Disobedience. Now were about to explore the means by the negro to civilly disobey. Every revolution has its marching music. The American Revolution of 63, forged it into a powerful weapon for unity and inspiration. This gentleman here first. O freedom and home to my lor free what are we marching for . Freedom how long are we going to march . Freedom, Freedom Freedom, freedom come and i want to go home freedom come and i wan to go home freedom come and i want to go home freedom, Freedom Freedom come and i want to go home freedom, Freedom Freedom come and i want to go home freedom come and i want to go home freedom come and i want to go home freedom, Freedom Freedom come and i want to go home freedom, Freedom Freedom come and i want to go home Freedom FreedomFreedom FreedomFreedom FreedomFreedom Freedom we shall overcome some day we shall overcome some day those young people singing the anthem of the American Revolution of 63 were freedom riders. They were a part of the pattern developed in this revolution, a pattern fashioned by events, more than events, fashioned to a pattern. Along the way the negro not only evolved the freedom ride but the sitin, the direct Action Campaign, borrowed the economic boycott, involved the use of federal troops, killed and has been killed. Were about to see them all. And as we see them we will also see the growing participation of young whites in the battle. That participation enlarged the dimensions of the revolution physically and morally. And they have taken part in increasing numbers particularly in sitin demonstrations. It was a tactic employed by Negro College students in greensboro, north carolina. On february 1, 1960, a group of freshmen from greensboros agricultural and Technical College wrote a new page of sitin history. Ignoring the ancient barriers they seated themselves at a segregated lunch counter. They were refused service and asked to leave. They sat on studying their textbooks. Police came and took them off to jail. The lunch counter was closed, the seats roped off. A few days later the sitin movement it taken firm root in nation nationalville, tennessee, more than a hopeful stirring in the collective negro breast. The fisk students gave it impetus and organization. The signs of segregation hung all over the city, a constant provocation to the students of fisk. The attitude of the segregation minded whites could not have been stated more bluntly. Im sorry. We are not allowed to serve niggers in here. Tess something ive never heard and i like to explore what it is. I went to this workshop and on this particular night they were having to role play and in some of the scenes you almost cried because they were playing the part. Lets play eenie, meanie, minie moe. With such training as this to bolster their dedication, the sitin movement became one of the negroes most effective weapons. The pattern left its imprint across the entire south. Everywhere the negroes were on the march. In jackson, mississippi, this year a sitin group including whites as well as negroes stoically faced violence and told its own story. Needed no comment. One negro student, memphis morm morman, was dragged from his stool and brutally beaten. Norman, who had offered no resistance, was arrested. The sitters spattered with ketchup, mustard, salt and sugar were carted off unprotested to jail. Every society based on slavery from greece to the American South lived in fear of slave insurrections, and they occurred. Spa spartikus led oneandone in southampton, virginia. Both died for their efforts. The american slave has long since been freed, and in his quest for the fruits of that freedom there has been rarely been violence. But the potential is there and it hangs as ominously over the nation today as ever it hung above the plantations yesterday. Take harlem, a major stronghold of the black muslims. For more on that story here is nbc reporter bob teague. Reporter according to the muslims, the white man is the devil, the source of all evil. He hates black men, and black men should hate him in return. Those are the basic teaches of the muslim prophet. He also teaches his followers about 75,000 that christianity has failed black men. The American Government has failed black men. The muslim solution a separate black state. Right after world war i a negro leader organized an illfated Campaign Based on the same principle, one of many men who opposed the movement, conditions that led hundreds of thousands of negroes to join the garvey parade. They had come out of the war where they had fought and died and come into the southern communities where they met a violent racial discrimination. Many soldiers were the victims of police brutality, some were lynched and, therefore, there was widespread frustration and discord and discontent among negroes. Garvey came along with his doctrine and painted glowing pictures of what negroes could do were they to migrate to africa, how they could build Great Enterprises and things of that sort. And this caught the interest and imagination of the negro, and many of them flocked into their movement. The black muslims say theres been little change in the racial picture since garveys days. Malcolm x said the only important changes have been brought about not by whites and not by integration groups but by elijah mohammed. How does mohammed go about helping negroes . Negroes dont nope the truth. You find the negro getting drunk, he doesnt know the truth. You find a negro lying and cheating, hes usually imitating the white man. Negroes get drunk because they see white men get drunk. They commit adultery because all they see is the white man committing fornication and adultery. And they want to be like the white man, so they copy his immoral behavior. The prophet comes along and teaches black people the glory of black so the black men tries to imitate god, he tries to be himself and he tries to display a high moral quality rather than the low moral quality. Reporter steered by some whites that the muslims advocate violence. But thats not exactly the case. They say they dont believe in starting a fight. But they wont turn the other cheek. That brand of militancy has forced other leaders to become more aggressive. Its the implied threat of increasing muslim power that makes some whites more willing to negotiate with the socalled moderate groups. To that extent the black muslims are making a major contribution to the drive for equal rights. There are several organizations emphasizing several methods of attack and at times competing for leadership of the revolution. The National Association for the advancement of colored people born when this century was ten years old took a renewed struggle for political and civil liberty into the courts. The southern christian Leadership Conference born of a bus boycott in montgomery, alabama, half a century later, took its call for all here and now in the streets. The congress of racial equality and the student nonviolent coordinating committee, the freedom rides and setins. Methods have merged and led to largescale demonstration that is include children against a spectrum of targets. The tactic is called a Massive Campaign of direct action, sometimes the campaign strains its limiting policy of nonviolence and sometimes it exacts of its leader the highest price, death. It happened in jackson, mississippi. Shortly after midnight on june 12, medgar evers stepped from his car. He was silhouetted against the carport light behind me. A shot from a highpowered rifle shattered the nighttime. He was fatally wounded. He was 37. He had been field secretary of the naacp in mississippi for nine difficult years. Dont shop for anything on capitol street. Let the merchants feel the economic pinch. Let me say this to you. I had one merchant call me and he said i want you to know that ive talked to my National Office today and they want me to tell you that we dont need nigger business. These are stories that help to support the white Citizens Council, the council dedicated to keeping you and i second class citizens. So let us not trade these stories. Lets urge our friends, our relatives, our neighbors not to trade these stores. Finally, ladies and gentlemen, and this is final, well be demonstrating here until freedom comes to negroes here in jackson, mississippi. [ applause ] in late may evers opened a full scale Action Campaign against the total segregation of the city. This was a switch from the previous emphasis on court action. The movement lacked mass support from the citys 50,000 negroes. Sitin demonstrators at a lunch counter were doused with ketchup and mustard the first day. A white demonstrator and two negroes were beaten. Jackson used it for instant arrest during later demonstrations. Policemen occasionally clubbed demonstrators and used other tactics designed to break their spirits. Negro prison trustees were used to carry demonstrators into paddy wagons. The white chaplain from predominantly Negro College was arrested. Teenagers arrested during one protest march were loaded into new garbage trucks and taken to a makeshift compound set up at the state fair grounds. The city had converted fair buildings into temporary prisons before during the freedom rides. As a measure of confidence and its ability to contain demonstrations. The executive secretary of the naacp, roy wilkins, came to jackson and joined evers on the picket line one saturday afternoon. They were promptly arrested. A state Court Injunction against demonstrations stalled but did not stop the desegregation campaign. Then evers was murdered. The fatal bullet was fired from a vacant lot across the street from evers home, crashing through his body. He considered himself a cause in the fight and said he was ready to die for that cause. He died a soldiers death, as a veteran of world war ii he was buried in Arlington National cemetery. The killing forged a new unity and set off a new wave of mass demonstrations bringing mass arrests. The following saturday thousands of mourners, including civil rights leaders from all over the country, marched in the funeral procession. Tension reached the point of explosion. A group charged wildly yelling and strouting. Shouting. They were cut off and moved in on the crowd. The negroes threw rocks and bottles. More Serious Violence was averted when civil rights attorney walked dramatically into the bombardment and calmed the crowd. Three days later mayor thompson ended the demonstration. We want this to be understood this is not a matter of the white people in the city of jackson winning. Or the negroes in the city of jackson winning. It is a matter of two races living sidebyside working out a peaceful solution to every problem that is presented. Young militants were not at all pleased. The city agreed to hire negro policemen and crossing guards for negro districts. It was, in effect, the jim grow s crow settlement. Byron delay beckwith, a 42yearold fertilizer salesman. Beckwith was charged with evers murder. The Jackson Movement is now concentration on a Voter Registration drive and the boycott of white businessmen. Standing against them are the segregationists who have the best organized force in the city and the state. They are dedicated to maintaining mississippis social and political structure. Their influence spreads to all levels of governance, strongest in the ural arural areas. They are stifled and even afraid. Between the new negro determination and the old white resistance lies enormous potential for violent conflict. Jackson, seat of the opposition to negro demands, the seat of the Citizens Council forum, perhaps better known as the white Citizens Council. President of the forum evaluated the revolution for this report. I think progress on the revolution has increased at a geometric rate in the last few months. Particularly since the negro leaders themselves have displaced white liberals in charge of the entire movement. This grew out of a policy that was adopted by the negro leaders at a socalled summit conference at Columbia University last thanksgiving where the entire Negro Movement and the United States was identified with the movement for african nationalism in africa. Now this is a development of extreme significance, i think, because it opens up the possibility for nonwhite domination of the United States through three means. One, through the mechanism of the united nations, two, through the Kennedy Administrations increasing tendency to surrender our National Sovereignty and, three, through massive colored immigration which is favored by liberal elements in this country. It seems to me this heightened pace of the revolution results from integration south. Under segregation there was no such disturbance as this, and this is not entirely unreasonable because these people have found through encouragement of the president and the attorney general that it pays to get out in the streets and demonstrate and carry on. And i would predict that if the civil rights bill is passed that will mean further, more violent demonstrations. The strange thing is, and this is great pity this entire Immigration Movement is based on false legal grounds. The grounds being the socalled Supreme Court integration decision of may 17, 1954. And the case in savannah, georgia, decided recently, uncontradicted unrefuted testimony showed the factual basis of the Supreme Court decision was entirely wrong. The outcome of all of this, i think, is to hasten a showdown as to whether the United States will remain a predominantly white nation with western Cultural Values or whether it will become increasingly africanized. Murder, the willful destruction of human life, has been rare in this revolution. But threats against life have been numberless and the negro who knows the history of his people in this country cannot dismiss such threats lightly. Between 1889 and 1959, 3,819 negroes were lynched in america. During this Time Congress steadfastly refused to pass a federal antilynching law. We have none now. In april of this year william e. Moore, a white man who freely acknowledged a history of mental illness, set out to walk from chattanooga, tennessee, to jackson, mississippi, where he hoped to persuade the governor. A white man shot him dead. Floyd simpson, a father of six, charged with unlawfully and with malice aforethought of killing moore. Simpson is free on bond. No date set for his trial. In june gunfire from the negro side of a riot killed a white man. That happened in lexington, north carolina. The victim was fred who died on the way to the hospital, a 24yearold auto mechanic, who, like hundreds of others, had been caught up in an emotional storm. Rioting had broken out at the edge of the white and negro sections of the city. Apparently stemming from attempts of a small negro group to integrate several restaurants and a theater. 500 whites faced 100 negroes with Lexington Police between. The line surged, rocks were thrown and shots fired from the negro side. Fred link fell to the street. Another man wounded but not seriously. Police dispersed the crowd with fire hoses, arrested seven negroes and 12 whites. Three of the negroes, 18 to 21 years of age, were charged with the killing. Theyll stand trial in october. The most tragic fact link apparently was only an innocent bystander, a man who found his destiny suddenly tied to the fury of a mob. It was the violence of a mob in yet another American City some six years earlier developed an additional weapon in the negro battle, federal intervention. And it was that mob and that federal intervention that placed americas racial problems on the front pages of newspapers in every foreign capital. The damage to the United States around the World May Never be fully assessed. The city, of course, was little rock. The reporter was and is herbert. Reporter little rock was an unlikely place for a federal state showdown tied to segregation. The governor was not considered a man devoted to segregation. But circumstances got out of control and Central High School became the pivot in this federal state struggle. I remember the night of september 24th, 1957, when the first battle dressed army troops arrived on this street. It was a scene incomprehensible to the fifth year people looking on. One man turned to a companion and said you wont get many people to fool around with those guys. Which prompted the response, yeah, but its a hell of a way to run a school. It was the disorder of the day before that led president eisenhower to send in the troops of 101st airborne. State and local police were unable that day before to control the mob which reacted in bitter violence on learning that nine negroes had entered the school as students. A couple weeks earlier state militia barred the negroes from the school. The nine negroes went in but were asked to leave. School time troops of the 101st airborne, a perimeter was established around the school beyond which we could not go. It was, i remember, quiet. Im not sure most of us had yet absorbed the historic scope of this moment. At 9 25 with a military escort party still in a strange quiet, six negro girls, three negro boys entered the high school, a court order using its ultimate power. An hour later after a few onlookers ignored requests to move on, troops dispersed them. One resistor was strukd ack by y net. The condemnation of what was considered a military occupation. We are now an occupied territory. Evidence of the force of the federal government is here apparent in the unsheathed bay net in the back of school girls. And in the bloody face of this Railroad Worker b eer bayonette the United States 101st airborne division. There are 36 negroes going to Central High School. Altogether 126 going to school in little rock on a desegregated basis. This is a little less than 2 of all negro students here. Elsewhere theres been voluntary desegregation of Department Stores and hotels in the city. Plans are under way for restaurants. The City Auditorium and parks have been desegregated, the Swimming Pool has not. The events of september 1957 generated resentment in the south against such use of federal power. A different view particularly among the business interests in the south who noted the reluctance of new businesses to move into arkansas because of the racial strife. Otherwise the mystery still remains, why did it happen here . All that we have so far seen, the freedom rides, the sitins, the direction Action Campaigns, nonviolence and violence actual and potential, are methods in the struggle. But another struggle has raged among negroes and whites on the correctness of these methods. A negro student, james hood, lost his hardwon place on the university of alabama campus for verbally attacking school and state officials. Those close to him say he was actually trying to atone to negroes for having said earlier the demonstrations were becoming a matter of excitement rather than conviction for most negroes and avowing the place for negroes to win firstclass citizenship is in the schools not the streets. The most celebrated of all fell from grace when he criticized young negro leaders as undisciplined and told his listeners any of you out there could be owner or manager of a Big Department store, and urged selfimprovement as a method for advancement. A negro can aspire to raise himself out of the ghetto. Dr. Wendall cotton would seemed to have made it with his wife and two children, dr. Cotton has lived and worked in this nonsegregated world for the past seven years. But even here in this peaceful, liberated atmosphere there is still that subtle, barely discernible difference between the worlds of the white and the negro. Listen carefully. Coming to los angeles i decided that i would not segregate myself, that i would seek an office in an area open to any person who would seek my services. The most prominent area appeared to be wilshire boulevard. This is the only place i looked for office space. I contacted the landlord who said he would be happy to rent to me, but that he thought he should check with the other tenants to see if there were any objections to my presence. Obviously there were none, and so i embarked on my practice there. We looked at several apartments and would have taken a couple, but it was obvious they were not open to us. So we moved here and shortly thereafter a residence became available for sale, which is where we now reside. I did not want anyone, caucasian or negro, to feel i had come into the area to develop a caucasian practice. Being without prejudice myself, my office is open to anyone seeking my services. However, i made no special effort to cultivate any of the dentists in the area, which may or may not have been a mistake, so that as it stands now my practice is predominantly negro. I enjoy living in this neighborhood in los angeles for several reasons. I have a girlfriend who lives not too far away from me whom i met on the tennis court when we were going over to one of the playgrounds for tennis instruction, and this has been several years ago. And from this we have developed a very close friendship. She happens to be caucasian. This is incidental. There is a meeting of the two friendships, two people who had much in common. I find myself enjoying friends for friends sake. Race has nothing to do with this. Many times when i am in areas where i meet people, i feel that usually im meeting them as an individual. And if it werent for the fact of my high visibility i would say they would possibly take me the same way. This is the thing we are hoping could be erased, that we will meet one another as individuals and just enjoy each other as persons. When we went back east last summer to visit my wifes mother and father in south carolina, we had some trepidations about the trip south because we rented a car in new york and drove down through virginia, north carolina, and into south carolina. We expected problems when we needed restroom facilities. At the point we needed them, we drove into a station and after asking the attendant, who was very courteous to gas us up, he did so. Before we could ask, he asked us if we would like to use the restroom and presented the key, which was not to segregated facilities. The thing that hurts is when you dont expect to be segregated or discriminated against, to find it. We had this happen to us in cedar rapids, iowa, on the way to california from chicago. I was tired, too tired to drive further safely, and stopped at a motel that had a sign outside, vacancy. Until the attendant came out, saw my face, went back into the office and came back to report that there was no vacancy. On our trip to south carolina, i visited my we were visiting our cousins there in charleston. One day we wanted to go to the store, and the store was across the playground, the playground was right in the middle. We had to walk around the playground to get to the store. And i thought the fastest way to get to the store was right through the park. It felt kind of odd just going around something that we couldnt that you couldnt even put your foot in something because something might happen. We didnt want to disturb anything. We had lived in california for the greater portion of the time that the children have been growing. Gale has been all along in schools where there was no segregation. After graduating from los angeles high school, we decided to send gayle to Bennett College in greensboro, north carolina. Very often we find that in the integrated schools there is not enough activity for the negro girls, meaning they are not able to participate from a standpoint of just being other girls as far as being negro girls here, again, this race issue comes up. As it is living in los angeles, i have always i went to an integrated high school and i found no problems here with the races. In fact, los angeles high school, we sort of call it one big, happy family because nobody has any problems as this is. I have gone out with caucasian boys before. I found no problems because i was welcomed into the group as just one of their gang. And i have had parties of my own where i have invited all of my friends white, caucasian, and oriental. And i found no problems here. But as to going to school to an allNegro College, when people talk about the other races, there is a problem they dont like to since they have lived in the south they dont associate with these people, and i found it very strange myself. As my brother has said, when we went to charleston, i was left back there because it would have been too extent to go back and forth and come right back to school. I like to swim a lot, and i couldnt go any place because there werent pools negroes could go. These things happen still today in los angeles. Where you dont expect these things to occur, they still do. This, unfortunately, is a part of the american scene, the part we feel must be eradicated. I might add that when i outgrow the present facility, my office, the facilities of my office, i hope to do, i would like to go into one of a newer class a buildings. I have doubts as to whether or not i would be accepted in the building of my choice. I dont feel still today that i can go to any institution and present my Financial Statement and have the Financial Statement examined simply on the facts of its financial compatibility with my ability to repay or whatever it is that i desire to do. The factor of my being a negro will enter in. I feel likewise that should i desire to purchase a home, shall we say in bel air or brentwood, beverly hills, which are some of the prime residential areas in los angeles, i dont feel i would be readily acceptable by the realtors, possibly by the neighbors. I dont know. But these are things that are the snags in this almost perfect picture. The fact that i still feel that i do not have the right of free choice in a socalled free society. Quiet change as this durham, north carolina, nashville, tennessee, louisville, kentucky, austin, texas, has been given little attention but precious few records in Human Experience are given of times of peace. There is no question that the speed of todays communications has decidedly increased the tempo of this revolution. Tactics seen in one place are adopted in another. And when newsmen heard the mayor of chicago echo 100 southern officials and claim demonstrations would cease if reporters ignored them they knew if nothing else the revolution had spread. Television and its adjuncts are playing a role. Outside the building from which i am speaking to you there were pickets last week. Negro actors who say television does not fairly deploy or depict negroes, the labor secretary of the naacp, herbert hill, an outspoken critic of the integration movement. The contribution that madison avenue has made to the negro revolt, i think, is an inadvertent one. They have so dramatized some of the fantasy of the american scene they made the negro acutely aware hes not part of that scene. Negroes in america use detergent, they eat meat, and they drive automobiles and buy all the products on radio and on television, yet i have never seen a negro used on a commercial on a Major Television program or used in a major commercial on radio. We dont have to have special Advertising Campaigns for the negro community. The negro purchaser, the negro housewife should be part of the major Advertising Campaign not the separate one developed for the negro press or radio station. The negro family, the negro youngster, who persistently watches the Television Screen cannot but have a great sense of unreality after a while. Because he is never there in the commercial nor on the feature program nor in the movie. He is simply the invisible man. The people who run madison avenue are frightened Little People and in many cases victims of their own fantasy. Victims of their own make believe. I believe that the negro has the fundamental moral issue. The issue that permeates all of the institutions of this society and is precisely in the treatment of the negro that all of the fake ry and hypocrisy comes out. Exerting political power the classic means of advancement for minorities in america apparently seems too slow of a method. Their political power is increasing as holders of public office. This can be seen in massachusetts. The highest elected Public Servant in the United States is the attorney general there. State voters, only 3 of whom are negroes, last november elected edward w. Brooke. He speaks as a negro who must appeal to every kind of voter. If he aspires to high Elective Office must remember he represents all of the people not just the negro people but the white people, all different creeds, and must campaign on the issues of the particular office. I did so campaign in the commonwealth of massachusetts. I talked about the ills of massachusetts government. I talked to people up and down the commonwealth and listened to their problems on housing and education and feeding and clothing and directed my campaign towards them. I think when this is done the White Community will accept a man regardless of his race or creed to Elective Office and i think that my election has proved this. Congressman william dawson, the most powerful politician in the country, is an oldstyle political boss. His power base is an efficient machine on chicagos south side, a district 99 negro and economically depressed. From the slum area he can command margins of 100,000 democratic votes, enough to carry the state of illinois. He has never been a race leader. He has accommodated to the rules of the club and enjoyed harmonious working relations even with colleagues from the deep south. In new york city the leader of the Carver Democratic Club is jay raymond jones, sometimes called the fox. Considered by many as the most powerful negro politician in new york state, a conscious race leader with the importance of economics in the negro revolution. As a political leader and as councilman, i see the role of the negro politician as one working in the area of government, in the area of law. To produce those forces that will react on the economy of the country to the extent that big business will begin to realize they, too, have a part to play in this revolution. Although jones today is the real power behind harlem politics, congressman Adam Clayton Powell still commands great popular support. Lately, however, powell seems to be losing interest in his influential Congressional Committee chairmanship and the reverend powell courts the favor of black muslim leader malcolm x who advocates separation of the races. Negroes play an Important Role in administration policy. A deputy chairman of the Democratic National committee, louie martin, feels strongly the new negro in politics must be a decision maker. I think they will be decision makers. They are now in many instances. I must point out that in the Kennedy Administration the negroes will have been given big employments, is a decision maker. Incidentally his office, of course, is not a racial office. Its the whole National Housing effort. I think you will find that the treasurer of connecticut, thats a Decision Making job. The same thing with our members of the state legislature, members of the Supreme Court like otis smith of michigan. These are not token jobs. These are jobs where they have a real responsibility for carrying out most of their office and are expected to live up to them in terms of all the people. Until a year ago no negro since reconstruction days has held a seat in the georgia legislature. Now leroy w. Johnston has become a respected member of that body. Periodically he guides young negroes through the state capitol. He is a symbol of the greater opportunities in Politics Today and the higher aspiration brought about by the American Revolution of 63. The white Citizens Council a new means of controlling southern negroes, economic reprisarepris. It was used to score their first spectacular brew in montgomery, alabama. I lived in montgomery and was news director of a television station. I heard of small group called the montgomery improvement association. It was trying then with no success to persuade City Government to make improvements. It wasnt a park, it was a vacant park with a water hydrant peeking above the weeds. This did not fulfill the leader reverend Martin Luther king. Much were the goals and prospects. Until december 1st, 1955. On that day a negro seamstress, rosa parks, boarded a bus and took a seat. A few stops later was told to give her seat to a white passenger who had just boarded. She refused. For those who insist a moment be pinpointed when the revolution of 63 began, that moment will serve. Four days later the negroes declared a boycott of the buses. Porter made a guess when he nominated king to lead the boycott. Old and proud, montgomery was proud, also, what it considered good race relations. It didnt realize negroes demanding better treatment could no longer be treated as teenagers asserting their right to stay out after 9 30. And the negroes didnt realize their strength at first. They only asked buses seat negroes from the rear but with no cutoff line so once a negro had a seat he didnt have to give it up to a white. The city didnt budge. Waited for the boycott to collapse or for negro leaders to fall out. That did not happen. Mass meetings kept them informed and spirits lifted. Then came the threats and then the White Community learned the negro was no longer afraid. Planned meetings held, crosses burned, and the joke that every negro seamstress was working overtime sewing up sheets. Sending an end to all segregated seating. Kings home was burned. They were watched by the nation. The Supreme Court outlawed segregation on the buses. Montgomery gave the negro the tactic of nick boycott. It provided him the knowledge of his strength. It developed a method for sustaining enthusiasm during a long struggle. It told him the nation and the world were interested. And nixon, who nominated king as leader, says now we made a guess and we got moses. Perhaps more than anything else montgomery gave the negroes their most popular leader. And king has given thought what price this may demand of him. Yes, i have given thought to this. And i go on with the feeling this is a righteous cause and that we will have to suffer in this cause and that a fphysical death is a price some must pay, a price i must pay to free my children and the children of my brothers and sisters and my White Brothers from a permanent psychological death then nothing can be more redemptive. I have always believed unearned suffering is redemptive. If a man has