Transcripts For CSPAN3 History Of The Black Hills 20240713

Nonnative americans. Stretching about 110 miles long and 70 miles wide, the black hills of south dakota rise up from the plains, just to the west of rapid city. The black hills are very important to the native American Community members. They are referred to as the heart. And thein pine trees elevations that we have that surround that area thinking of where rapid city is at, we are positioned at the gateway to the black hills, where it is kind of how we have always build ourselves, billed back to the earliest founders of rapid city. I am doniphan donovan sprague, i come from the lakota ise family and my tribal affiliation, from ,cion river sioux reservation , a veryacred bear butte spiritual place where not only lakota, but people of Many American Indian Tribes and nationalities visited. Aroundhe time period of 1800, we will say up to the wins as a time period, our henota and cheyenne are w lakota and cheyenne dominated this area. They moved with the buffalo and game, which supplied them with food, shelter, and everything that the people know was provided by the creator. Spiritual,ificant you know, area. If you look at the bigger picture, you see bear butte surrounded by prairie, but the black hills are about 80 miles long. It is totally surrounded by prairie itself, so it just rises veryt of the prairie, unique area. Very beautiful. Very sacred. Taking you back a few years to the fort laramie treaty signed in 1868, everything in the black hills was treaty land for native American Community members. A few years later in 1874, the custer expedition cuts through on officiallls orders of seeking a passageway for immigrants into the montana area. In their way through the black hills, they discover gold. That is the game changer. The fort laramie treaty in 1868 and now we discover gold. So that really led to the gold rush here in the black hills, and it is the turning point in the event. From there, the spaces go through a bunch of different treaty reorganizations, land allotment acts and things of that nature. But had that goal not been not beend gold discovered, it might have been a different story. But we can only conjecture. The black hills being lost through the politics of the gold discovery in 1874, the custer all of that was a craving for land, which eventually led, you know, to the five reservations. Pine ridge, rosebud, standing rock, Cheyenne River, and lower utte being created. Basically a concentration camp. You could not leave in the early days. You had to get permission. There is about 12 native American Population in rapid city, which is significant. 8000 to 9000 native american residents here. But we are within nine miles of the pine ridge indian reservation, which by all accounts is one of the poorest places to live in the nation. Where the Life Expectancy is very low. Where the infant mortality rate is very high, where the addiction rate is very high and where the unemployment is very high as well. It is a very challenged part of the country. County i come from on the ,eservation, Cheyenne River its today the poorest county in america. Itis last alphabetically, has the highest unemployment rate, the Lowest Per Capita income. If you look at all the other theyre goingons, to be at the bottom 20 in the United States. Conflict is a good way to describe the relationship between the early nonnative settlers and the current native american inhabitants of this area. There was conflict then and conflicts today, but not as much a direct conflict as it was influenced by historical trauma. So there was development here that was not in the best interest of the native people, certainly not in the same style, the same intended use of the land as the original native people. Of course, we are 20 miles from Mount Rushmore, the largest president monument in the world. Mount rushmore memorial in the heart of south dakotas black hills. There it is, the 60 foot head of george washington. Ee other units to follow jefferson, lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt to be honored in unveiling ceremonies. There was some controversy right from the start carving in the black hills. That controversy came from tribal people as well as people today we would call the ecologists. The tribes, they were looking at a place where they would come in and honor and have honor, ceremonies, spend some time. 1925, thate period, was not looked at the same way we look at today. Our people,t of ,specially more traditionalist are not in favor of doing anything with the rocks, because what, rocks are believed to be part of our system and living, not to blast those and carve them and make a mountain and that sort of thing. Those were things that were decided by nonindians, you know, a long time ago. What we did was we studied the history of Mount Rushmore, the four president s there, and then some ofwas to explain the American Indian policies that washington had or lincoln had or that roosevelt had as jefferson. Still do have tribal people who are concerned about the black hills being carved, People Living in the black hills. That, some of it through our interpretive programming, but we also have a place that we set up in the park that is called the lakota heritage village. We hire cultural interpreters. These are people who are lakota. They come in and they talk about the lakota story. So we are trying to share the importance of the black hills for all of these people, as well as what that sculpture means. It is a balance. [speaking native language] grandfather, thank you very much for my so. That is like Mount Rushmore. Same thing with the rocks, you know . Disturbed. A Family Member myself, i would not support that as far as from the crazy horse and the other families. Some native americans i have spoken with, one of the issues they have with this memorial and Mount Rushmore is that it is taking the native geology of the ands and the rock up there changing it from something the creator had there before. What are your thoughts on that . Well, the creator created human beings to do things. That is one thing. To carve thed mountain in montana, not in the black hills. Thats the indian people said, you have to carve it in the black hills. So he was invited here by the native American People to carve the mountain in the black hills. We are the story telling, we are telling the history of the native American People. We are telling the future of native American People, and present day. Andave lots of artists performers that come here and share their knowledge and their withiences and their life our guests, our visitors. If you have knowledge, you have everything you need. Toas crazy horse began become a young warrior, a young, mighty warrior we have different ways we can honor our people, and we have our own accurate history that differ from some of the history they present. Crazy horse was all through this area. We are about five miles from the sacred bear butte, and we are about two miles from the port that was established, fort meade, and so we are in an area of minicamps of lakota, including all through this valley where we are at right now. Here was also aware, ironically, the remnants of custers calvary ended up. This was their patrol area. They would be involved in later years, you know . With little bighorn, but by 1890 was the wounded knee massacre. And patroleir job area, to go clear down there, miles,ere probably 140 right now, from wounded knee. The black hills have always been a big issue, you know, and the u. S. Court of claims was formed in the 1940s to take claims to land, and that is when the lakota files for loss of their black hills, you know . So there is a whole history of unsettled case, you know, which continues to this day, because the tribes did not accept money. They wanted land. All of that continues to this day. In essence, the laramie treaty is still in effect today. It has not been rescinded, theres just been legal different changes, theres just been legal, different changes to wear native american spaces are set aside for. There are legal activities pending in terms of who owns the black hills right now, and i know there are native American Community members who do not want to take a settlement for the black hills, because they do not believe the black hills are for sale. They are sacred. South dakota has had a lot of problems with the relationship between tribes. They can say what they want, but the record shows its been a tough go. There is a long way to go. Of still,lot hurt feelings are passed from generation to generation, and there is discrimination. Partly real, partly perceived, but discrimination nonetheless. Even if you do not understand your culture completely, you can beautiful and how wonderful the black hills are, and i think i can really respect and understand all of that from that viewpoint too. The legacy of the black hills continues to this day. It is always going to be a sacred and spiritual place and an important place for ceremonies. A lot of people that come here and visit, they are drawn back just by what they remember from experiencing the black hills. I think one of the power points here. World is it is magnetic, i think. Our look at some of the highlights from the last year continues as we take you to lansing, michigan. We are at the Michigan History Museum here in downtown lands hang. We are part of state government, so our museum tells the stories of michigan, all of michigan, including lansing, and today we are going to walk a little bit through our gallery. Our museum is set up so it is a walkthrough time. We Start Talking about the first Indigenous People who lived in michigan and go all the way up through the end of the 20th century. We are standing in our first exhibit, and it talks about the Indigenous People who lived in michigan for thousands of years before the arrival of europeans. It is one that we just recently renovated. The focal point of this exhibition is the gigantic mural we have that is painted. What it does is shows the story of the people through four seasons. To big picture we want convey in this, what an advanced civilization they had before , and that theyl had very sophisticated social structures, but it was just a little different than the western civilization. Off the land live and not try to control the lands, and they engaged a lot of their time really working in harmony with the land to meet all their basic needs. So in this mural, some things to point out. The structures, there is a lot of misconceptions that native americans all lived in teepees, but in michigan, they lived in structures called wigwams. They would use saplings from birchbark or maple to build this frame, and they would overlay it with strips of birchbark, sometimes woven reed mats. They would fill it in with grasses for a bit of insulation and living here year round. They are pretty compact and pretty mobile, so they could take the birch bark off and move from place to place as the seasons changed. We have now moved into the gallery that talks about how michigan became a state. Settle dues slow to to the swamp and other thing like that. The opening of the erie canal really helped spread migration from the eastern area. By 1835, the territory of michigan felt it had reached the requirements for becoming a state. We had the right population members, we had a written constitution from 1835 in our governor and our governor appealed to congress to become a state and it was rejected because there was some unsettled business between the state of michigan and the state of ohio as to who was going to own toledo. Both states saw it as a valuable port on lake erie that would help with transportation, so it took about two years. They call it the toledo war. Michigan finally agreed if the country would live to become a state, they would let toledo become part of ohio and as a consolation prize, michigan. The western half of the Upper Peninsula. Everybody, ohioans and michigans agree, that michigan ,efinitely got the better deal because that is where they found the iron ore and copper ore deposits that really helped michigan become the manufacturing state that it did. Were rich with native forests, largely times, but also explorersurveyor douglas houchin discovered unnatural iron ore and copper deposits there. In the last half of the 19th century, most of the lumber in the lower part of the peninsula andcut down and harvested full mining efforts began in the Upper Peninsula for the copper and iron ore. When you are extracting the copper and the iron ore, it rarely comes out perfectly pure, so this is some copper or that has other impurities in it. Necessitated the building of some of michigans first factories to process, fours, take these Raw Materials and purify them, remove the impurities to make the p or usedr moved pure copper ,n candlesticks, ingots, pots and other things. This is one of the things that set michigan up to become a. Ajor Manufacturing Center some of the earliest Manufacturing Industries were related to transportation. We had carriage companies, rail Car Companies operating out of detroit, and shipbuilding in bay city and detroit. One of the biggest early andfacturing successes michigans history was the fact that michigan by 1900 had become the stove capital of the world. Jeremiah and james to iron were two brothers who founded three of the four most successful stove companies in detroits history. Here are examples of the castiron stoves they made in their factories out of iron mind in thepeninsula mined peninsula. So michigan really became known for the industry it is still known for today, the manufacture of automobiles. In order for that to happen, we had to have the successes from the earlier industry. Money and capital that can invest in these new companies from the former industries of mining. G and we also have the infrastructure and factories that made the stoves and transportation vehicles. They could be repurposed for the new phenomenon of the gasoline engine. The last piece that really helps michigan become the motor city was the ingenuity of some of the early founders of modern mobile industry, from henry ford, Whose Assembly line is to Walter Chrysler and william durrant, who founded general motors. This exciting boom in any fracturing and the Automobile Industry was huge in the southern part of michigan, particularly southeastern michigan. At the same time, the northern part of michigan was so largely farming as a main industry, but technology,ents in particularly the gasoline engine, resulted in automations like the motorized tractor. New eraped usher in a of farming in michigan and enabled family farms to grow into sustainable businesses. Early in the 20th century, almost 25 of Michigan Farmers were dairy farmers. That was a Huge Industry for us. Are movingactories in southeast michigan, weve got farming on a larger scale happening, so both worlds existing simultaneously. We have now moved into the part of the museum which talks about michigan during world war ii, and particularly, the war production that took place. In 1940, right before the u. S. Entered world war ii, president Franklin D Roosevelt put out a call. We must be the great arsenal of democracy. We need to create a product that would help the allies win ii, and michigan and detroit in particular were very quick to answer the call. In fact, most factories or Production Companies making Consumer Products switched over morere manufacturing manufacturing, including all the automobile factories. One of the most successful factories that was built to make products for the war was ford motor companys willow run plant. A gigantic girl behind us shows the innovation and the making planes the assembly line, which had never been done before. Construction began in 1941, and by 1943,1942, 40 1000 people were working to build airplanes 41,000 people were working to build airplanes in this plant. At one point, they were rolling a bomber off the line every 63 minutes. Most of the young ablebodied men who worked in factories had gone off to serve in the war, so in the willow run plant in particular, there was mass migrations of people coming up from the south to work. Detroit was so overcrowded, people were living in tents in vacant lots. That the warown gave opportunity to win it and people of caller, particularly africanamericans, to get the part,y jobs for the most for the first time in history. So the workers that are working on top of the airplane, there are a couple of women working that. Women worked as realtors, assembling things at other factories that were not making the big products like the jeep or the vehicles. Michigan made a lot of ordinates so building shells, the shelves that would be used in can attend guns and bullets shells that would be used in canons and guns and bullets. We will end our tour at the 1957 detroit auto show. It is fitting, because it shows how over the last century and a half, the manufacturing in michigan made michigan a very prosperous state in the mid20th 1950s. In the from michigans addition his people to our lumber to our miners to our early manufacturers and Auto Industry giants, these individuals have worked with, lived with, and use Michigan Natural Resources in a way to benefit themselves and help our state grow. Making 24 stops in the last year, the cspan cities tour explores the history and literary life of selected americans these. Next up, look at one of our segments from bozeman, montana. A wonderful place bird the discovery of dinosaur fossils, not only because of the ands that we had here are present in the state, but also because they are exposed. The almost entire eastern portion of the state is exposed rock from the cretaceous time. Whichtaceous time period, preserved a lot of dinosaurs. The most famous formation for dinosaurs is beheld creek ekrmation the hell cre formation, and it outcrops here in montana. We have a lot here in the state, and that is what and where we go to find triceratops and trex, two of the most iconic dinosaurs creekown from the hell formation and we have that in montana. The first discoveries of fossils go back to the native american days. These bones have been eroding out of the hillsides and outcrops forever. Of first documented case fossils being discovered were around the turnofthecentury in the early 1900s, late 1800s during some of the classic bone wars and first pushes and pulls of paleontology. Many of those fossils went back to the east coast to large institutions like the carnegie, smithsonian, or yale . Or yale. 1970st until the late that we found a site, thanks to landowners who were real when ands in montana, family found these fragments of baby dinosaur bones. And dinosaur egg shells as well. Phenomenal discoveries. Not just babies, but nestlings that had clearly been cared for. Research, science thought that dinosaurs were like crocodiles and alligators, that they would lay their eggs and peace out and not be present to lay their ops raise their offspring. The presence of these eggs and nestlings really change what we would thought about dinosaurs and put the rockies on the map. This is focused on fossils from the hell creek formation, which preserves the last age of the dinosaurs in the last of the nonavian dinosaurs that went extinct. Is hell creek formation famous because of two types of dinosaurs in particular. That is triceratops, the horned dinosaur, so that is where we get the hollow horns hall of horns, and the teeth come from trex. Formation has produced a number of phenomenal to ran a source wrecks specimens. Quiteis full of teeth and taranto saurus racks trexo saurus specimens. A couple of names, its official specimen number is mor 980. Montanas trex was discovered on fourth of july in the late. 990s, which i love someone once said to me, why are you working on the fourth of july . Why would you think that his work . This is fun. And it was local ranchers that found montanas trex, then contacted fort peck and museum of the rockies to help with the excavation. It is the skeleton of the trex standing behind me here, more than 60 real bone. That is the caller difference that you see in the mount behind you. The darker colors represent the actual bone, the lighter colors represent a replica that has been taken from other trex to make him complete. It is very, very, very rare to that is 100 ur complete. I dont think any of us would be complete after 66 million years of being in the ground, so to have a dinosaur like montanas trex that is 60 real fossil bone standing in front of you is a rare and spectacular opportunity for our visitors. Behind me as well, you can probably see the horns of triceratops that we have mounted is all, and triceratops very wellknown dinosaur as well from the hell creek formation. It is known for its iconic three horns, where it gets the name triceratops. Two above the eyesit was likelye prey item for trex. We see quite a bit of triceratops material with bite marks ortiz still in that dinosaur. A vegetarian dinosaur that would have probably been trying to avoid trex as much as possible, and that is probably where the crazy horn ornamentation came from to deal with large predators. Growthme is triceratops series, and these are all different skulls from triceratops. They are called triceratops because they have two horns on their eyes and one above their nose, so tri three horns. The most commonly form of dinosaur found in creek formation. When we look at the food chains, there are a lot more herbivores in the ecosystem then like the trex. See a great sample. The benefit of being such a commonly found dinosaurs we can say a lot of how triceratops grew and developed through its life. You can see one of the smallest triceratopss skulls to ever be discovered. Its horns are still quite itty relativelyit is just small like we see in babies in general. Growthontinue down the series, we start to see things change. We start to see the horns above the eyes get bigger, curving upwards towards the ceiling. On the back, we call it a little triangles, and through their lives as they grow, they fuse later and later. , thereeenage triceratops horns are bigger and more curved, and we continue on through getting closer and closer to adulthood. These triceratops probably would have been sexually mature but not fully skeletal he mature yet. Mature yet. Y we see the largest of the two of the growth series, and you see the horns have gone from pointing upwards to pointing down. Some believe that this might species with recognition and being able to tell the adults from the juveniles within a population. Within our largest of the triceratops that we see, it also has the biggest curved about downward curved horns, and what we see in the oldest growth stage of the triceratops are the holes that develop in the back of the frill. These holes would not have been holes in life but covered withs with skin, and our studytologist here who theyratops believe that may have been absorbed and deposited on the facial region, and exchanging that bone from there to the front of the face. How we know all of these things about this being an older triceratops and not say, a different species is because of bone histology and using it as a Research Method to tell the age of individuals. Histology is when you slice up an animal possible animals bone, slice it thin, and look at the microscopic level of that bone and see things like growth rings and Cellular Development that give us an idea of the relative ages of these longer, extinct giants like triceratops. Not only do we have a triceratops growth series on display, but we also have the largest trex growth series in the world here as well. Iat is what you see here, call this area the trex fishbowl. Here you can see the smallest trex skulls to ever be discovered. It, is a 3d print out of but it is from montana. We have another juvenile and younger trex. This one is also a replica, and the actual is at a museum in illinois. These are your younger trexs, and there has been debate of represents other species are just a younger trex. We are confident with our hypothesis that these represent juvenile trexs. Rex, and hen see b wouldve been a subadult trex, and a spectacular specimen with theory largely due to research of a doctor who was a researcher here at museum of the rockies. Found thech on brex oldest traces of soft tissue to ever be preserved of a fossil in the femur, the upper leg bone of it has changed what we know about dinosaurs soft tissue and biology. Around the corner, we see larger and larger trex, so here we goal980, so this is this the skull of montanas trex. Mor555. D largest is this is the actual specimen of 555, which is actually the centerpiece of smithsonians deep time exhibit for the next 50 years. The actual fossil is on the center stage in washington dc. Trex growthf our series is one of the largest trex skulls to be discovered. 00r8, and it would have been huge and overall body size. It is much larger than the skull of montanas trex, so the rest of the skeleton would have been much larger than what you see here with the trex that we have on display. Montana trex. Very few museums have an opportunity for you to see so many different actual trex specimens in one exhibits. That is one of the highlights of coming to museum of the rockies, is taking a look at these extinct giant beasts. Here we are at the bowman dinosaur viewing laboratory here in museum of the rockies. This facility gives visitors an opportunity to see paleontologist and preparers working on fossils in front of them, and our volunteers who work here in the viewing lab can explain to visitors how we find fossils in the field, how we get them back to the museum, and how we clean them up so they can go on display one day. Variety ofan see a different dinosaur bones that are being prepared. Here in view for visitors to see. Femur thatriceratops is in the works. In its field jacket which is made out of plaster and burlap. Is the upper leg bone of a triceratops dinosaur. Next to it, a triceratops vertebra, so it is an individual backbone. It looks like some of the spine will need to be glued back together still as well. We have additional vertebra from triceratops as well as other material from triceratops and a duckbill dinosaurs. We have one or our volunteers in here right now working on some very cool materials, so duckbill dinosaurs. Levi, how long of you been a volunteer at museum of the rockies . Six years. How many hours . That levi hass volunteered and donated to be here in the viewing lab, helping fossils for display, research, and interact with visitors. Levi is working on a duckbilled jaw, these are actually the teeth and they grow in a dental battery of the duckbill dinosaur jaw. It looks like it is in many pieces right now, but levi is very skilled at putting them all back together, so it is a lot of work, and we want to show how proud we are of our volunteer itors, and how proud we are just share the process with our visitors. I think it is extremely important to have small Regional Museum such as museum of the rockies, which is fairly large, as opposed to large ones such as the smithsonian museum. I think those institutions are extremely important because they preserve our nations history. It is extremely important to have these local museums to give back to our communities and it brings montana to the world and the world to montana. Highlights from some of the stops along the cspan cities tour from the last year continues. We take you to toledo, ohio. Perspective, we like to think of it as a two football fields of education and entertainment. It is a great hook for us to get people appreciating an understanding a little bit more the history of the great lakes. We are on in the pilothouse museum ofe national the great lakes largest artifacts, 618 feet long. It was a commercial freighter from when it was built in 1911 until it went into longterm lay up the early 1980s, and then became a museum ship on the city of toledo purchased it from the owner in 1987. Her main purpose was to deliver ironwork from the Lake Superior region down to lake erie to ohios like ashtabula, where it was unloaded and put in cars where was taken to pittsburgh, in order to support the steelmaking business. At the time, it was the largest carrier and remains the largest carrier, meaning he could carry more bulk material than any other from 1911 until 1927, which was a very long time when every year a new boat came out that was a little bit longer. Soause this boat was built wide and 1911, it could carry more cargo for almost 16 years than any other boat constructed between that time. We are now in the pilothouse of the colonel jamess good maker, ended up pilothouse also called the wheelhouse is where command decisions are made to operate a commercial vessel. Mate would, a first be in here as well as some other Junior Officers who would assist the cabin the captain with navigation, steering of the vessel, communicating with the engine room with respect to how got they want the boat to and what direction, and command theral of the operating of 20th century great lakes bulk carrier. We have your Standard Wheel which will steal the boat. The boat. Steer the schoonmaker has two wheels. As technology improved, sometimes the Old Technology was kept. So not only a simple compass, but a repeating compass as well. When radar is introduced on the great lakes over here and here, radar is introduced after world war ii and vastly improves the ability of the boat to see what is coming in its direction as well as the most iconic piece of equipment which everybody seems to recognize from the movie titanic. The engine telegraph which is the system of communication between the pilothouse and the engine room. She was 618 feet depending on how you measure her, but six in long. 618 feet it was perfect to fit in order to maximize the amount of cargo she could carry from Lake Superior down to the lower lakes. Now in the cargo hold, number two of the colonel James Schoonmaker museum ship. This is where literally thousands upon thousands and the tons of cargo probably millions over the course of 70 years of vocal cargo like iron ore, like a cold, like limestone would have been transported across the great lakes. Has balanceder tanks on each side in order to help in the navigation of the boat by being able to sit too low in the water. It also has arch gurger construction which was developed in the first decade of the 20th century which allowed more cargo to be placed in the cargo hold to make the boats more efficient. There are three cargo holds roughly carrying about 4800 tons of cargo per trip. This boat could carry just over 14,500 tons of cargo. Washe time this schoonmaker built, the cargo would be oreved primarily with iron unloaders, which were mechanized massiveached to dockside infrastructure which would reach down through the cargo holds of the vessel and with these huge clamshell buckets, scoop up two tons to three tons of cargo each time, take them out of the cargo hold, and deposit them into Railroad Cars, waiting at dockside. Could takethis seven tot 10 hours take seven to 10 hours to unload which was a vast improvement over earlier unloaders which would take two times to unload. Generally, they have a principal cargo and for so many years, all of the freighters on the great lakes tried to carry iron ore because it was the main cargo. Is there is also coal that still shipped on the great lakes. Stone aggregate used for the recreation of steel. Limestone. Construction material stone. Mined in theis Great Lakes Region and carried by a boat from city to city for road salt. So they carry a variety of products. There are still boats on the great lakes that carry grain, grain silos on riversides across the great lakes will place grain in the car goes of a boat and it will be shipped often off the great lakes to the seabourn seaway. In many ways, if you take a photograph of a port like toledo, cleveland, or milwaukee in 1911, the port would look chaotic. Be hundreds of vessels operating out of that poor on any given day. It would be different because there would be a wide variety of styles of vessels. In 1911, you still have hundreds ,f sailing vessels, schooners delivering cargo, versus a boat like the schoonmaker which is operating on steam. We are now in the engine room of the colonel James Schoonmaker. It is where the power that is created to move the boat through the water comes from. Originally, the colonel James Schoonmaker museum ship had an expansion themed engine steam engine, but by the 1930s, that had been supplanted by steam turbines. A new steam turbine system was placed in it, and all of the equipment that you see in the engine room today is based on steam turbine technology. Except, of course, the engine room telegraph which stayed the same, which is now the other end of the commute occasion system with the pilothouse. When the captain wants the boat to go full ahead, he sends the signal via the Communication System back to the engine room, they acknowledge it, and put it into full ahead steam power. The major control system for the steam turbine allows the chief engineer to ensure that there is enough steam to turn the turbine , which then, of course, turns the shaft of the propeller, which then turns the propeller. All of the things that go into the production of steam, the amount of heat, the amount of water in the boilers, the temperature the water is boiling at, the amount of pressure that creates, it is all controlled through mechanical systems here, but that are certainly more sophisticated than when the boat was built in 1911. Behind us are the two major onmaker of this scho before its conversion to a steam turbine. You would have had a man from the shovels men with shovels taking the coal and shoveling it into the firebox in order to heat the steam. And of thee commercial career of the schoonmaker was more demand for steel and other Industrial Products like coal, limestone, and salt on the great lakes than it was for the condition of the bow. In that boat. , the boate 1980s was laid up in toledo so it had not been used in seven or eight years and it was called longterm layout. The company was waiting for some condition to change that might justify it being brought out again. The city of toledo purchased it for a couple hundred thousand dollars and began the process of turning it into a museum ship. It is a great way to get people think, i will get to go on one of those things that i have seen or my father saw when he lived up here on the great lakes , to get them involved in history. Then they go through the museum and they are amazed at what has happened over the last 300 years on the great lakes. It is a great took for us to get people appreciating and understanding a little bit more in the history of the great lakes. Traveling the country to explore the american story, the cspan cities tour has stopped and 24 cities in the last year. Up next, a look at a segment from detroit. The link of the city of detroit and windsor is not just a link of two cities, but of nations. Canada and america are two of the biggest trade partners in the world. Wharf 16connect in our billion in trade a year for both countries. Jobs rely on this network of transportation and international trade. Ofmendously important part our history, and has been since precivil war, during prohibition, detroit is responsible for bringing in 75 of all of the illegal alcohol that is brought into this country for the fourth in years, and that comes to our neighbors from the south, windsor in canada. Trade in the 1800s, the city of city usa,t was stowe cigar capital of america. We were not only transporting and Raw Materials but outsourcing materials. There were days where you had seven to 10,000 Railroad Cars waiting to be transported that could not get get across the river because they had to wait for fairies to take them across tocanada for ferries take them across to take them across the canada, and that backlog really took the national forefront by the 1870s. Something had to be done because we had storehouses filling up, waiting for this transportation that was very slow because ferries can only transport 50 to 75 cars at a time and not quick enough to catch up with how much the train was able to bring in in mass. We need angrows, infrastructure that can supply taking from canada and getting over to detroit and vice versa. That means building both the tunnel and later, the bridge. We have two tunnels under the Detroit River. One is for train transport. Took fourin 1910, it years to build and cost of 8. 5 million. Then in 1930, president hoover presses a button that rings a bell simultaneously in opens thehat detroitwindsor tunnel. It is the first underwater net nation connecting tunnel in the world, and today, it has been operating seamlessly since that time. It is had a 50 million renovation in the 1990s, but it sees almost 10,000 cars a day. The detroitwindsor tunnel transports mainly people. The detroitwindsor michigan in tunnel transport. Ransports only 3 you name it, if it is made in america, it goes through that tunnel pending it is not a hazardous or explosive material. In 1922, the Detroit River was the busiest freshwater shipping channel in the world, and it still is. Tunnel our train and ambassador bridge, things are transported through the entire world. They show on freighter maps everywhere that michigan and detroit products have made it around the world insurer of antarctica, there is not a continent we dont touch. The ambassador bridge was completed on november 15, 1929. The it opened, it is longest suspension bridge in the world and it held that record just about four months before it is taken. What it is known for is its high at 152 feet, it allows shipments of freighter traffic to travel below it as opposed to a drawbridge that would stop river traffic and commuter traffic every time it had open or close. The bridge itself is completed by one man. It is not mean as a. Municipally owned. It is a toll bridge. Today it is still owned by an individual who charges five dollars a car. Traveling across the ambassador bridge is nearly 10,000 cars a day, plus another 2000 semitrucks. The Main Transport for semi trucks leaving america and going into canada to michigan. We see everything on those trucks from gerbers baby food from kelloggs cereal made in michigan plus iphones. Everything that has to be traded and as the two Biggest International trading partners in the world, you can imagine the depth and scope of what is traveling a bridge. Windsorwhen the detroit ambassador bridge opened and the tunnel opens in 1930, they are heralded as engineering marvels, and they put detroit on the map architecturally and through prosperity. Being able to bring in the tobacco that makes our cigar manufacturing flourish at the turnofthecentury. And bringing in the raw steel to make our stove injury and Automotive Industry flourish. When the bridge opens in 1930, we are at the height of prohibition and it quickly gets the name of the detroitwindsor funnel because of the amount of illegal alcohol smuggled through it. For detroit, it is tied it to who we are is not only a city but as the Industrial Hub and we have to have the methods of struckrt, are we are to go back to ferries, which held product in detroit for sometimes as much as a year and causing great spikes in the value of product like green, when the holdups would occur because of the river freezing. The impact of opening three transit routes between two countries is monumental to the city of detroits growth. Coupled with the sioux locks opening which connected the great lakes to the eastern seaboard, we become a transport hub. It plays into our role during world war ii, building and then shipping out the war material that supports ally forces for the war and the years previous. We are able to become a hub of industry through the 60s, 70s, and 80s, and today, we are still known as the motor city, and we could not be without access to the shipping channels. They are really vital to the industry and prosperity of the region. When you talk about the legalities of an International Border crossing, which ever International Border crossing it with issues and concerns and especially national security. When the ambassador bridge opened, used to be able to walk right up to the pylon pieces. Post 9 11 come security concerns have made that all closed off and the nearest you can get to the base of the bridge as a general citizen is about 150 yards for security. It also has meant that we have had to be aware of human trafficking, Illegal Drugs being brought into the city, and still, illegal and counterfeit booze and products that are not reputable coming over these crossings. They are border protected by border security, and we also have coast guard stations on the Detroit River that monitor traffic coming across, making sure what is brought into the city is legal. It is tireless work. It is enforcement across multiple agencies including the dnr on belle isle, border crossing, border security, Michigan State police, and detroit police. All who have to work in conjunction to make sure what is traveling across the river into our city is safe. For the last nearly 100 years, the ambassador bridge coupled with our two tunnels, the train and civilian tunnel under the Detroit River have been a huge part of commerce for the region. As detroit continues to grow, we are now building a new bridge there. It will be called the international bridge crossing and it will fall north of where the current ambassador bridge rises. As we travel through the next 100 years, detroits influence will be made and its production and manufacturing, and coupled with that is a transport of the finished goods and Raw Materials in and out of the city. The chance of ever creating another manufacturing marvel like the largest or longest band in the world, those titles cannot be made in detroit because the river is not long enough. The idea that we were the first to build a bridge like that certainly speaks to the idea that one day, we will create more innovation and invention with our modernday bridges. The cspan cities tour is exploring the american story as we take book tv and American History tv on the road. This weekend, we are highlighting some of the spots on the 24 cities we visited in the last year, and to watch videos from all the cities we have been to, go to cspan. Org citiestour and follow us on twitter cspancities. We continue our special feature as we take you to laramie, wyoming. This site is about the convex. It is about this amazing building, but it is how their lives are changed and how the judicial system, and the prison incarceration system has really not changed that much. This prison had a very diverse history. It was first a United States penitentiary from 1872 to 1890. 1890, wyoming becomes a state and it becomes wyomings first state penitentiary. You are standing in a building that held federal prisoners, which was the territorial era, and also state incarcerated prisoners as well. To thisitors come prison, one of the interesting things they will notice as they walk up to the front door is it is massive. Dominances huge feeling to it. It is not a gothic type of prison like you would expect with the big tour it. Turret. It is in wyoming. But it is a very large, stone structure. The architect of this building deliberately built this prison this way. It was to intimidate. Auburnbuilt on the princeton Management System style, and that meant the prison was built to where the convicts were put in solitary confinement at night, singally in a small cell, and then they woke up in the morning to a bell system. The idea of a cowboy who got hisht wrestling cattle, and whole life, grew up in a log cabin, and he walks up to this massive structure, it was intimidating. They knew at that moment, their lives were going to change. As a visitor steps through that front door, they will see how the pres actually wouldve prison would have looked at that time. It is not a falling apart type system. You come in, you would view the processing room. This is where all of their information and their photos were taken. The mens heads would be shaved, they would put on blackandwhite striped uniforms, for reasons of assimilation. You were taking the way the persons identity, and that person no longer had their own thoughts. They were to be assimilated into the group. Easier way to handle a lot of men when you have only a few guards. This prison was not a real cool place to be. It was a true tough place to be. Punishments where the dark cells, wearing the ball and chain, they were put in solitary confinement, bread and water, there was water hose there was a whipping post. It was all about getting them to conform to the rules. Prison,ove through the across the hall, you will see the wardens office. The warden, the early days when it was a u. S. Penitentiary, the prison was run by the u. S. Marshals, and they were in there along with the warden. What would happen next is the warden would come in and talk to the new convicts one on one, find out what their skill sets were, what do they do for a living. If they were a furniture maker, which we did have in here, the warden begins to think how can we make money and support this prison . Because that was his job. He got paid from the state when it was a state institution, but not much. Howjob was to figure out, do we make this prison run . How do we feed these prisoners . And they were fed well because they wanted them to work. They made furniture. They found out that they had incarcerated taxidermists, so all the sudden, they were in the taxidermy business. People were sending them gear to be mounted or whatever, an owl or eagle, and they would do that work. They had cigar makers in here, so there we go. We were making cigars. A real variety. The biggest production of prison industry was brooms. Sweeping brooms. They opened up the broom shop or the broom factory, and in the 1890s, and produced 700 brooms a day and this building that the visitors will get to see, and in fact, some of the original equipment is still there. Our volunteers today make brooms exactly like they did on equipment like that. The broom making was very profitable. When you will go to the north cellblock which is the older part of the prison, the older part has individual cells that have to be individually locked made out of brickandmortar. One thing you are going to find out is the cells are in the middle of the room. They are not on the out side of the halls. The cells are back to back in the hallways go around the cell. It is an easier way to keep eye on everything. You will then go upstairs and see the dining hall. It also becomes a multipurpose room. This is where chapel was held and also where visitors could be received. This is where the library was capped, so kind of the multipurpose room, and also getting to see the guards quarters of their as well. As they move across, they will see the womens quarters, and then the south cellblock, completely different in the architecture in the materials. While the north cellblocks, built in 1872, is all of bricks and mortar, the south cellblock in 1888 is all steel. The cells are steel. The one thing different is it introduced the z bar locking system. In meant it was one poll of the handle and the entire row of cells could be opened at once. You did not have to stand there with your key and lock one by one, hoping they did not jump out at you and overpower you. You are going to see that technology and it truly was the technology. The other thing you will see is the wardens house. The wardens house was built in 1875 by the convicts. This building was not built by the convicts, but that building was. 1875built that building in and interestingly enough, that building has been a family residence from 1875 to 1986. This building has seen a lot of activity. It has been used for over 1000 prisoners held here. The interesting thing is is that this prison, men and women were held here together. There was a womens quarters and is building along the regular mail convicts here as well. The women were kept in their cells pretty much 24 hours a day. And tore let out to be visit with the chaplain bathe and visit with the chaplain, they were kept pretty much solitary in their cellblocks. The women, however the men, however, were sentenced to hard labor. Visitors to the prison are really intrigued by the criminal element. What did they do to be put into this place. And it is all about the outlaws and the lawmen. The outlawed trails, they get into gear, but those will surprise you because we have had everything in here from murder, rape, things you expect, cattle wrestling, assault, but we also had crimes in here like a gentleman who stole bicycles. Another three of our convicts were in here for perjury in a court case, so we have a lot of infamous people here. Cattle wrestlers and things. But the one convict i think the majority of people know is robert leroy parker. Cassidy oreorge Butch Cassidy. Butch cassidy was incarcerated in here for stealing a horse. It is not what you would have thought because butch had already robbed some banks at this time, but he was in here off of hisa horse good buddy. His good buddy was a horse thief and in wyoming, if you are caught with stolen goods, you can be tried for stealing those goods so he was caught with a stolen horse. He was brought into this very room that we are standing in now and he was processed. The interesting thing about the processing of all of these convicts and all of the individuals coming in here was this is the time before fingerprints, and this is a time before social 30 numbers when most of the time, these people had no birth certificates. They did not know where they were really boring or what day of the month. If mom wrote it down in the family bible, they might know, but the information given in the processing, they gave different exactly whatt is Butch Cassidy did. He said his name was george cassidy, not robert leroy partner parker. He said he was from oregon and born in new york city, but the reality was he was from utah. He said his parents were dead, and they were very much alive at this point. The whole alias, it makes it really interesting getting to know these convicts because who are they really . You really do not know. Another really interesting convicts and prisoners that came in together as they would come wagons,e of our prison and they would come into this very room, the processing room and we had a husband and wife show up. Minniepeter and schnider. They were in opposition over land. They had landed that boarded a very large mansions land. There was this constant friction between the two. Gun fire erupts, and one of the large ranchers hands was killed. Minnied not know if had fired the shot, because she was shooting with her winchester, and her husband was shooting as well. They did not know which one had did it, so they tried them both, equally, for the same crime. You cannot do that today, but that is what they did. She was put in the womens quarters, and she was there for several years. Peter was put in the north cellblock. The entire time they were incarcerated, they were never allowed to see each other, speak to each other, send notes to each other, it was really, really a difficult thing to be that close to your loved one and never know how they are doing. Is finally released her serving her complete time, she petitions the governor to get her husband released, and that did not really work, but later he was released, and they went to south dakota to start over. Storya really interesting about how the judicial system back then. Today, one would be an accomplice, they both would not be tried for the same crime. One of the missions we have at the Historic Site is our job is to preserve. It is to preserve these historic structures, but not only the building, because when the visitors come see us, wed talk about the people who were in here, so it is a time to reflect and here it is the old wild west, and the outlaws are in this prison, but then today, the crimes, they are being tried for the same crimes. Important . T i think truly, without looking back, you cannot look forward. The important thing is to embrace that history, to understand it, to learn from it, and then how do we take that information and use it for Something Better in the future . How do you not repeat those mistakes. Whathat is pretty much this prison is all about. Outlaws,bout the Everybody Loves bad boys. They like Butch Cassidy and the wild bunch, and they like all of those bad boys, but guess what . Gs, theye, they were thu were thieves. We try to save those stories and keep reminding those people not to romanticize the west which was truly never romantic at all. It was hard work, it was dangerous, and very few people trying to tello, stories and trying to give an aha moment for our visitors is truly what we are about. The cspan cities tour continues its special look at some of the highlights of the last year as we take you to milwaukee. The socialist party essentially started here in milwaukee in 1897 under the leadership of Victor Berger and it kind of took off from there. Of factors no number that really led to the formation of the socialist party here. This huge, there was influx of german immigrants into milwaukee, and many of them had a socialist bands already when they got to milwaukee, so those german immigrants kinda provided the leadership for socialists here in milwaukee. So you have that. Pool ofre was a huge Industrial Workers and milwaukee. Century, it was becoming the machine shop of the world, and there was numerous factories around the city, so you had this huge pool of working class, largely immigrant workers who were very receptive to a message that promised to benefit the working class. They could see that there is this wide gap between the owners of the business and the workingclass people who are laboring for pennies so they can see that and the working conditions they had to deal with not at all. They work in the hottest, dirtiest, grungy jobs that were available, so they were hoping that socialists could make of those conditions and their lives in general could make that better. Socialism means Different Things to different people, basically, it is an Economic System that preaches or believes in that the glassoing to be of the capitalist system and replaced by a collective state. In which the workingclass people will be controlling the means of production and the claim is and it to will usher in this golden age in which people are equal, there is not going to be this gap between the haves and the havenots, and everything is going to be great. Victor berger, he is the one that most people consider to be the key figure in the development of socialism and walkie in milwaukee. Milwaukee was a loose affiliation of labor unions who each had their own agenda. There were some political groups that were kind of a kin to they were not effective. Berger brought all these disparate groups together, but he also, he was the one who tweaked socialist theory a little bit. He realized that for socialism to really take root here in milwaukee, you had to make it a little more amenable to american why he hadthat is meatocus on, as i said, and potatoes kind of issues. He did not believe that a socialist state to had to go through a violent revolution to be achieved. He thought it could be achieved gradually and peacefully through the ballot box and through education. He bought a struggling newspaper, became editor for that, the socialist newspaper, and it was through those vehicles that he got the word about socialism and what it was, and was very successful about that. We have moved into the Research Library part of the historical society, and ive pulled a number of items related. For example, this first item is the veryleaflets from First Campaign in 1898. The party itself was born in 1897 and they immediately filed for several candidates for office. They did not get very far, but it was the start and gradually, from that point on, socialists, they did better, and better, and better throughout the next several elections. Theaukee at turnofthecentury, it was undergoing some really rapid changes because of industrialization, and a huge influx of immigrants. You are dealing with overcrowding, pollution, crime. Those kinds of urban issues, and wereocialists, they compelled to address all of these things. Victor berger was the first socialist elected to the u. S. Congress in 1910. It was a part of a sweeping victory for the socialists and in large part, it was because of a question of the Previous Administration under the mayor and theyre all sorts of grabs and backroom dealings in that ,ind of thing and then he also he was pushing milwaukee as wide open, wild city with gambling and saloons, liquor. And prostitution. All of those things kind of combined to help socialists ride this wave into power. , they0, the socialists want control of city hall and they want a number of county seats and even state seats, and even Victor Berger was elected to the u. S. Congress. The party put out this calendars aswing milwaukees success far as advancing the socialist movement. Again, it starts at the bottom with city hall and all of the people that one offices there including Victor Bergers wife who was elected to the school board. Level, and then moving on to the State Capitol in madison, and finally to the capitol in washington dc with Victor Berger went to winning elections there. A veryialists had contentious relationship with milwaukee Streetcar Company. Basically, they had a monopoly on the streetcars, the system in milwaukee and they battled them for years and years and years, so they were always the target for the socialist, and this little leaflet shows how basically, basically how milwaukee decided the monopoly of the Streetcar Company showing that we had to play pay . 11 when other cities were paying three cents or four cents or five cents as far as ridership and the cost per unit for the streetcar. The ownership of the Streetcar Company did not change until the lease was up in the 1930s and were not ablests to gain public control over the streetcar system. It did not stop them from trying. Most people viewed socialism with a little bit of trepidation. There was all sorts of fear is that they were going to take away private property or that getting rid ofon religion altogether, or they were going to basically make everybody the same and take away and things that made them successful in a capitalist society. To socialists, they wanted dispel all of those arguments, so they put out a little pamphlet and basically, showing that they do not want to divide the wells. They just want to have public control or worker control of Certain Industries like Public Utilities and mines and things that are supposed to benefit the public in general. They argue that they are not going to get rid of private property. That they do not have anything against religion. Socialismment is that has nothing to do with religion and it is strictly an Economic System meant to improve the welfare of all workingclass and in 1912, a lot of the socialists that one the elections in 1910 were voted out of office. One of the big reasons why is established democratic parties created this fusion ticket to join forces and not split the electorate, thereby helping the socialists win. What was created was a nonpartisan primary ballot, and ityou can see, they had is nothing but names and none of the Political Parties are indicated. This mustve been a bewildering ballot for people voting because it is just a list of names. Helpingou are really each individual that is running for a specific office, you will not know which party you are voting for. That that kind of socialists oute of office in 1912. Berger, he focused his energies on newspaper editing and running the socialist party here in milwaukee, but he was reelected in congress in 1918 even though he had been indicted by a grand jury for violating the espionage act during world war i. A disaster, it was for the socialist party not only in milwaukee, but around the country. , they oppose all wars as capitalist ventures to dominate World Markets and increase profits, that kind of thing. The milwaukee socialists were no different. Victor berger, you can see here in this campaign poster, from 1916, so the United States is not even in the war yet, but there is this growing antigerman sentiment in the country, and the socialists are saying, starve the war and feed america. They were urging president Woodrow Wilson to establish a complete embargo against the belligerence in world war i. Want the germans or theyritish being fed, but were critical of what they saw towardsns favoritism the french and british allies. They grew increasingly critical of wilson and his war policies. There was the sedition act passed that basically made it a crime to make statements against waywar effort because the the prowar people looked at it, you are helping the enemy basically. And several editorials in the milwaukee leaders, he basically said, this is a rich mans war, poor mans fight, and that was enough to get him indicted. Once the war had ended and kind of the passions died down a bit and common sense prevailed, he was finally admitted and he remained in congress until he was killed in 1929. This is kind of an interesting record here. Coronersorro berger inom victor 1929. Berger was struck by a streetcar and killed. Is arony that that Streetcar Company that he had fought against for years and years was finally what did him in. Berger was recognized by friends and foes alike as being one of the key figures in milwaukee history. His funeral, it was a massive gathering, and everybody paid their respects to berger, just for how influential he was. Disagreed with his policies, but nobody doubted how much he wanted to help the workingclass people. The socialist movement, it longed in a tradition of good, honest, efficient government. The first socialist mayor in milwaukee to dan horn who was mayor for 24 years, and then another mayor who was mayor for like 12 years they were all recognized as honest, decent human beings that became an expectation among voters in milwaukee. I think, one of the things that was it was demonstrated that it could work. Systemnot this radical the currentt on economic structure for the United States, and milwaukee socialists, they were very fiscally conservative, which fits right in with milwaukees reputation with a good frugal german. It could work and it did work here in milwaukee, because milwaukee was recognized very often is one of the best governed cities in the country, one of the healthiest, one of the safest cities in the country. It was all under the socialist administration. Traveling the country to explore the american story, the cspan tour has visited 24 cities in the last year. This is a revival of a family business. It started in the early 1800s. By ancestor started evaporating and crystallizing salt. Valleyde this little here in West Virginia the most popular region of the country. This has been redissolved by a freshwater aquifer. This was pushing up in springs. And elk and buffalo were here. Native americans came for hunting and gathering. As the european settlers moved west, they found this valuable source of salt. We take it for granted how much it was important. In industry began to grow the early 1800s. People really started to grow this industry. There were over 5000 slaves in the valley. By the 1840s we were the largest salt making region of the country. Most of the salt was leaving here and going to cincinnati. Once the meatpacking industry started growing up in chicago, the salt industry here started to go away. I grew up here. The history of our family was not something that was shared. I vaguely knew that we made salt at some point. To theed taking in Family History. We had this amazing Family History that our ancestors made salt. Also the movement of consumers toward high quality food. We dont add anything to our salt. We can harvest our salt. It is the product of mother nature, rather than the product of a machine. We pump about 7500 gallons of brine a week. These are our Holding Tanks where we settle the brine. We have three of them. We are in the sun house, which is one of our three evaporating son houses. We put the bride in here in these big beds where it evaporates. Time, we have calcium carbonate. This process takes anywhere from five to 15 days depending on the weather. We are in the building that we call the granary. We are looking at a bed here that is salt. Harvest assaults, we use big scoops and scrapers. We basically just scraped the salt into a pile. We put it into the scoop. And we put it into a bucket where it drains back into the bed. We are and our production facility. We put it into our drying room where we have a dehumidifier. Then it goes through a cleaning process. We pull out anything that is not salt. Just to make sure we are getting 100 salt into the jar. We have a grinding salt. And some flavored salts. We do an apple wood smoked salt. And a bourbon barrel smoked salt. We are all over the country. We sell worldwide. That is exciting. I do see us as an ambassador for the state of West Virginia. We love our state. The companies that are here. Anything we can do to lift each other up is important to me. We are highlighting some of our stops along the cspan cities tour. Up next, we go to charleston, West Virginia. She has had the fortune of having hollywood shine a light on her life. People here in West Virginia who had no idea what she did for nasa and the United States of america. When the movie came out, it showed everyone who she was. How profound she was in the pages of American History. She was hired as a computer. She came in and did mathematical equations. She was more than just a computer. She was a mathematical genius. John glenn said this computer calculated his actual trajectory into space. He wanted that verified by her. He asked the brilliant mathematician from West Virginia State University. That says a lot about what she too nasa and the individual she worked with. They relied on her. They put their lives in her hands. She played a very significant role in the space race. She is from a small town about two hours from West Virginia State University. We had the privilege to have her beautiful face on our campus. She was unable to go to high school in her hometown. To packher family had up and go to West Virginia State University. We had an elementary and a high school that was part of the university at that tarp. She came here and she graduated at the age of 15. What was thened West Virginia state college. She has never looked back. Graduated from West Virginia State University, she went into teaching. The significance of teaching and paying it forward. Into teaching for about 13 years. A time whennasa at america was still living and dual worlds. A White America and in africanamerican america. Delicatelying to walk in both worlds. She went to work every day and gave nasa and the astronauts, none of who looked like her, 100 . Where i canspite of go and eat and what i can do, im going to come here and fight to make sure i do the best job possible for my country. And for the space race. While at nasa, there were three significant space ventures that she played a role in. , who waslan shepards the first individual who entered into space. She calculated the trajectories for that mission to happen. We also know she played a significant role for john glenn. He said he would not venture into space if Catherine Johnson was not checking the calculations on his spaceflight. Flight spite with with john glenn, she played a significant role in that. We also know she played a significant role in the moon landing. Those are three pivotal moments and hownge space travel we in the United States see nasa today. I had the pleasure are in her 99th birthday to be with her. All of how sharp she still was. Laughed, we joked, we had a great time. She is as radiant and beautiful at 99 as she was when she walked our campus back in the early 1930s. , in i left that birthday started asking myself, as people learn more and more about her, as the university she loves so something to to do help recognize her and make sure history never forget how profound she was. I got a team of my faculty and staff and students together and we started brainstorming. I said we are going to honor Catherine Johnson by placing a statue right here on our campus of her alma mater. We had about nine months. The goal was to do it on her 100th birthday. [applause] again bell never hidden. [applause] on august 20 5, 2018, we had her and about 1000 fans and supporters right here on our campus. [applause] on that day, it was beautiful she was able to be with us. She left the statue. Her family was in all. Awe. It was a crystallizing moment. She will be a part of West Virginia State University forever. Today, her story is inspiring people all around the world. She likes to count everything when she was younger. She counted rocks in the yard, the steps to church, everything she could get her mind around in her hands on. When we dedicated the statute to her in 2018 on her 100th birthday, i told catherine that i knew something she could not count. And that was the number of people that she had inspired. That is the Catherine Johnson story. It is my hope that young men and women of all races and economic backdrops will take more time to learn about this incredible american icon. Our look at some of the highlights of the 2019 cities tour concludes as we visit pasadena, california. Pasadena is known for the rose parade and the rose bowl game. The parade goes all the way back to 1890. Over the years, many people knew of pasadena because they had seen the rose parade or a rose bowl game. This is the wrigley mansion. Lets talk about where it all began. We just had our one 30th rose parade. It is the oldest unit and our equestrian. It has been in everyone. One of the interesting things about the parade is that we never do it on sunday. The story we give is if we do not march on the good lords day , the good lord wont rain on our. It was in the days that you would take your horses to church on colorado boulevard. The tournament organizers were scared that the horses would be spooked by all the noise and commotion. Parade was horsedrawn carriages until the early 1900s. Then the floats developed into bigger and bigger things. Now we have floats that are a hundred feet long and can go 40 or 50 feet in the air or Something Like that. This is the place where we do all of our planning. Work in each of the rooms of the wrigley mansion. It was purchased in 1914. Feet. 18,000, 500 square only five bedrooms. 2000 square feet of closet space. Thought this was her parade. She had a chair upstairs where she watched the parade. Was noily decided there better place to put it then and this the hands of the city of pasadena. They gave the house to the city so it would forever be the headquarters of the tournament of roses. When you look at the roads parade, there are three major aspects. Bands, and our equestrian units. As you look at the tradition of the parade, we want to maintain that historical perspective. The cost of putting on the parade is not cheap. The tournament partners with the city of pasadena. We basically split the cost. Security is the cost that is fast rising for us. We try to secure our 5. 5 mile parade route. We want to make sure it is safe for everyone coming to see it. The costs are covered by the entry fees. We have major sponsors that we work with. And we do a lot of events throughout the year that generate revenue. Generates a strong Economic Impact for the Southern California region. We just did a study this year that was completed on our 2018 parade. Overconomic impact is well 200 million. Pasadena gets a good share of that. We also utilize downtown los angeles, some things in orange county, and throughout the region. We know that we generate a lot of activity. It really is a boon for this region. I want to show you this extraordinary silver trophy. It was won by a woman who was still in business tilting floats when i joined the tournament of Roses Committee in 1977. Take a look at this float. It is merely a wagon that is bedecked in flowers. To thisook over here next flow, that is the kind of change in float building that she champion. Chanpioned. Look down here at all of these trophies we have collected. We had to archives, one is upstairs with all sorts of things in it. These are trophies that have been given to the tournament of roses that people have found in their garages or addicts over time. Time. Ics over this is the grand marshals room. Meet on various committees. Float entries, equestrian, parade operation. Have had a large number of grand marshal. President , is the one who will pick the grand marshal. It is one of the best kept secrets in the world. I have never known ahead of time who is going to be. We have some dignitaries. We have shirley temple, who is the grand marshal in 1939. And also in 1989. And again in 1999. The theme is also picked by the president. We have had a number of dignitaries. Supreme court justices. That was the last time it rained in the parade until 2006. Our grand marshal was sandra day oconnor. We have a rule now that we will never again have a sitting Supreme Court justice. , the firsthard nixon of two times he was a grand marshal. This was when he was a senator. We will see gerald ford. Somewhere in here is ronald reagan, when he was governor of the state of california. Above, we do not always have living grand marshals. Mouse,the frog, mickey we had Sully Sullenberger several years ago. Lets take a look at the portrait on the wall of the 2019 rose queen. That is basically the way we referred to the queens. By their first name. The same as their princesses. Here are some examples of the older crowns. In 1939, she got to take this one home. We are going to step into a room that is not used at all for planning the parade but rather for the rose court. This is the room in which the rose queen and her six princesses gather to prepare for the events that they have had so far this year. They have to be at least 17 and no more than 21. Pasadenae surrounding area. They come in for interviews. We wind up with 35 and then we get it down to seven. We take them on a retreat. Who bubbles the one to the top as the leader. This is our 1940 queen, who is still alive and comes down for two events every year. November andn in the queens luncheon in december. She has met every single one of the 101 queens. An Incredible Community with a lot of volunteerism. This is a volunteer driven organization. Everything we do is at the initiation of volunteers and facilitated by our staff. We do not have a large staff. But we have a large volunteer base. Everything we do is volunteer driven. Function of the kind of people who live in this community. People who want to be engaged and give back. To actively participate. You get way more out of a community if you are involved in giving back. I would say that is one of the reasons that year in and year out, we get so many people who apply. Is youst requirement have to give up your new years. You have to be somebody who is in the spirit of public giving. We take a variety of people. Arehe first six years, you doing the same thing as the other volunteers. It is the ultimate equalizer. I have a bankruptcy judge, a doctor, a teacher, a dentist. We all roll up our sleeves and do the same stuff. Something about this organization that entices people to want to volunteer. I think it is because what we represent is americas new years celebration. Join us every third weekend of the month on book tv and American History tv as the cities tour explores the american story. Watch videos of all the cities we have visited. Follow us on twitter. This is American History tv, exploring our nations past. Next, a 1965 nato found documenting events in postworld war ii europe. That, a discussion of world war i, africanamericans, and civil rights. At 6 00 p. M. , former u. S. Representative trent lott reflects on his experiences serving on the House Judiciary Committee during the impeachment inquiry of nixon. These backtoback interviews are from the Richard Nixon president ial Library Oral History collection. P. M. , as the House Judiciary Committee moves forward to draft articles of impeachment against president trump, American History tv looks back to the 1998 House Judiciary Committee debate over one of four impeachment articles approved against president clinton. Article three, related to obstruction of justice