We are pulled periodically polled periodically to rate the president s. Wilson receives a high rating. A select country that embraces only lincoln, washington and franklin d. Roosevelt, in addition sometimes to Woodrow Wilson. Claimed wilsont was not one of the world men, but a great fiasco. Highly,ose who rate him there is almost nothing of the sense of admiration so often associated with the attitude displayed to other socalled grades. Wilsons greatness seems to come grudgingly. An acknowledgment of his accomplishments without an appreciation of his personal attributes. Thistempting to assess extraordinary complex individual by placing it threefold, first to survey his earlier its in an effort early years to gain an understanding of his philosophy. Second, to examine the significant events of his presidency, especially in the controversial area of diplomacy. And to discuss briefly some of the changing historical evaluations of his presidency. Wilson, Thomas Woodrow wilson, or tawny was born in stanton, virginia, the son of a military for military general. In the daughter of a presbyterian minister. Both the wilsons and the emigrated to america. They had no americanborn grandparents. All came from the British Isles and all were presbyterians. Shortly after his family moved toaugusta, georgia, he goes columbia, south carolina. His childhood was not a happy one by any means. Frail, homely child, and a left at models boy. In thenot set foot school until he was 14 years old. Later years he could only take refuge in jokes about his appearance, particularly about i am not a star, there are others more handsome by far. Perhaps the wilson familys black butler gave the most telling description of wilson as a boy. , set theung man the servant. Id his dad would say to me, dont you let him get into fights. But there was no danger of that. He was not the fighting kind. Well, what kind was he . A number of adjectives a pride adjectives apply to him. Reserved, truly ambitious. Despite poor health in a sheltered existence sheltered by mother and father, wilson embarq for princeton. 1875 began his college education. He became increasingly interested in history and government. All the while he became convinced he was destined for great things in this world but god had something for him. He practiced his oratory by speaking to the trees and by declaiming in front of a mirror. Sure he was a success that he had a number of calling cards that were inscribed commen inscribed, Thomas Woodrow wilson, senator from virginia. It was that time that he let it be known that he should have a more dignified name then tommy, so you should be called Woodrow Wilson. His collegiate career seems that be devoid of unless you count the fact he had his tenor voice in the glee club. Wilson had little interest. Was his natural home and he proved to be a very good student. That was accepted for publication by a leading journalist of that period. Thatditor that accepted was henry. You will hear more about him later in wilsons career, later in this lecture. And not with happy results, i might add. Following graduation from princeton, wilson entered the law. Rsity of princeton he felt it was the surest way to a political career. In his case it did not work out that way. He practiced law for one year in atlanta. Is legal career can be quickly summarized, he never had a client. He left atlanta to return home, which by this time was north carolina, where his father was serving as a minister. At the age of 26 he returned to school. This time to graduate study in history and economics at johns hopkins, where he received his phd in 1886. His doctoral dissertation was published. Quite precocious it was. Why the time he left hopkins he married helen. He was 28, she was a georgia bill whose background was as presbyterian as the wilsons work. Gross ofttled into the academia. Schools,at different then princeton where he offered 1890 to 1902. All the while he was publishing prolifically. Nine books and 35 articles. His reputation as a scholar continue to grow. Declined a number of college presidency. However, when the presidency of princeton became available in 1902, the university of board of trustees provided only one name, Woodrow Wilson. The excepted the unanimous offer of that position. Per citizen of princeton as president of princeton he did not institute any significant reforms. It revealed some flaws in his leadership capacity. Not the least of which was, a characteristic trait of viewing his own behavior in terms of a high moral crusade. Despite his success in the academic world, wilson was not content with his life. He clearly wanted a political aeer so you could fulfill longing to do immortal work. For, and which was surprising, governor of new jersey. To surprise to many who had voted for him, especially the democratic party, wilson turned out to be very progressive as foreign governor progressive as governor and was generally perceived as a conservative. Achieved a, Wilson National reputation as a reformer in new jersey and to your spent in 1912, when the president ial party was searching for a president ial nominee, returned at length 46 ballots at the convention i4 turning to scholar who was still a novice politician, Woodrow Wilson. The circumstances of the election proved the Republican Party was split nearly down the middle between the incumbent of william taft, and the incomparable former president theodore roosevelt, who having failed to get republican nominations, ran anyway as the nominee of the progressive, or sometimes called the bull most party. The two chief contenders that soontobe wilson. Voted for progressives. The main difference was in their attitudes towards the big issues at the time, which was how to deal with monopolies and trust. They differed mainly in that, believed thatvelt monopolies were not bad, but had to be regulated. He believed in regulation. Wilson believed that monopoly , butin it of itself, bad ill monopoly should be broken up. Its ironic that in the matter of foreign policies, which were soon to be paramount in the nations interest, it scarcely entered this campaign at all. When the votes were counted, was elected the 28th president of the United States, to embark upon one of the most significant administrations of that office. Before we turn to an examination of the crucial events in his tumultuous years, we should look at the forces of which influenced wilsons development, and which worked to a greater or less degree to determine his position as president. There was the fact that wilson was a southerner. He was the first person from that region to occupy the white since who, the person never got it, by any case, the person with zachary taylor, the civil war. It was pointed out later and he seemed to think of himself that he was not a southerner since he lived only a small part of his life in the south. Wilson liked to play with words and he replied, yes, which we must remember a mans routing is more important than his leniant. , which he his accent retained, and his love of southern food, this influence can be seen in a number of ways. Most significantly was his ttitude towards blacks blacks. We could consider him a paternalist. He treated blacks with a condescending affection. Top like anr amusing and a bit menacing. Towards menacing towards he felt they should remain on their proverbial pedestal. Opposing, for much of his but much of change, his career he was opposed to womens suffrage and their change. Wilson was a product of his southern upbringing. Wilson does not seem to be a have to have been overly influenced i southern is him. Spentrmative years were in the south in the turbulent era of destruction. One went so far as to say the civil war left scars and the souls of almost all southerners of wilsons generation. It left no scar in him. In his heart he is not a southerner, but a stanched presbyterian who was born in virginia. Strongly,e putting it but that writer is correct in it is far more important than southern sm and motivating wilsons behavior. That fact in that motivation, without question, his religion. Presbyterianism seemed to be on most literally in his blood. Came from hisal it may be upon the relationship between those two and woodrow and his father. It was an exceedingly close relationship during wilsons formative years. Suffice it to say that Young Woodrow virtually works as a man who viewed virtue is not incomparable. Elder wilson was much that the boy was not. , theg, handsome, forceful impact on his son was all of handsome. In particular, did the reverend mr. Wilson press upon young tommy the spoken word. Its a lesson that the future president learned well. Some might say too well. Became axpression single characteristic of Woodrow Wilson as it had been of his father. From his father did Young Woodrow derived his religious believes. He accepted the doctrines of presbytery and totally, including predestination. Unlike many young persons, and intellectual sorts such as wentlf, wilson never through a time of religious questioning. He accepted the faith of his father without hesitation or doubt. Throughout his life he prayed on his knees, morning and evening. He gave thanks at every meal. He read the bible every day. He read several in the course of his lifetime. The foremost wilson scholar, wilson believed in the omnipotence of god, the morality of the universe and the system of rewards and punishments. Mankind, he believed, live not only by the promise of god under his to credence. That god had ordered the anderse from the beginning got controlled history and use men for his own purposes. Senselice became a sure of destiny. The beliefs became a sure sense of destiny. My life would not be worth living if it were not for the driving power of religion or faith, pure and simple. Arguments are my life against it without ever having been moved by them. There are people who believe only so far as they understand. That seems to be present for us and it sets their understanding is the understanding of the universe. I am sorry for such people. Another casey said, i believe in Divine Providence, if i did not, i would go crazy. Quickr time he brought a end to a discussion about religion, so far as religion is concerned, argument is adjourned. I think not to label this point any further. Wilsons religion was not simply he tried out on sundays or on other appropriate occasions. It was his religious commitment which enemy which animated his reaction. Public and private actions, his Guiding Principles in life, and should be everyones Guiding Principles that he should be to show you are not afraid of anybody except god and his judgment. According to wilsons behavior, whether within his own personal behavior or within nations, was predicated upon a steadfast, and shameful belief in Divine Providence and upon his ability to interpret that. Another of his most prominent aboutphers wrote a book Woodrow Wilson in which he said, whenever wilson was committed to a certain idea, he felt that satan was his enemy. Whether this attitude was to have we will see this and do courts. Especially with regard to the contact conduct of foreign affairs. Like, surely was he was a man of extraordinary complexity to an extent that he is almost impossibly categorized. In analyzing his personality, contradictions abound. He was in many ways and intellectual, a man of ideas. Het is a person to the world was idealistic. Even one might say romantic. He was by nature an introvert, uncomfortable with people. Droveis great ambition him towards popular leadership. He was certainly not the typical political type by nature. He did not make friends easily and had trouble getting along for any length of time, even with friends he did make. His own explanation to this is worth quoting. Wilson said this in a letter to his wife. Sometimes i am a bit of shamed ashamed of myself when i big of how few friends i have. Lenny of people often me their friendship partly because i am reserved and shy and partly because i have a narrow taste in trends. I reject the offer in almost every case. Then i am dismayed to look about me and see how few peoples of the world know me as i am. Consequently we see a third contradiction, that is that as a man that was by his own admission highly emotional. Seemed to almost all observers to be cold, aloof and even arrogant. Cold someone told him, he gives me the creeps. The time i met him he said something to me and i didnt know whether god or him was talking. Wilson resented such characteristics quoted to command having said that i am only a highly developed intellectual machine. There is more to me than that. By his own assessments he claimed as though he felt that a volcano was often running within him, ready to burst. Embarrassment, these restrained emotions inside of me. He restrained him so well that he was perceived almost universally as cold and aloof. Respect,ould command no doubt about that, especially after he became the embodiment of what was a great noblebe cause. But genuine affection was something else. I want the people to let me, but i suppose they never will. He was right. If there was a complex character of a man who would be the nation of 1930 to 1931 for a credible for a critical time. Lets turn to an examination of wilsons presidency. We could deal fairly quickly with the domestic aspect of his administration, which is not to imply his accomplishments in this area were of no consequence. They are so significant that there is little controversy about them. Wilsons presidency constituted a full flowering of the progressive movement. Which began under the roosevelt. Permits only a great mention of the most important developments. Perhaps the most significant one lingering to this day was the creation of the Federal Reserve system. Given giving the nation centralized leads of control of the financial system. It remains the cornerstone of the nations Banking Structure unto this day. Then it was one of the primary progressive goals and every student of progress in sm in my test of progressivism in my class of progressivism in my class thought of this. Thought ofogressives taft and it was difficult to get it in a republican dominated era. He did not create free trade by reduce thebut he did overall duties to about 25 on average, which is down from 40 . Another progressive reform came to fruition during his presidency and it was the enactment of the first graduated income tax. It was approved by the 16th amendment. Matter ofe was the controlling their monopoly and trust. Another area of progressive concern. Wilson was helpful in that area. The antitrust act prohibits a number of unfair trade practices. Also the creation of the federal still,ommission, which over the years, has been in operation. The list of his accomplishments , giving loans to farmers or workers compensation. Maximum hour laws for certain workers, child labor law, so first and so on. So forth and so on. His record is unsurpassed i any by any, and perhaps lyndon johnson. Wilsonst was owing to own personal leadership. He believed the chief executive should take initiative and promoting legislative action. Even addressed congress in person becoming the first president since john adams to do so. Jefferson had practice and no other president s having done so. Gentlemen,adies and in short, if history were to judge Woodrow Wilson solely on his domestic accomplishments, there would be little controversy. It seems certain that he would be acknowledged as an extraordinary successful president. Such is not the case as you probably will know. The problem and the comment he made shortly before his inauguration, a comment that showed his ignorance in the world at large showed that it would be the irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs. But, so it was. It may be safely said that wilson, at the time he took office had no inkling that the nation would be confronted with the enormous problem. There was the smoldering problem with mexico, a situation that his own actions helped to exacerbate her and we time to get into it. Was a any case, it relative problem. Of thewas ignorant threatening conditions that existed in europe at the time. He knew full well that the major nations of europe arranged themselves to align systems that might be provoked into a general european war. Believe such a war to be lightly. The words of the director for the World Peace Foundation in 1913 some up the prevailing attitude in america when he said, what should we say about great war in europe . Impending. Eat, ever we should say that it will never come. After all, people were reassured this was the 20th century. The barbarity of war was a thing of the past in the modern times of the 20th century. You may know it happened the next month. But in july of 1914 the New York Times proclaimed that war is to dreadful for imagining. And because it is too dreadful it cannot happen. The twice defeated president ial candidate, then served as wilsons secretary of state, he said that he believed there would be no war while he was secretary of state and no war as long as he lived. But this was the view to which wilson ascribed, but it was not of 1914,ause august the assassination of the hungarian throne is seemingly insignificant event in the grand theme of things, but touched off a general european war on a scale unprecedented in the history of mankind. Most americans are shocked by the ward. They will set it was no concern of ours. Ofson issued a proclamation neutrality, asking the American People to remain neutral. Perhaps he believed that was possible, but it was not. It was about this time that his first wife ellen died. And about a year and a half a widow by thed name of edith. Many factors that pulled the u. S. Into the war on the side of the allies. There was a kinship with england , obviously language, customs and so forth. Wilson was an unabashed anglo, then there were traditional tires going back to the time of lafayette. In contrast, there was generally a negative public view of germany. As beingiewed it overly militaristic. Then the more cynical people thought that our entry into the world was economic, that is to on, as time went neutrality was weak enough and the idea was that in order to make sure it was repaid, we had it to we had to make sure the allies won the war. They are some of the reasons that neutrality eventually proved to be impossible. , submarines uboats that prompted american intervention. Longstandingthe treaty freedom of the seas. It was cant stand. The right of americans as neutrals to travel and safety on the high seas. To be sure the british viewed violently, when the germans intervened, it often involved the death of human beings. Classic example was the sinking of the liner in may of 1915. Wilson issued a stern warning to the germans in response, but andmately it went unheeded the germans commenced a policy of one restricted submachine war craft which led to the thinking of american ships and lost american lives. Wilson took the momentous step to ask forg congress a declaration of war against the central powers. Its been historically debated ever since that time. Wilson seemed not fully content with leading the nation into war for nothing more than upholding the treaty of the seas, although he strongly believed in that. Consequently wilson utilizing the rhetorical genius, which he had an arched nourished throughout his career, rejected into the intervention a degree of high moral purpose. War, he proclaimed, would not be merited to territorial squabbles or to defend our neutral rights, but to be fought for a noble purpose. Safes to make the world for democracy. Calling upon the American People to sacrifice in the interest of all mankind. He asserted it would be nothing war. Than a war to end that is what was with fighting for. Once we had entered the war wilson continued to express idealistic goals. The purpose of the war should be to achieve peace without victory , by which he meant a settlement with harsh reparations or annexations of territory. Essentially, piece of justice. In this he outlined in his famous document. A peace plan where he introduced, it in generating 1918. Introduced it in january of 1918. His views were not shared by the allied powers. As for the war itself, if not without purview to say, without three years of utterly devastating warfare, which had brought both sides to the brink of collapse, america helped to bring the war to a conclusion by november of 1918. It was soon thereafter that wilson ran afoul of a dictum laid down earlier by abraham lincoln. On one occasion said no man promise what he ought not, lest he be called upon some day to deliver what he cannot. Promised to much. He raised hopes too high. Results proved little short of tragedy. Unknownmoment, that is and wilson is the admonished leader of the altruistic crusade and he found himself around the world as a savior. Remember my professor of diplomatic history years ago made this comment and it stuck with me, that it may well be that no single individual in the history of war, for or since, has received such extensive alteration as did wilson at the conclusion of the world war. The world that waited so expectantly for the civil relations, destined to be larger and a disappointed. Woodrow wilson, led been so skillful in constructing his Domestic Program, and will had been so conspiring during this wartime leadership, turned out to be much less skillful in his efforts to could shut the peace treaty that he and his eye at a little stick he and his idealistic supporters desire. Understandable in the motivation, it has been adjudged miss taste by many historians. Mistakes many historians. The first mistake was the progressive elections. People to beged nonpartisan during the war. To not become themselves as democrats republicans, he said politics are adjourned. We will not be democrats or republicans. 1918, aer of congressman would support him and what was going to be a piece discussion a piece discussion ace discussion. It appeal to americans to elect a democratic congress. Now he is saying he wants a democratic congress. As luck would happen the worst happened and republicans controlled the congress after fall elections in 1918. The second mistakes is the choice of the american delegation that began in january of 1919. No ranking republican and no senator was appointed to that five person committee. The obvious choice would have lodge, who was the Senate Foreign relations committee, with whom he and wilson shared a mutual detestation. A third mistake most likely involved in most important member of that commission was wilson himself. Many thought later he was better off for his daytoday discussions and acrimony that occurred. He shouldve been more removed and detached in washington. He shouldcided that be there to exert influence on this conference. Decided, and some others mightve thought this would be a mistake, to have all the allied capitals in london, rome and paris and in each case he received a to motorists reception. Some had thought that this only increased wilsons righteousness, is moralistic and it mayself, having cursed him to think that he would achieve that longing to do you moral work. What a moment in World History it was. Attention focused on the representatives of the major powers of the big four. U. S. Representatives are set by the moralistic wilson. Frances vice agent had admitted atheist. Womanizer andge the prime minister. , in a very, very famous photograph from that conference. Describedrk newspaper that moment when it wrote, 6 million young men lie in premature graves, for old men sit in paris partitioning the earth. Conference was an education for them. There were marked on one occasion that god gave us his 10 commandments and we broke them. Wilson gave us his 14 points grade we shall see. Wilson quickly found out that the other World Leaders were not nearly so all touristic as he and that they were just as intractable in their views. Knowing wilson, that is saying something. That how could they have been disinterested because of the anonymous losses they had suffered. The United States suffered it was simply enormous. In contrast to wilsons desire peace,s moralistic world there were guarantees that the world would be made safer. The preacher wanted to make france safer frenchman. So, contrary to his nature, wilson was forced to compromise notably on the matter of reparations against germany. But he made these concessions only after ensuring that they would be built into the treaty, the treaty and versailles, for visions of the establishment for an International Mechanism for which future problems could be solved and he believed there would be future problems. This was to be the league of nations. The treaty that wilson brought back to the u. S. From a conference in july of 1919,. Ontained the charter there in later problem, specifically the portion of that that lay article 10, which guarantee that territorial integrity of the member nations. Thereby implying security. Couldis opponents claimed force the u. S. Into war automatically. Or against itsl best interest. Returned withlson the treaty to be approved by the senate, those opponents led the they were already organized and were determined not to accept it in its original form. Some members in the senate were willing to vote for it, that werereservations added to provide americas freedoms of action by article 10. There was another group composed of the isolationist who wanted no part of the treaty on any circumstance. And together, these two groups, the large group and the irreconcilables constituted a sufficient number of votes to block the approval because they have to be approved by two thirds of the senate. Here it was that wilson made his most serious mistake of all, that was to compromise with the large group. Having yielded on some points in the paris negotiation, he was unwilling to compromise further. He cannot believe it would defeat his precious tweedy treaty. It became clear to him that the treaty was in trouble. He was furious that anyone would oppose him. On one occasion the french ambassador suggested he should consider compromising in france should agree to whatever changes need to be made. Wilson said, i shall consent to nothing. His attitude towards his opponents in the senate was one of on contempt and total opposition. He delivered one of the most remarkable outbursts ever recorded. It was his commentary delivered on the subject to a group of his own democratic supporters speaking privately. Thisid just listen to there is nothing i would like to do so much as the same parliamentary language what i think of the people opposing that treaty because of all the blind and little provincial people that are the most contemptible. It is not their character that i have contempt for, before their minds. They have not even got good working invitations. They remind me of a man with a head that is not really a head, but just a not put there to keep from rambling out. Use. Have no if i could say what i think about them, it would be picturesque. With modern times against them, they will have the most conspicuously contemptible names in history. If i did not despise them i would be sparring for them. Despise them he might, but he had to acknowledge that as time went on as they were gaining the upper hand and defeat of the treaty was inevitable if not amended. What was wilson to do . The approach he took was one that came naturally to the mind of the presbyterian president ial preacher. He would take his case directly to the public. The people would support him. They would sustain his superior moral position and it would arguably bring pressure to bear from the senate so strong that there will could not be resisted. Just imagine wilson on television or radio, alas, no radio or tv. It mightve been invented, but commercial radio was not in operation quite yet. So you cannot do that. Certainly no tv. His plan, which called for strenuous speaking campaign, was to travel around the country to present the case to the people. As doctors and his closest this,rs discouraged people think it would be a physical constraint to someone who went never been strong and had already exerted himself to near exhaustion at the paris conference. Thisn insisted upon taking and says, i must go, i promised our soldiers when i asked them to take up arms that it was the war to end wars. If i did not do all in my power to put the treaty into effect i would be a slacker. He wanted to bring the word of International Cooperation to his american congregation. Woodrow wilsonr was truly in his element. City he delivered capitalizedch were by strong a syringe and warmed strong assurance and warmed by the conviction. In message that he delivered colorado in 1919, speaking with which was manifested he said, again, and again, mothers who have lost their sons have taken my hands and have shared tears. Why should they pray god to bless me . Ive eyes the congress to create this in which lead to the death of their sons. I ordered their sons overseas. I consented to their sons being put in the most difficult part of the data line and that death was certain. He called in the blessings of god upon me. He believed that their boys died. Or something that transcends they believe and rightly believe that their sons saved the liberty of the world. It a vintage wilson performance. No doubt effective in promoting his cherished dream as his doctors had feared it would. On that very evening that he delivered that speech in cap love speech in pueblo, he collapsed. He had suffered a stroke, which left him partially paralyzed for the rest of his life. He remained in almost total seclusion inside the white house for the remainder of his turn of his term. Being closely monitored by his wife. Word spread that he was totally incapacitated, that he was insane. In which mrs. E roosevelt became the first woman president. She was crucial in gaining access to her husband. In truth, wilson was too weak to leave. He was not too weak to obstruct. It finally came for a vote in the senate and it was considered in two forms. With a large preservations added. The changes, alterations to amend it. Wilson set forth the word to vote against it in amended form. Those together with irreconcilables defeated the treaty. The unamended version, the version that wilson wanted, wilson voted for it, but they were defeated by the irreconcilables and the large reservation us. So the treaty went down to defeat in his level. The United States simply signed a separate Peace Agreement with germany. And so wilsons grand design for world peace was defeated. Defeat for which wilson himself, because of his inability to compromise was fair and part of the blame. As he once said, he said, i will tell you i am descended from scottish presbyterian. That wilson presidency came to an end with his dream shattered and himself thoroughly defeated. Both in body and spirit. Bus attempt to evaluate the presidency of which Woodrow Wilson had in which appraisals tend to vary over time. Laws are influenced by contemporary concerns. Historians give more emphasis to the subjects of. Iews on women and blacks it seems a fair generalization to say that wilson, in his earlier career, as i indicated, said the prevailing views of , but is admirable secondclass citizens, undeserving of the right to vote. But to his credit his views on the issue involved issue evolved. In 1918 he spoke out in favor of raymonds of womens rights, specifically in support of a. Otings rights amendment placing heavy emphasis on the battle of world war i, he declared, we have made partners of women in this war. Xiao we admit them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and not to a partnership of privilege and right . Despite his support, that bill was rejected. T eventually it passed black wivesition on drawn more scrutiny. Princeton university with which he was so closely associated as a student and professor, willing to remove their name from theirs his name from their School Public policy. Their principle of trustees after helson a racist had been integrated for decades. There is evidence that wilson held views that would be deemed racist. He allegedly told one black civil rights leader, segregation is not humiliation, but benefit and are to be so regarded by you gentlemen. It was also reported that he was loved the White Supremacy phone, birth of a nation, wilson called it history written with lightning. The truth i suspect is that wilson was close to the segregationist views of his family. The time and place in which he was born and raised, but that assessment does little to garnishes imaging modern times. You are not focused on domestic issues such as these, but foreign policies. The result has been a decline in his reputation and the isolationist 1920s, but a resurrection of the status in the postworld war ii era that was reflected in the establishment of the united nations, by then it Defunct League of nations. We can clearly see it dissented at the league of nations. Vietnam brought another decline in american status. American involvement in iraq and afghanistan indicate that wilsons ideas of internationalism still influence american foreignpolicy, for better or for worse. What is the prevailing interpretation . There is someone more allows fored that it the ratings in specific categories, not just overall. Characteristics of wilsons complexity was rated first among all president s in the category of idealism. Not surprisingly, dead last in the category of civility. , for example, strength of leadership, activism, significance of a congressman, seven. And general prestige was rated six. ,ashington, lincoln, jefferson fdr. My own opinion, i think he was a man of extraordinary depth, integrity, high morality, desirable traits. His Domestic Program was enlightened and expanded the program of the betterment of individuals in society and paving the way for fdr and his successors. Wasforeign policy idealistic in many ways, but history seems to have indicated necessity for the kind of International Cooperation that he had. In todays world, not only desirable, but essential. The question is how far should the nation go in that direction . So much for the interpretation. We would be well to end it by noting that none of this controversy would have bothered wilson. He went to his grave in 1924 secure in his faith, and in the knowledge he had acted as he must have acted in right as he saw it. Predestination. , today isds armistice day, 19 23, the First Anniversary of the end of the war. He had lived a reclusive existence. Very rarely did he venture into public view. Occasionally he could be seen at the window, but seldom did he go outside. For this occasion, a small group of admirers and curiosity seekers had gathered in front of and perhaps to their surprise, wilson emerged and addressed them briefly. Comments were worth quoting not only because of what they reveal about his u. S. The time, but also because of the tone and the spirit that was so quintessentially wilson. And i might add, these were the last words he would ever speak in public. Ondied three months later for every third, 1924. This is what he said to that group. I cannot refrain from saying it, i am not one of those who have the least anxiety about the principles for which i have stood. I have seen falls of this province before, and i have seen the destruction, such as will come upon, other utter destruction and contempt. We shall prevail is a sure as god brings. Thank you. Tofrom George Washington george w. Bush, every sunday at 8 00 p. M. And midnight eastern we featured the presidency, a weekly series exploring the president s, their politics, policies and legacies. Historyching american tv, all weekend, every weekend on cspan3. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] the first tv president ial campaign ad during the 1952 contest between republican dwight d. Eisenhower and the democrat. And adds beneficial to every campaign since. 1969, america in turmoil. Al gore graduates college, his father opposes the vietnam war. Al gore enlists in the army. When he comes home from vietnam he enters politics. He becomes an investigative reporter, then al gore decided that to change what was wrong he had to fight. He ran for congress, held some of the first hearings, made the environment his cause. So for his own party to support the gulf war. Had work requirements. He will ensure prosperity enriches forward. Strengthen social security, take on big truck companies. Tax cuts for working families of the middle class. , married 30 years, father of four, fighting for a cause. Under clinton gore, Prescription Drugs have skyrocketed. George bush has a plan. Add a Prescription Drug to medicare. Every senior will have access to Prescription Drug benefits. Owl gore opposed partisan reform. He is pushing a Big Government plan that lets washington bureaucrats interfere with what doctors prescribe. The bush prescription author discusses her book about the welfare state and the limits of american liberalism. The Center Hosted this event and provided the video. Thank you for attending todays researchers talk. Have had a very full program this year. Highlighting some of the Significant Research that has been done with senate and house records