Transcripts For CSPAN Discussion On Combating World Hunger 20151129

Iowa. We want them to listen to what we are saying. I think they have been in iowa a lot. I think they have been very happy about what they have done. I look forward to the next 78 days and monday, february 1 to get our caucus going. Mr. Kapur mr. K are there any specific issue that the democrats have catapulted t forefront of the conversation . How do you think the primary would be different if i were was not leading . Ms. Mcguire we are having a lot of talk about income inequality. That goes along with equal pay for equal work. Those issues of fairness are in this election. Ms. Swain dr. Andy mcguire joining us from iowa as the countdown to the iowa caucus continues. Thank you for your time. Ms. Mcguire thank you. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2014] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] democratic president ial candidates hillary clinton, bernie sanders, and Martin Omalley are speaking at the party dinner in New Hampshire. We will show you the remarks tonight here on cspan. Sec. Clinton hello, this is hillary clinton. I want to thank you for letting me speak about an issue essential to our childrens future and critical for our economy, solving the health care crisis. No prescription, role model, or cook look for being first lady. The future is created every day. Said something created to happen to us. Ive said and i believe there is a good possibility that sometime in the next 20 years we will have a woman president. Clinton experienced many firsts in her role as first lady. She and her husband have in political partner since law school. She has endured several scandals as she considers a second it for the white house. Her story is still being written. Original series, first ladies, influence and image. Examining the public and private lives on the first ladies and their influence on the presidency tonight at 8 00 p. M. Et on cspan3. At the guilt Abigail Fillmore was the first first lady to work outside the home. Teaching at a private school she successfully lobbied congress for funds to create a white house library. Her hairstyle and love of think was a fashion sensation. Imi pink was mun marketed. And nancy reagan as an actress saw her name on the blacklist of suspected communist sympathizers. She appealed to Ronald Reagan for help and later became his wife. These stories and more are featured in cspans book on the lot lives of 45 iconic american women. The mix a great gift for the holidays. Women and fascinating how their legacies resonate today. The book is based on original interviews from the first ladies series and is seen numerous reviews, including this one from the president ial historian and author who said, cspan is a national treasure. And the fact breaking series is another reason why. Says, cspan has performed another valuable Public Service with its series on the first ladies. Nowhere else can one find such a useful and insightful look into the lives of these women who played such a crucial role into the history of our country. Noted thatmpton cook it is an invaluable correction insight onon of rare our first ladies and the role the played in shaping america during their husbands presidencies. Available as as hardcover or the book, from your favorite bookstore or online bookseller. Former british Prime Minister tony blair took part recently in a discussion about ending world hunger posted by the museum in washington which opened in exhibit of photography focused on the issue. Antiographer and antihunger philanthropist created the exhibit. This is about 20 minutes. [applause] thank you very much. It is my honor to be here with such a distinguished panel. You could not ask for three individuals who care more about this issue. I know that they all have a lot that they want to say so we will get to it. You. D, i will start with you are the one who was the driving force behind this. Take us back to the beginning. We know that you came from a farming background. Why this . I was teaching warren how to invest. Other than that, not much. Mother who spent her entire life dedicated to helping people. So i think that all of us kids grew up in a household where we were expected to give back to the community. And we had every opportunity in our lives to do what we wanted to do in many ways. And my dad explains it best when he talks about the ovarian lottery. He said he could be born in bangladesh or yemen or mullally, born to parents that are divorced or criminals or handicap with challenges for providing a living. All sorts of scenarios that could develop. But in my case, born a white male in the United States and that gave you every opportunity to excel in life that you could ever ask for. Hopefully those demographics are changing over time. That was the best situation could find yourself in in the world. I think that we knew that and appreciated that. And my parents had High Expectations that we would go in the world and do some things that are productive and positive. The big driver was how i grew up in what my parents expected of me. What was it about Food Insecurity and the african continent that attracted you . When we finally got some real money to spend, i was immediately attracted to trying to figure out where the most impoverished populations, where are those areas where the resources are very scarce or limited. Those are the places i was attracted to. Do a lot of work in Central America and mexico, but africa has some of the biggest challenges, especially Food Insecurity. Unfortunately,y, the kind of populations wanted to try to work with and those particular issues. Aboutre is a lot to talk in terms of your interest in what you have seen and learned. I do want to bring in Prime Minister blair, because it some point along the way, you gotten of the two of them and something grew out of that. Tell me how it got started. I went to go see the mountain gorillas for the first time. It was an incredible experience. Ive taken my son and other people. It is really something. That captured my attention and then i met a great woman who is maybe here tonight and i ran the International Gorilla conservation program. She kept wanting to come have dinner and i noticed that she had phd behind her name. So i kept putting her off. Finally she just showed up. I realized what an amazing job she was doing so that kind of hooked me in the region. Emmanuel, in 2009, we went to the park and in january 2009. The challenges he had but it really brought everything together. It brought the conservation piece in the poverty piece, the conflict peace and the agricultural these because these people had a lot of trouble with product 70 from the park and people were encroaching on the park. Emmanuel has an impossible job. That is the kind of challenge that i love. We really started working with a manual and a doing a lot now and we are doing it because he is there. When i met tony, its funny because kate, who worked for tony for a long time cap sending me these emails like why do i want to meet the Prime Minister, what am i going to do with this guy . And so she would send these emails and say well im busy in october this year. Then i was on this plane and i picked up this article and i read a long article, and i said, this guys doing exactly what has to happen in africa. We can do everything with emmanuel but we dont have rule of law or governance. So everything can be undermined just like that. So i thought i have to email kate and apologize for everything that i said. And tried toout run my combine, tried to ransom corn down. Downy to run some corn for Something Like that and someone said howard, he has not driven anything for 12 years and you will put him in this. [laughter] it is a rare thing to have someone with tonys experience and commitment that they can leaders, he other has been a leader and run a country. Who can show up at the doorstep and share the same experience is really rare. They are both very special people. Cannot wait to ask premised or blair about the combine. He wont tell the truth. [laughter] what did you think when you were approached by howard . You dont have to tell the truth. [laughter] ago, and itwhile came to congo at a very difficult time for us. I will start by state by saying that my function in you thisand who are and who i am as a middle ranking public servant. Dont stress this situation which has management on a national park, but it is a war that has been happening for 20 years. It has turned out to be the most the greatest expression of human suffering since the second world war. And everyone of those wars started inside or immediately around the National Part that we managed. I had only just started and i had not fully gathered the difficulty. Then bets when i realized that my problems were just beginning when howard turned up. It was what happened, did he actually come to you . Historyward had a long of trying to address these fundamental problems in the region. Enormous challenges to overcome. Possibilityust the of summit coming with a certain generosity in terms of resources but also the time to think through the problems that we were. Addressing and willing to come to the field even given the insecurity during times of Armed Conflict and work for these problems with us. That has really been the story working through these overwhelming problems. In eastern congo. I wanted her the beginning of the Howard Buffett story from premised or blairs point of view. Your office was trying to set up an appointment with them. It wasnt working until this article appeared. Iowas study was really keen to meet me. I thought it was the first time id ever been asked, but i did get to see him. And whats more i got to drive the combine harvester which was an interesting experience its the only time of ever seen howard really nervous. He kept telling me that it costs a lot of money. But the essence of it is that for me the issue of governance in africa is absolutely fundamental. When i was Prime Minister, in true thousand five at the g8 summit we put africa on the agenda and got commitments to give debt relief to african countries. Suit. Countries followed the usa lifted up their rates substantially as well, but i was aware of the fact that it would never be enough on its own. And you had to build the capacity to govern properly. So africa can together with my other passion which is the whole process of governance. I can to office in 1997 and the only job i ever had was Prime Minister. You might as will start at the top. But we know what you werent a farmer. Here is the thing that i discovered about government. In thatt when i came because i was Prime Minister i sat at the front of the table and minds of big chair. I thought that if i took a decision around the cabinet table something happened. This was a big mistake. And i got to realize how the process of government work. You run for office as a great campaigner and you have to become a treat chief executive. You have to be a will to run the organization. I became obsessed with the process of governance. And when i saw what they were struggling with which were the enormous challenges and problems , they often didnt have the infrastructure of decisionmaking around them to enable them to do it properly. So we put teams of people in who live and work in the country and work alongside the president s team, and we go for the the execution and capability within government to get things done which is the biggest challenge. The thing with howard as he got and was prepared to help us with thatd the result is today we are around eight different african countries and we make a real difference with the way they function. Talk a little bit about what you are doing together. Give us some concrete examples. One of the things that is our strength at the foundation is we. Ave flexibility we had given agi some money that was committed elsewhere, and when the ebola crisis came up in liberia, one of the first people they went to was agi for health. This was a disaster for the population, challenging messaging and communication situation. We dont the things get involved in health or anything else like that. We are focused on what we do. But when we talk to the staff at agi, it was very simple decision to say we will move some of that money you move some of that money and use it what you need to use it for in liberia because we cannot judge that. The biggest thing for us is to have flexibility and partners that we trust. Emmanuel can tell you a story atut the water situation scott a funny looking back on how we got it done. Tos really important for us trust our partners. And i realize that governance is such a critical issue. So one of the things we did with agi is we were on a Conference Call talking different options and they brought up this idea of rapid action. It sounded great to me. I thought this is, tony is to do what he needs to do. He doesnt need people like me telling him how to do it. I had great confidence in what he would do and the decisions he would make, so we made a reasonable commitment to fund that can help them go leverage that for additional funding. So the Rapid Action Fund is something where you dont have to go ask a donor for something in the middle of an emergency, you have the money and you can react and he will tell us, but we will never ask him how he used the money. The a bullock crisis, we were in all three countries and they refused to leave and stayed and they helped organize the help coming in. A crisis like this its a but you have to organize it effectively and set up the right centers and make sure people are going to the right and set up the systems necessary for it to function effectively. We do things like that but we deliver Maternal Health care programs and will help with agricultural programs and we will do things like make sure if it is a big Infrastructure Program around electricity that we have them deliver that program. I havent been to liberia for about five years, but when i flew in, it was nighttime, and you do not know at that time, it did not know you were landing in monrovia. You could not see a light. The city did not have electricity. So you are talking about a where, you cannot how a set up a process in an emergency of that scale. Unit of the people the infrastructure or the power. So its a little bit like what we do in congo, you are trying to solve 20 problems at once. You are not just trying to deal with the ebola crisis, but a bunch of crises at the same time. So the thing that i love about that fund is that it gives you tony and his staff the ability to react, go in and do it. I think we need much more of that kind of philanthropy. Our money should be the absolute first risk money. We should not worry about bragging about what we got right. That is the truth. Too many people want to feel good about what they did, and what to tell everybody else about how good they did something. Thats why in certain places, it is the run thing wrong thing for a philanthropist to worry about what the flexibility and money that we have, we should be able to risk capital. Imagine, mr. Blair, that not every a funding you get goes to these places. In the end it is an interesting way of doing it. We say we understand what youre trying to do and we will support it. But frankly you have the freedom to get on and do it. A huge amount of bureaucracy around that. Us in thees mean for countries weve got into his we can work really fast to change the way those countries are run. One of the things that is important to realize about africa is despite all the challenges it is on the move and there is real progress. So the life expect us he is going up. Years, the few middle class is set to double but you still have a situation where two thirds of the population do not have access to electricity. These are fundamental things you can help change that you can only do if the government is operating effectively. Whether it is doing what we do with the government what emmanuel does with conservation. The way that howard does philanthropy is different from anything ive come across and really allows us to operate effectively and react to the need in a more direct way than we would. Help us understand because on the surface you are doing Different Things. Your the chief warden of the park. Or the congo, so help us understand what that means and how it is involved. Do it modestly, because he takes real risks. I can imagine a belgian prints, he has all kind of royal friends. [laughter] dont expect the answer. [laughter] i think that there are always enormous parallels. Monopoly onave a Good Development practice which is what we are trying to do. There are many ways of doing it. There are certain underlying principles. Essentially it comes down to three things. Respectsensitivity and for the rights and the needs of the most vulnerable in the poorest in society. You have to have sensitivity for the rights of our future generations. Our protection of the environment and governance in relation to Natural Resources. And you have to have a respect for the root of law. Thats what holds society together. If he can maintain there are a whole range of activities you can do. What tony has brought out so well is he has maintained these basic principles and it is surprising how quickly he can deal with very dramatic challenges, particularly in places like the great lakes region. Worldperate in a small but its a small world that is extremely intense in terms of the deep challenges that our generation have to deal with to do with violence and the destruction of the world resources. And dealing with how badly we treat each other, in particular those who cannot defend themselves. See what, how do you emmanuel is devoting himself to, you have some Ambitious Goals that you have laid out to do something intangible about Food Insecurity, about a part of the world that has been neglected for generation after generation. Have some important partners in cme at the foundation and i could never get this done without their support. But i really felt, and have felt, that walking into the congo at the time that we did with a lot of conflict, when we would see emmanuel we would go through five checkpoints in the first two in three were government and the next were the rebels. It was that way for a long time. We went back fortified times a year and you could see sometimes 10 kilometers was a ghost town and sometimes 10 kilometers looked normal. A lot of things were changing. It, we realized that the conflict part in the lack of rule of law was what had to be addressed. So one of the things that never worked well in that part of the world is the demobilization and reintegration of rebels. We had this crazy idea that, if we can start doing things now, while the conflict is happening, we would have things available, all with emmanuel you much. Work when 700 guys to they are ready to be reintegrated, instead of taking judy reintegrated from combat . Howard i dont know the exact number. You get 700, 800 x combatants in rwanda and uganda in pretty poor conditions. The question is, in the past and what would happen it, they would bring them back and they had no way to reintegrate them, no guarantee of jobs. He couldnt fit back in. Obviously, that is a threat to the government. It doesnt take long to reorganize. This time is different if the government wants to do something about it. We can bring them back, reintegrate them immediately, and put them to work. You have to search changing some of the fundamental issues that start changing some of the fundamental issues that have existed historically to change the future. One of those issues is how you reintegrate excombatants and how you keep them from picking up arms again. That is a big part of what we are trying to do. It is a huge experiment. We have no idea what will happen. We could end up spending 100 million there and look back in 10 years and feel like weve got nothing done. Or we could spend 100 million and change the course of how some things happen. It wont be us changing it, but our investment. Judy how do you look on this, tony . Do you look at this as a gamble, sure bet . Tony i would call it entrepreneurial philanthropy, which involves an element of risk and capital. Gamble. If it works, it provides a model for future engagements. One of the things that is interesting about africa, you have sources from different quarters. All of these have to be used effectively by governments on the ground. With aid agencies, they will work in quite a bureaucratic way. They can be quite inflexible to deal with. They do great work, many of these agencies, in many parts of africa, but the advantage of howards foundation is they can act with flexibility and agility that comes on the nature of the organizational leadership. This does make a big difference, because one of the things we need to do in development is experiment. The thing that howard is thinking about now, how to develop agriculture, this is a huge problem. Along with electricity and basic infrastructure, its probably the single biggest problem the continent faces. If he was able to come up through a process of trial and experimentation, if he was able to show what could work, it would have a dramatic impact on the way these countries develop. The whole question about these countries is how fast can they accelerate their development . Take a country like the congo. Emmanuel is dealing with a particular problem in the park, but this is a country that is vast with developmental problems. If we were able to show how you could accelerate that path of development, it would have an extraordinary impact on millions. Judy it is a reminder that government doesnt always have the answers. It is essential in some ways, but you are working with some government but also around. Tony i think this is the way it is today. There should be partnerships between the public and private sectors. And the philanthropic center. Judy specifically on the continent . Tony on the continent, there is no doubt philanthropy has made a massive difference. Howard you cant have any success longterm if the government doesnt buy into what you are doing and they dont support it. Weve got an initiative in rwanda on agricultural do it all we are trying to do something we development and we are trying to do something that we will be unique to how we go about it. Thats what tony is referring to. If we didnt think there was an environment where the government of rwanda would buy into what we are doing and make it so that in 10 years or 15 years, they dont need us anymore, and they have a facility and training and extension and productivity and all the things that come with it that are important, and they are doing it on their own. The idea is, aid is aid. All that means is you are trying to assist someone in a difficult set of circumstances, which can come from develop from a number of different ways. Aid does not solve anything. People talk about poverty like it is difficult to figure out. Its not difficult. You need to give people economic opportunity. If you take someone who is pointed a get them out of poverty they have to earn a , living, and they have to make more than what they make today. You have to create that environment. One of the things we are doing in congo with the hydro plants we are funding is bringing electricity. We are not doing it really its a great byproduct to bring electricity to the people, and kids can study at night, but what it really does is, it says that you can now develop processing plants. You can develop anything. You can develop an industry so your farmers have a market. Your farmers can produce more and get paid more. Electricity is completely identified with agriculture if you work backwards. People dont think about it that way, but weve done a small facility, and we have a soap plant going in. We have an enzyme plant. Electricity is looked at as this important thing as households and everything else. Its critical to agriculture. Judy i want to ask each one of you before we take audience questions, which we are going to do, what is your dream . What would you love to see come from what you are doing . I also would like you to be candid about what your challenges are. It you have a hearty touch on some of those. I want to come to emmanuel first. Tell everybody if they didnt know that you were shot and almost died last year when there was a documentary being done about the work. Tell us about that. You look fine. [laughter] howard he has mental issues, by the way. [laughter] emmanuel im very well, thank you. We go in phases, and last year was an intense period. Were in confrontation with a british well company. Oil company. Well its not over. ,emmanuel no comment is not over. They were trying to drill for oil in a World Heritage site. Its an illegal activity, both in terms of congolese law and international law. For us, it was a major problem. What you have to understand also is that this whole issue is the illegal exploitation of Natural Resources, it ties into the governance problems tony is trying to address across the continent. The issue of the illegal exploitation of Natural Resources shows profoundly poor governance over the way africas resources are being used. It invariably leads to conflict. In the eastern congo, that conflict has led to the deaths of 6 Million People. These are serious issues we are dealing with. Just because it happens to be a British Company doesnt make it any different, whether its an armed militia or multinational judy who shot you . Emmanuel we were dealing with this issue, and around that, a whole series of conflicts were corrupting erupting. I was perhaps not sufficiently prudent. I was coming back to the park after having submitted the inquiry report on the oil company, and some people were waiting for me at the side of the road. They opened fire on my vehicle. I wound up with a bullet in my chest and my stomach. I was able to get out of the car and into the forest, and some local farmers picked me up and got me out of that area. I was very lucky. I ended up in a local hospital with some remarkably good surgeons. That was my lucky day. Judy very much so. Wouldnt you say . I think we are all kind of silent hearing the story. I want each one of you i dont know how you move on from that, because it is such a horrendous thing. Emmanuel public servants, Law Enforcement officers all over the world are confronted with that problem, and sadly, its a sign of our times that there is so much violence around us. When you sign up to be a public servant, Law Enforcement officer, that goes with the job. Most of the people who do get injured continue their work. It would be wrong not to. I work on a team of 500 rangers protect the park. 140 of my colleagues have been killed since the war started. In the last three months, weve lost 12. If the person who has the leadership position runs away from their responsibilities, what effect does that have on the rest of the team . Its natural to commit to your job and keep going. Its not something you question. Howard it is a condition that is worse today than it was a year ago. There were two attacks, and in 1, 8 civilians were killed. Its a constant thing that emmanuel operates under. He doesnt have the resources or support that he should have. Its really frustrating, because it is something where the United States, with the same type of Advisory Group that they put together another activity on other activity, they could make a difference in eastern congo. You have a u. N. The force u. N. Force. They are basically theyre collecting checks so they can keep somebody in the military from guatemala. That is what it is. People dont want to say that, they dont want to talk about it. The truth is, weve got to do something different. This is a Perfect Place in time for the United States to show leadership. It doesnt take a lot. That is the amazing thing. Think about for a minute the in, or an Islamic Group north kivu. They would love to overthrow uganda. You would have the first radical Islamic State in eastern africa, and that would undermine everything. People can say, that might not happen. It might not, but it could happen. All they want to do is undermine rwanda. Then you have all these other groups that are operating freely in several places. Imagine what its like to try to send your kid to school in that environment. Imagine what its like to walk to a field. If you talk to farmers in sierra leone, they would tell you stories about how they went out to work on their crop, and all of a sudden, here is this group of guys chopping off arms. Its not an environment that we can relate to or understand or even really imagine. If we cant take our principles and values and apply them in situations where we can make a difference, with minimal risk to ourselves, what are we doing . I find it really frustrating that we picked these big fights we know we are going to lose, or we pick fights that make no sense, but there are places we can go in, and in an advisory capacity, assist in making some change. I think we could do that. It is very frustrating to watch it not happening. Judy you mean the United States . Howard the United States. Judy tony blair, what is your dream . What would you love to see happen . We are talking about huge challenges you all are laying out. Tony that is what i was thinking when i was listening to emmanuel. Although he is a belgian prince, he had a british education. He has a wonderful sense of modest understatement. [laughter] what he has done is very brave, very remarkable. My dream is very simple. I would like to see a new generation of African Leaders who are smart enough to know what should be done in their country and honest and decent enough to go and do it. Where we are able to work alongside them and help them accelerate that process of development. The good news it is happening, not in all quarters, not in all places. I think Democratic Power switched hands about once. In 20 years since then, its happened about 30 times. Nigeria recently had an election that was free and fair, and power was transferred for the first time in a peaceful way. Thats what i want to see. The frustration is, a lot of what we do as an International Community is devoted to improving the infrastructure of decisionmaking. And the quality and capacity of the people. We would more ahead far more quickly. Roar ahead far more quickly. One of the interesting things weve learned in the work weve done, for example in rwanda, when we first went in and were working with the local people, and learning some of the basic things to be done. Today, when i go back to rwanda, the quality of young public servants, not just around the president , every level of government is so strong. , there are people you would be delighted to have here or in the u. K. Judy why did that happen . Tony because people were there to show them how its done. I know you think our bureaucracy doesnt function. Believe me, you havent been in a properly nonfunctioning system to realize the difference. [laughter] its partly that, and its partly the will of the country and the leadership. Right across africa, despite the problems, you do have a new generation prepared to take responsibility, prepared to take the destiny of their own countries in their own hands. All we can ever do is help. Its for them to do. The exciting thing is they are capable of doing it today more than ever before. They are doing it more than ever before. My dream is that this is expanded and extended, and what used to be abnormal and unusual becomes normal and conventional. Judy Prime Minister blair can only stay 10 minutes. I want to go ahead if any of you , have questions, raise your hand. Im going to try to see you in the darkness. We will have a little more time with howard and emmanuel. Weve got microphones. Im looking at hands. My question is for Prime Minister blair. In a movie, a woman says shes getting on a train because theres no money. Since central banking has come to dominate the world and our moneys credit the borrowed into existence at usery, might it be time for a new redwoods kind of agreement where we restore an honest unit some money so that money circulates in areas, and people actually produce things, instead of with credit we reach the point where we gamble with options on whether there is a perception of value of production instead of producing. Do we need a new brentwoods agreement to bring prosperity everywhere in the world . Howard is that for me . [laughter] judy i think he said premised Prime Minister. Tony one of the things ive learned after being in office, you can be asked the question, and you can honestly say, i dont know. What would you actually say to that question . Howard that he asked you . [laughter] tony i honestly dont know. Im sorry. Judy do you want to reframe your question and come back to the mic . In the meantime, we are going to keep moving. I would like to ask a question of all of you, which is the following. Thank you for all of your work. You are working in africa now. Its obviously a challenging environment, and i would like to look ahead 50 years. You hear the population is going to double. You hear the problems of global warming. How does that affect agriculture conservation, and , governance . How does that affect the likelihood we are going to achieve success . Whatever that is defined as. Tony with Climate Change goals . As africa develops, their need for electricity is going to be vast, and theres the possibility of developing sustainably. There are enormous possibilities for the responsible production of power. When you come to a country like liberia and they need a power station, its hard for me to say to them, if the coalfired power station is the easiest thing to do, dont do it. But the opportunities with things like hydro and solar for the future are enormous and can , be developed. As those countries develop, there will be more opportunities to use them. Howard if we dont get agriculture right, you wont worry about conservation. A guy named dennis avery who told me in 1992 when all i did was focus on conservation he said, no one will starve to save a tree. I didnt quite get it at the time, but when i started traveling to africa, instead of going and looking for cheetah or leopards or whatever it was, i took the time to go look at a village that was off to the side or whoever it was, wherever it was, and realize, here we are as tourists coming over and thinking its great to see a cheetah make a kill in the serengeti. Thats not helping these people. When you talk to somebody who has kids to feed, who has had children die because they cant feed them, it becomes a serious thing. They will use the resources that are at their disposal to survive. They are trying to go from day to day, week two weeks. Week to week. If that is your situation, you will have no conservation to worry about in 50 years if you dont do something about taking care of people first. Thats the lesson ive learned. Its a hard lesson sometimes. If you really want to learn it, you see some desperate people and hear some sad stories. My question is not completely unrelated, and its for Howard Buffett and Prime Minister tony blair, although i do want to add how much i admire you, emmanuel, and how grateful i am that you are there. We are at 7 billion people. In 2050, we are at 10 billion. It is estimated we need about 1. 3 kilometers square of additional Agricultural Land to feed those people, and most of that is going to come from the amazon basin and congo basin. Northern countries are reducing the agricultural output, and most of it is going to come from southern countries. My question is, how do you integrate the needs of local communities and governance in this increasing need for land for food for the world but with an agenda that is largely driven by industrial agriculture from northern countries and bric countries . How do we reconcile those different agendas . Judy Prime Minister blair, do you want to go first . Tony as these countries develop, they have got huge opportunities to develop if theyve formed of the right partnerships to develop in a sustainable way, including with respect to agriculture. The population of the world, the population of africa itself will grow enormously, but also as countries develop, all the evidence is that the population comes under greater control through people, particularly Girls Education is immensely important in this. This is a problem we can solve , provided you have the quality of governance that is both making sure that the economy of the country grows in a way that is sustainable and balanced, where agriculture production is increasing but increasing in a way that pays attention to the needs of the local people, and i feel, as well, with the possibilities of technology and what it can do in agriculture, i think this is a problem that is solvable, but its not a problem that is solvable absent that quality of governance being there at the central level and in obedience to the interests of the local people. Others may disagree with this, but i think one of the opportunities that africa has is as a source of agricultural production, but it depends on the state of the country as a whole as to whether that production is developed in the right way and if what is produced is then used in the best way for the world. I think this is a problem we can solve. Howard i think thats true, but i would also say that i think we have an opportunity im not hopeful we will do it right at all, but we have an opportunity to do something in africa that we didnt get right in some other places of the world, which is to embrace farmers as the solution rather than look at them as a problem, not to impose western thinking and western mentality and western agricultural practices in a place where diversity is critical to living. Our mono cropping systems are the biggest mistake we could bring to a continent like africa. But you are fighting a really strong tide. The one thing about agriculture, and this is true everywhere in the world, if you want to get results fast, i can do that for you. I can quadruple your quarterly. In three years, you wont have but in 30 years, you wont have what you need to have. What ever the timeframe is, and it depends on where you are starting and the different ingredients that go into that. If i try to teach you a way to farm that will help you retain your soil, build your soil, give you a biological activity critical for production, very few of us think about it that way. If you want to do that, its a long road. Its more difficult, but the results are longterm. If i look at africa today, and i look at what we call the headwinds, forget with the population is in 20 years. Forget what population is in 20 years. If we dont change the headwinds one of the biggest ones is Corporate Governance and rule of law africa wont be able to feed itself. With the population it has today. People have this idea. My wife calls me the most pessimistic optimist she knows. I dont think it helps people to tell a story that makes things sound really good when they are not really good, or you have to make some serious changes and sacrifices to get to where really good would be. To talk about, africa has plenty of land, not unless you want to plow the serengeti and cut down the forests. Africa does not have a lot of land. They are limited on land. They are limited on water. Productivity is going to have to come from rebuilding soils, sustaining soils, being efficient with their water, and you dont do that by saying, this is how we do it in america. That is the biggest mistake that could happen. Judy i want to thank Prime Minister tony blair who has to leave around now. [applause] you are welcome to stay if you want to. [applause] howard now we can talk about tony. [laughter] judy all right. We want to take a couple more questions. Right here . Thank you. Once again, i wanted to express how appreciative i am to see people who are trying to do as much as they can in a region that most people tend to forget. You speak quite openly about Economic Development, but what about education, and what kind of commitment to education do you think it will take in order for these initiatives to be prosperous and for the Economic Development of these regions to be able to sustain a quality of life for the majority of their people . Howard that is a great question. My dad always told me, stay in your circle of competence, which is very small. [laughter] i dont know much about health. I dont know much about education. Emmanuel might have a comment. I can tell you that the initiatives we started in rwanda, the very first thing weve done this year is written a check for 22 million to one university to make sure weve got 200 undergraduates in agriculture. We are going to try to build a research facility. We have an agreement with another school for 2550 masters and phds. Education in terms of trying to build agriculture is absolutely critical. In africa, the most important thing is its a Practical Application of education. You dont need a whole bunch of people who can sit and theorize and do Research Plots that dont have any application. Our goal is to include a different kind we have some kids anything younger than 25 is young we have some down in costa rica. We will look for opportunities to have more kids in more places so they have a more diverse education. Without research, education, and extension, agriculture fails. Right now, you cannot find an african country we work in 44 of them you cannot find a country that has a strength in all three of those. Until we get that right, until those countries get it right, my biggest fear is that you dont have governments who really understand leaders and governments who dont understand that importance. When you have 70 , 80 of your population in one area, and you are spending 2 to 4 of your National Budget on agriculture, you are missing something really big. You cant feed a child. Cant nurse a child. It doesnt matter where they go to school. Ive seen that, too. Its difficult to pick one or the other. There are great foundations and government, working on health and education. That is also very critical. From the perspective of what we do, education is just as important as all the other pieces, but it is a piece by itself that wont get you to where you need to get. Judy quick question. How much education to the other wardens that work with you have, and what is the situation about education overall in the drc . Emmanuel for me, education holds a particular place. There was a british politician who is familiar to all of us, when he was first elected, his campaign cry was, education, education, education i think its transversal. It covers everything. With respect to the earlier question by annette, i dont think we can understate the challenges that our generation are going to have to confront, and those are going to be compounded tenfold for our children. We are the first generation to understand what is ahead of us, and we are the last generation to be able to do anything about it. Its a very poignant moment now. I am no one to say what the solutions are, but they seem to lie in the three areas. One is technology. The second is behavior change. The third is governance and organization. The only way we can have radical shifts in that is to prepare ourselves and our children. That can only be through education. Howard there is one little piece i would add. I hear people say all the time, take any country that has low productivity. I hear people say, ask the farmers what they want. There is a lot of truth to that. If you ask a farmer who doesnt know what opv is, doesnt know what a hybrid is, how can he tell you what he wants . He has to be educated to understand what those tools are, what they mean to him, how he can change his productivity. Education can come in different ways. And agriculture is absolutely the key to success. We have to have it. We realize that. We work on that to the degree we can, but its difficult. First of all, thanks to the newseum for doing this program. Thank you for the conversation. My Organization Works on africa for Food Security and nutrition. Something like 80 judy what is your organization . Its the National Cooperative business association. Howard 1800 [laughter] Something Like 80 of the food in africa is being produced by smallholder farmers, and over 50 are women. The idea to link Small Farmers into the Global Economy is a big thing we focus on. We find the cooperatives and farmers associations are a hugely important vehicle to not only do that but also aggregating, training, functional literacy, as well. What i wanted to ask you is, what kinds of investments are you putting into cooperatives and Farmer Associations as a way to bring smallholder farmers into the economies . Are you willing to do even more around that area to strengthen local economies . Howard the first thing i did when i started figuring out how complicated the problem was with agriculture in the world was i learned farmers are to the same. How do you deal with that . I did a little triangle, and we did some research not just on my experience, but we had different people look into it. We asked our guy in ghana to go out and do his own research in some of the different provinces in ghana. It comes back with the same answer however you do it. At the very tip top of this triangle, you have maybe 5 , 6 of commercial farmers. Those are farmers who wouldnt look like commercial farmers here. Labor, they hire have hybrids, the have credit they have some access to , fertilizer, some storage. They fit in the commercial world. Then you drop down, and then there are kind of marketready you can call them whatever you want we called them market ready. Thats 10 . Then theres a group i cant remember what youd call them, but thats another 10 . The bottom 50 are subsistent farmers. These are farmers living day to day, week to week, and diversity is important to them. They have no credit. They have little, if any, access to fertilizer, unless a Government Program gives them some. A lot of them are planting on land. Everybody talks about smallholder farmers, but there are these big different groups. Everyone takes a different approach. I hate to say this, because it sounds bad, but the bottom 50 , i dont know what you do. Its difficult. We have a hard time thinking about our money as charity. We want to make investments so people dont need us anymore when theyve been successful and they do their own thing without us. That bottom part is a difficult part. We dont need to help the commercial guys. We focus on these other areas. We found a couple successful ways to go about it, which is similar to how you work on it. In Central America, we had a huge success because of the coops in terms of crops. In one case, we gave coops support for lawyers so they could get through the bureaucracy in their own country, and they began exporting. They couldnt get through the legal part of it to be able to succeed. In other cases, our purchase for progress program, it was because of coops we were successful, but you have to train people on what is a contract. How do you honor a contract . How do you deliver when you say you are going to deliver . All these Different Things to think coops arent important aspect to having success, but there are a lot of places in the world and in certain countries where coops are foreign and not trusted and difficult to put together. I think they are an important tool. Were you going to Say Something . Emmanuel i think its this whole notion of trying to promise collective action. Together, we tried to develop this nation of overreliance. Youve got a synergy between people who were otherwise vulnerable, otherwise disempowered. We work on the organization of farmers as opposed to working with farmers solely as individuals. There is certainly a lot that can be achieved. Judy weve got one minute i thought i would let each one of you one minute left. I thought i would let each one of you ask your question in an abbreviated form. Abbreviated question from each one of you. My question is, how are you ensuring that the poorest of the poor who actually need the assistance and food are receiving it rather than those with the biggest guns or most money . Judy the poorest of the poor. What is your question . My name is joseph. I am from ghana. Goma. I grew up in that region. I know very well the national park. I just came here for school. I would like to thank you very much for what you are doing. I know its very difficult. Most importantly come if i can, i would like to apologize for what happened. Quite frankly imagine somebody , who comes to help the country, and the people shoot at him. It doesnt make any sense. Im sorry for that happening. Emmanuel thank you. [applause] beyond that, i had a question for the Prime Minister, but he left. [laughter] thats ok. Thank you so much for what you are doing, and im looking forward to getting back. Judy thank you very much. [applause] if you are from there, please come up and spend some time with us. Absolutely. Emmanuel i would enjoy it. Judy thank you. We are glad that you stayed. The poorest of the poor. That will be the last one. Howard what was the context again . How are you ensuring that the poorest of the poor are receiving the assistance rather than those who have the biggest guns or most money . Howard you start, and i will finish. You might talk long enough so i wont have time. Emmanuel you are quite right. Its the hardest of questions. Part of the reason why they are poor is because they are difficult to access in terms of ensuring that they are able to access the benefits of the wealth of the country. For me, its very important to try to work out the simplest way of reaching them. Part of the problem is, by virtue of being poor, there are many of them. Where i live, Virunga National park, we have formally people who live within one days walk of the parks boundary 4 Million People who live within one days walk of the parks boundary. To reach 4 Million People is not a simple thing. 98 of them live under the poverty line. What you need to do is look at the most parsimonious, most costeffective way of delivering services to every single one of those 4 Million People. That really changes your perspective completely. A lot of the problems in transitional aid models is we are so riddled with failure, any success is wonderful. We tend to do token projects to demonstrate success. Really success is only achieved when you reach everybody, and in particular, the poorest. That makes it pretty tough. What we found it may or may not be the right solution, and we feel it is we should concentrate on certain sectors that have a higher chance of success, and what we feel to be the most important as a first step is a rural electrification. It may not seem obvious, but what you find in eastern congo and in many other parts of the world is that the country and society is still stuck in what you would call a colonial economic model. The congo gained its political independence in 1960. [laughter] howard they are laughing at you, dont worry. Emmanuel it gained its political independence in 1960, but it never gained its economic independence. The reason for that is it only exports raw materials, and that is what keeps people in poverty. One of the main reasons is that it has no industry. Its only through electrification that you can do it. By doing that, you can reach many more people. What we find is that for every megawatt of electricity you provide for rural communities, you can create 1000 jobs. Thats a lot. Virunga national park, from the rivers flowing out of it, can create 100 megawatts. That is 100,000 jobs. One Million People would benefit from that. You are beginning to have an impact at that level. That is how we would do it. Its very straightforward. Its very simple. It does require a lot of investment, 160 million of investment to get 100 megawatts, but when you think about it, the International Community has spent 90 billion in eastern congo since 2000. It is all relative. I think that would be the most costeffective way of reaching the poorest of the poor. Judy if i could just add before i turn to howard for the final comment yesterday, the World Bank Issued a statement they called the best story in the world today. The number of People Living in poverty in the world is likely to fall for the first time below 10 of the worlds population this year. They say howard, i know you are familiar using the new benchmark, the World Bank Projects 702 Million People, or 9. 6 of the World Population, will be living in extreme poverty this year, down from 902 Million People. Howard that is somebody sitting in the office of the world tank. World bank. [laughter] im going to answer that, and then im going to answer the question. I wrote your answers down. I sat in a dirty place i dont know what you would call it in congo one time, and we were looking at this cacao project. I had this farmer talking to me. I needed an interpreter for most of it. He says, you know, they tell me i used to live in poverty. I said, ok. He said, yes, they told me i was living on 1. 25 a day. He says, i dont know what that means . I dont know what 1. 25 a day is, but i couldnt send my kids to school. I couldnt do anything for my wife. Sometimes, we couldnt eat for an entire day or sometimes more. Now they tell me im not in poverty, and they said i making seven dollars a day. He said, i dont know if im making seven dollars a day. I cant measure it that way. My kids are going to school. I bought my wife a dress. I can feed my family. My point is all these people who love to create numbers, i dont believe them. Its no different from our immigration issue. I dont know if there is 11 million illegals, 20 million illegals. You can make a number up. The truth is, if you look at the World Population today and you look at who has access to clean water, who has access to good based on International Standards three meals a day, and if you start basing it on the kind of way we think about what is the bare minimum, youve got four or 5 billion people. Youve got 4 billion people for sure. I dont care what the world bank says. They are not living the way they should live. [laughter] to me, its almost demeaning to say, this is a good news story. Go to eastern congo. That is not a good news story. You can go all over the world and find it. To me, its very demeaning to the people who live the way they live in this world to think that somebody in some office can say, i calculated the number. Here it is, folks. I think its bullshit. I do. [laughter] [applause] im glad i dont work for the world bank. Id be fired. [laughter] its true. I think these are people who need to go spend a little time in the field. To answer your question, i have my cheat notes on going to give you two answers. They are very different. I was sitting, in 2003, in south sudan outside i cant think of the town i went to visit these farmers, this group, and i was sitting with the elders. Its kind of funny. Something came out of this much later. I asked them what to their biggest problem was. I was expecting a couple different answers. I did not expect this. They said the lra. I did not know what that was. I said, what do you mean . They come in. They burn our crops. Then they steal some of our kids. I thought, wow. 10 years later, my good friend shannon who is here got is as involved in counterlra activity, which was a great learning experience. One day, i will tell you about that when we have time, but the point is, i went away thinking about that, not so much about the lra but how they burned their crops down. A great friend of mine whos an amazing guy, ed price from texas and then texas a and m, i was talking to him about that. They went and studied some different areas and different conflict zones, and you can kind of laugh at this, but they came up with conflict crops. If you grow peanuts or sweet potatoes, you cant burn them down, and i guarantee you, they are not taking time to pull them out of the ground. There are innovative ways of thinking about how people in conflict areas can try to protect themselves. They might not think about that, but the truth is a lot of them will figure it out, too. That was one story i wanted to tell you. The other story, i was sitting in south sudan it was a different trip but back around that time. I learned if you can get a couple beers in somebody, you can get a lot better information. [laughter] i dont drink, so it makes sense. I can make somebody think that i drink. [laughter] im talking to this commander. One of them on that annette knows. He was a colonel who lost his leg. He started going off on the whole aid thing and what a joke it was and everything else. As he talked about it, i realized, there is nothing blackandwhite in this world. There is nothing blackandwhite in conflict or poverty or anything else. He went on to tell us how they would have groups who would orchestrate so that they would take a village, and they would landmine it on the outside. Then they would make sure the world food program, the International Community, they all knew, people cant walk into that village. They cant get food. They cant get timber. They cant get water. Then they would just sit back and wait. Pretty soon, here come the airdrops. If you are making that decision he said, these guys are clever. They will take 30 , 35 , but they will never take more than that. If they take more than that, they know they wont get it. They wont drop the food. I dont know how precise that is, but the concept is probably pretty right. Food is power. When you are in a situation where you cannot eat, food is power, and people use it to that way. Its more important than currency. When you think about it to that way, there are all sorts of tricks you can use in war and conflict. That is just one of them. This guy just talked like that was no big deal. The reason i remember that, i got asked a different question once, and it was about aid. I was trying to express, what if you are the person who has to make that decision . What if you know the rebels are going to get 30 of what you drop . If you dont drop it, you are going to have 600 people die. Thats not an easy decision, but somebody has to make that. Eventually, they figure out what is going on. When you look at agriculture and food and people and try to figure out a solution, theres nothing that you can do that you know will work. For sure. There is no guarantees. Theres nothing you can do that is black and white, and you can feel really good that this is going to happen. It is a constant battle. You just have to try to be smarter. The last thing i will play you, we went to somalia, and we sat there and listened to this warlord basically, tell us how clever he was, because they had these different little refugee camps, so they would deliver a to the rest e. G. Eight to the refugee camp, move everybody to other camp, get the aid to that camp, and move everybody. People are clever. They are going to outsmart you. I think when it comes to your question, you are never going to get it right, but you just have to do the best you can to help as many people as you can. [applause] judy i think what i can say for everybody here is that we are in all of your dedication and commitment to this amazing cause, and i think everybody here is coming away having learned a whole lot more than we knew when this evening began. Howard shes talking about you, emmanuel. Judy please thank Howard Buffett and emmanuel. Thank you. Next washington journal, former u. S. Ambassador to nato on the u. S. Role in the organization and the challenges it faces. Alberto fernandez, who previously headed the counter messaging campaign against isis, on u. S. Strategy to counter violent extremism. And oklahoma senator James Lankford talks about this years waste book, that highlights unnecessary or excessive spending by the federal government. As always, we take your calls and you can join the conversation on facebook and twitter. Live at 7 00 a. M. Eastern, on cspan. All persons having business before the honorable, the Supreme Court of the United States had managed to draw near and give their attention. Coming up on landmark cases. See the paper, rita and see what it was. Once they refused to do so, she grabbed it out of his hands and looked at it. Started, and she put this piece of paper into her bosom. Very readily, the Police Officer put his hands into her bosom, and removed the paper. Thereafter,er, handcuffed her. While the Police Officers started to search the house. In 1957, the Cleveland Police went to this home, when they believed to be harboring a bomber, and demanded entry. She refused them access without a warrant. Later returning with a document they claimed was a warrant, they force themselves into the home and searched the premises. Not finding the suspect, police instead confiscated across trunk containing pictures. Waswas arrested and sentenced to seven years for contraband. She sued. We will examine the case and next door e legal searches and how this and other Supreme Court rulings transformed Police Practices nationwide. That is on the next landmark cases, live monday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on cspan, cspan3, and cspan radio. For background on each case, order your cap copy of the companion book, available for 8. 95 plus shipping at cspan. Org landmark cases. Next, q a with ronald feinman. Then, David Cameron takes questions from the members of the house of commons. After that, hillary clinton, bernie sanders, and Martin Omalley speak at the New Hampshire Democratic Party in manchester. Brian this week, ronald feinman, author of assassinations, threats, and the american presidency. , fs or feinman looks of the many assassination attempts against president s and president ial candidates. You have the assassinations, threats, and the american presidency book called. Why did you get interested in this . Prof feinman it began when i was in college. I had to write a paper