and this difference in temperature causes a massive disruption - in the atmospheric dynamicsl and changes the atmospheric circulation in a way that puts the tropical pacific _ into a la nina state. so it's quite interesting, because what happens l in the atlantic, it can impact- the tropical pacific and it can have implications for the whole globe, including australia. _ back here at imperial college london, i am with dr fredi 0tto again, she leads the world weather attribution group here, to get some final thoughts from you. what stands out for you from what we have seen, extreme weather wise, in the summer of the northern hemisphere this year? so what stood out for me this year were the wildfires. we have seen many, many heatwaves simultaneously in past years, 2018 for example, also 2019.