utilitarians. On the other side, john muirs occupational paradox. He has to be in this lecture. Theres two keywords, progressive and paradox. And hes so doing his part for me with the paradox part. So he is in there. Anyway, what a great thing to contemplate. John muirs occupational paradox. And what a way to escape from the preoccupation with purity that can often immobilize us. What did john muir do for a living . He did eventually end up writing and getting some income from that, but before that and during that, what did he do for a living . [indiscernible] he did do some manual labor kinds of things when he first got to california. Weve had a theme where we talk about how smart military officers are to marry wives who write well. Well, marrying spouses can be a very interesting and valuable thing to do if youre going to make your living in ways that may or may not be steady and productive. So hes a stayathome dad . No. What an interesting experience for the children that would have been if he had been their dad in that sense. He married into a family in california that had orchards. So he was, in fact, quite an admired horticulturalist. So that is a paradox, because these are the trees, if you say john muir tree, thats the trees you think of. And these are the kinds of trees he spent his work life with. Which is great. I mean, thats not, oh thats kind of disillusioning. Hed climb onto these trees and hang on in windstorms. He wouldnt climb onto these trees in windstorms. But those are the most tamed, bullied, domesticated of trees, and he worked well with them. So that just seems to me a very helpful thing that john muir did for us to remind ourselves of that. And then maybe scale down the fixation on purity of untouched pristine nature that reading some of his works will get us stirred up in that direction, but that should be in our picture as well. And then the founder of the National Park service, Steven Mather, who was the first director of the National Park service, a wellconnected person, a very effective advocate for the parks. Somebody to really conjure with, well, i guess to say to yourself, what would have happened with the National Park service if Steven Mather werent in the picture. He was really effective. Its hard. Im not going to say oh, it would never have happened. I wont say that, but he certainly was a very forceful presence in the creation of the park service. How did he get to be such a wellconnected, wellsetup person . Borax miner. He was a miner of the material called borax, used in cleaning. That is not him come you understand. So, he made his fortune in borax mining, and that positioned him to go into a very effective form of advocacy for the park. This is not a very consequential paradox, but i love it, because it does irritate foresters very much that pinchot was an opponent of alcohol. Foresters, people who work for the Forest Service, and people who work in private land thes forestry, they are not opponents of alcohol. So to remind them that their admired founder, and many think admireForest Service pinchot. You go to a Forest Service meeting, you might find a pinchot impersonator. They are very common. And theres geoffifford pinchot. Hes brought a stump. Hes sitting on a stump. And im sitting at the table next to the current chief forester, dale bosworth, and im thinking, this is psychedelic is the only word you can think of. So if you tell the audience of Forest Service people that give or the pinchot opposed, was an advocate for abstinence in alcohol, that is hard on them. The heritage is. And also, the Forest Service is understandably often characterized as an extremely masculineshaped institution. He, he had wellconnected parents. They played a big part in founding the Yale Forestry School. He recruited the young man from the Yale Forestry School and other sources, but its quite a male scene. And then he left the Forest Service in 1910, and he got married. After that he, cornelia, his wife, his first marriage, was a very active force for womens rights. So chief forester pinchot is a totally interesting character. Chief Forrester Pinchot who becomes the governor and under the influence of cornelia is very forceful, he frightens conventional holders of male power, because he is so, so he is just, he wont stay in a stereotype either. He keeps moving through life, which is a great blessing to us. So that is the great part of the paradox here is that, Pay Attention to the progressives, and you are invited to surrender simple oppositions and give up imagined forms of purity. The very last case study i wanted to bring in there because i have then talking so much about land and the progressives. The riddle of reclamation. The the bureau of reclamation, a very significant power in reshaping the west. Probably a good percentage of you have read mark risners cadillac desert. It was originally created in 1902, part of the u. S. Geological survey, part of the reclamation service, which is not worth taking up time, but anyway, reclamation is the building of dams and die version of water from streams in order to reclaim water that would not land that would not be useful, to reclaim it for agriculture with that. Its perfectly legitimate to be scratching ones head, thinking, why is dam building considered to be in the package with conservation . Why would you isnt conservation about not disrupting rivers with big pieces of concrete . Why is, whats reclamation doing that are . Does anyone the gentleman in the back, would i care . No. Oh, yeah. Im thinking about the general sustainability in general. If theyre thinking we need to provide for the people who are here, and we dont want them wreaking havoc and doing whatever they want, similar to maybe well, were not going to clearcut a forest, we would want to still use some of that. It certainly has that component of utility that progressive era conservation has and it has a very literal meaning that youre conserving the water. If you dont build the dam, the water goes down the river and into the sea. Thats waste. That is waste. Conservation is the opposite of waste. So build that dam. Obstruct the river. Hold the water. Dont let the water just waste itself. Water is very irresponsible, if you dont keep control of it. It , it would just go wasting its resource there. At that point, did the science exist where they understand the disruptions to the Ecological Systems of fish . Theres very little evidence that was on anybodys mind. And it wasnt even John Wesley Powells mind either. It is not far away. As a recognition, if you, if you know whats coming. You think, oh, wait just a few years. But no, they didnt get that. In yeah. Going after what patty said, how could they not have that recognition when the person downstream, suddenly, i dont have any water. Ooh, this is unfortunate, given our timing here, because there are forms of claiming water in the west that if you are downstream, you might well have a junior right or you might really have no right at all. An upstream dam would be based on claims to water that may overrule your claim, so you could be quite dewatered and the existing legal structure would make that seem right, whether you would figure it was right or not. So, yeah, that is a really, but whether you would care about the, the aquatic life, you might be prepared. Theres a very stupid quotation that mark twain never said but hes always quoted, so when you hear it come you must say he never said that. Drinking andr water is for fighting over. So you might be in a very tense relationship with your downstream neighbor. Most of the areas were reclamation dams were going in, they were not in areas where settlement was very significant, because it was hard to do that. So i think that was probably one of the blessings for getting that going. In your reading packet is an amazing document from Frederick Newell. He was the first head of the bureau of reclamation. That is not him. What are you doing there . He was a crusader for irrigation and federal sponsorship of that and he is explicitly a guy saying the frontier is closed and we have to do something. We have to give a new sense of opportunity. Hes in here. So he is in here because his book is really good, if you want to see what that anxiety about the end of the frontier means to a person who is recommending a federal program, hes your guy. There are some of the early dams. River dam, elephant butte, and the Theodore Roosevelt dam in 1911. I think the salt river in arizone , one of the major ones. I think this is one that sam said he cant help but find that beautiful, which means he will have to not live in boulder. Even though we benefit from dams in boulder, but were not consider beautiful. So well speak sternly to you about that. So heres Frederick Newell. This is where we will be actually coming to a conclusion here. In your packet is a very cool thing. It is from the 11th annual report of the office of, the reclamation service, and it is Frederick Newell doing something i never knew that a federal bureaucrat had done in this era our really many others. Its called fallacies entertained. And it is a list of things they believed when they started the reclamation service, which turned out to be oops moments. And to see a federal bureaucrat say here is what we did not expect. We did not expect the problems of Water Quality that would erode concrete, various things, sediments, evaporation. Not all those things are in his mind, but they really forecast theyre very explicit. They are very explicit on that, so to me that is one of the most amazing bureaucratic documents. The engineers did not see the problem of the human element, which is to say they thought they would be benefitting settlers, giving them a new opportunity. The settlers were supposed to pay for the water and also pay an added sum to pay for the structure that brought them the water. The repayment plan never really came together. Settler the were crabby. They had difficult land. On top of that, theyre suppose to pay, if they were ever to make a profit, they were supposed to give that. So Frederick Newell saying, ah, the human beings. They didnt train us for that. And its not a sermon, really, but my own personal, this is just me as maybe not even a fully responsible applied historian here, but with all of the complexity, with the dilemmas of Race Relations and so on, this is still where i land, that progressive leaders and citizens responded to their troubled times with innovation and spirit. Many of our leaders and citizens today are responding to our troubled times with agitation, shouting, reciprocal Delivery Systems for blame and accusation. There is a lot we could learn from the progressives by simultaneously celebrating their history to us and reckoning thoughtfully with their human complexities. My thing. And in your packet is this tacoma man. They went to they went to tacoma where in fact a lot of local people were very enthusiastic about getting Mount Rainier park getting created. Theres a little thing in your packet. A man says to them, do you want to, the fell low saysow says to them, dont you think you might want to Pay Attention. Says, why these borders . Why did you put these borders on the Straight Lines . Those borders do not reflect whats there on the land. Could could you think about making those borders in some relationship to what is on the land . So horace albright, they say this is interesting. They ask him to write out and send it to them so they could think more about it. They didnt get his name, and they never heard from him. So always in our company is tacoma man. And we may or may not know enough to think, dont let him get out of here. Tacoma man was around in 1915. And it took a while. Right now, everyone struggles, wheres the borders of the Yellowstone National forest and National Park and all that. There was tacoma man, whoever he was, turning the lights on. So there is tacoma man turning we arehts on something not thinking about. So id like to salute tacoma man as a progressive who we cant name, but we know hes part of our legacy from the progress ever era. Thank you. [applause] join us every saturday evening at 8 00 p. M. And midnight eastern as we join students to hear lectures on topics from the American Revolution to 9 11. Lectures and history are also available as podcasts. Website, cspan. Org history podcasts or download them from itunes. Are watching American History tv, 48 hours of programming on American History every weekend on cspan3. Follow us on twitter at cspan history for our schedule and to keep up with the latest history news. Cspan, where history unfolds daily. Cspan was created as a Public Service by americas Cable Television companies and is brought to you today by your cable or satellite provider. So he walked into the room wearing military fatigues with the blood drop emblem and the initials kkk on his chest and embroidered across his beret were nights of the clue clerks hand, and on his hip he had a semiautomatic handgun in a holster. He came in and was followed right behind him by mr. Kelly, the grand dragon, dark blue suit and tie. When the nighthawk into the room and turn the corner and saw me, he just froze, and mr. Kelly bumped into his back because the guy had stopped short. They regain their balance and looked around the room and i knew what they were thinking, they were thinking the desk clerk gave him the wrong room number or this was a setup, and ambush. So i displayed my hands, nothing in them. I stood up and approached him come on, mr. Kelly, line in. He has befriended ku klux klan members to convince them they are wrong. Q aay night on cspans 8 00 p. M. Eastern. History of burlington, vermont is tied to Lake Champlain. Lumber, up next, we speak with historian mr. Feeney about his role. We are standing in what is referred to as Burlington Bay and like champlain. The fact that it is on Lake Champlain is one of the reasons we have a city here today. The early europeans, the newly lenders who