dr freddie 0tto, who leads the world weather attribution group. i want to ask first of all, the most important question is what did you learn about the link between that uk heatwave and climate change? i think the main results from that study were that this heatwave would have been four degrees cooler, if it would've happened at the beginning of the industrial revolution — or in other words, a heatwave like this has been made at least ten times more likely because of human—induced climate change. so, basically, we would not have seen a heatwave like this if it wasn't for climate change. how are you able to do an analysis and come up with the results so quickly? because i can remember the time when it would take months, even sometimes years, to find the link between climate change and extreme weather. and yet this, your study, came out a week after the uk heatwave. so, how so quick? all our methods are peer—reviewed, so we are not actually doing something