There is a tab that says book club and you can participate in the discussion. We will be posting video reviews and articles up there tomorrow. The discussion will begin tomorrow and we will be having a regular discussion question. I hope h you will be able to participate in winnings history for beginners is that february 2014 book club selection. Next on booktv the coauthors talk about their biography of the warrior red cloud the most successful and powerful native american in u. S. History created this is about an hour. Thank you all for coming out today and everyone associated with the National Archives museum. This is one of my favorite places. This is my second time here. We fought over who would get to this and we flipped a coin and you might have noticed when he introduced me i sounded like susan. All these things ive been nominated for and ive never won. [laughter] anyway, this book is a bit different. This book we feel and i hope that you feel when you read this it is basically an untold story until now about how one man created an empire if you will on the high plane. At one point, the territory included about one fifth of what is today the continuous United States. And if no one before, we dont think im a really knew what was going on in that territory around the Missouri River, the mississippi and the rockies. Early cartographers despite lewis and clarks exploration they labeled it to the Great American desert. And red clouds story, his narrative, his timeline fits with so much debt we didnt know there was no newspapers, there were a few mountain man and french canadian trappers. That integrates territory, no one knew what was going on in the 1820s, the 1820s come even well into the 1850s. And no one knew how red cloud had fought his war and one against the United States the only American Indians ever to win the battle against the United States people certainly knew who he was, that this whole narrative was i hope we found it a hoot and holler to research and reports. Report. I hope you find it the same. It was just so exciting. We spent a lot of time out west. From nebraska to my owning up to the dakotas and montana and we were a little trepidation is as when we first started the book. In the previous collaborations and there have been people to interview, there have been sailors that failed in world war ii. There were marines still alive that kept the road open coming out of the chosen, 189 million, 10,000 chinese to allow the division to get out of the chosen and there were certainly Marine Security guards alike to interview. Then mistakenly left in the roof in the saigon embassy. What we did find as our forebears were such literate people to be expecting maybe we get after action reports. Maybe the officers or officers life might have kept the journal. As it turns out every teachers wife kept a diary and we found all of these. Tom will explain to you at some of these University Libraries and historical centers, they would bring out a journal in a glass case where it would destroy development it was written on. He was killed last year by the indians, they dug up his grave. We think it might have been indians, that kind of stuff. So we felt like we were interviewing stuff for this book. We got into it so much we felt like we were living the lie it is with these people. That said, im going to have to give you a little of what we call the back story because you cant really understand red cloud without understanding the nation. So, i think i will go to page who am i kidding i bore myself when i read so how about how at tell you a couple stories. What was to become the sioux nation, they crossed the bridge some 15 to 13,000 years ago. We are not really quite sure where they started out from. From. Helio linguists have picked up parts of the sioux language is a part of the east carolina. What we do know is the precolumbian sioux what was to become the precolumbian nation was seven tribes, the tribes of the seven council fires. They followed north and settled in and a soda. Now, in minnesota, they were the bad in the Great Lakes Region and for centuries, they just made unending war on their predominantly neighbors, the chippewa, and they were vicious. The war was the ethos unlike other tribes. They had no nonviolent culture. They demand to grow food. They didnt even paint anything on their teepees or their shields. The war was their reason for being a and the first europeans, mostly french to look at the sioux, they were immediately reminded of the mongols and live to make more. That was their ethos and they were good at it and real good for centuries, hundreds of years they just dominated the region. But then what happened is when the english trading started to come into hudson bay and the chippewa lived closer to the day and they began trading pelt for guns and the tables turned. Once the sioux had been the hunter, now they were the hunted area once they had a violence what the europeans didnt understand watching in particular the sioux, but the American Indian culture in general is that wasnt violence for violence sake yes they fought to gain territory and bring home money but also the old cliche and the happy Hunting Ground, the sioux and most of the planes for that matter really be that there was an afterlife, that was a happy Hunting Ground, and it was filled with streams and game as far as you could see. A buffalo and elk and deer and antelope and beautiful maidens just waiting to be taken. But what happened was they believed that he went to this afterlife in the same way that you left. With the europeans didnt understand about the scalping and the mutilations if you went if your enemy went to the happy Hunting Ground with no eyes see how beautiful it was if you went with no arms to draw back and if he went with nothing to take advantage of the maidens, then you have two committees on your hands, one here and there and that is what a lot of this was all about. When the europeans came down of course they didnt understand us at all and they seem to have forgotten about the inquisition and the coliseum, and they were civilized. They started trading guns with the other indians and they began hunting the sioux and were still using prehistoric tools. They joke into the swamps of minnesota and finally, the territory cancer compromised that they had a choice, and ask essential choice. They either would die or they would have to step out onto the road. They ended up stepping out. Even on the prairie, there was still even though they kept up their egos, we dont think of the tribes as man down. One described the sioux as begging for handouts. That all changed again. When the english started coming down, first the Minnesota River and then to Missouri River in establishing the trade fairs. Now they were on the edge of the territory, and they were the ones on the first tribes to get within and guns and to get a shot and to give ammunition that they would break into arrowhea arrowheads. Sooner or later they took their event she on the smaller tribes that had been picking them apart and then something happened that changed the course of western history. It wasnt endemic to the western hemisphere and there have been prehistoric times there it was about the size of a big dog. Some of them had toes but they died out. When they brought the mustang into mexico it was a match made in heaven. Unlike the Northern European horses these mustangs had started out on the Central Asian steps and have followed the trade routes through the mideast for Northern Africa with the desert courses and when they invaded spain they came over and they were right on home in the planes. They could run forever, they could eat bark and once again when the spanish brought into the new world, they were right at home in the new world. What happened is the spanish as they conquered and converted it into what is now the United States they made deals with them. You worship our god we dont understand and we are basically going to end sleep you. In exchange, we have forces and we are going to protect you from your ageold enemy. Well, they got horses into the apache would ride a horse until it died so they didnt know how to breed but they gave them room to further operate and they started rating. You are making us worship some christian god that we know nothing about and youre into video was to protect us from the apaches into cant even do that now. So they chose the spanish back into old mexico and the spanish ran so fast they left everything behind. So they ate the cattle, but they were not a horse tribe and they just let the horses go and this was the beginning of the fourth expansion in the Northern Hemisphere in the United States. And so the horse made its way around north. They were the first on the planes. But they made rudimentary saddles. They were then player on the summer moon which is a tremendous book. Tom and i argued about who were better for us than. I think if you go pla by the territory a loan you have to go with the sioux. But the horses made their way north and all the way up into canada and of course the cheyenne and the sioux, they all required courses. The sioux took to the horse naturally, and much like the early apache, now they could spread out more. They conquered with remnants of the smaller tribes and then they took on the big boys and they pushed the pony out. They pushed it out of the black hills. They pushed to the crows out of the powder River Country and up into the rockies. Thethey controlled basically pas of minnesota tpartof minnesota e Great Salt Lakes and down to lower colorado. It was an empire. But they were still seven nations, seven tribes. Crazy horse, red cloud himself, so these seven tribes were further scattered into the clans and they all spoke the same language and they all had the same culture, but they were not united and they wouldnt fight each other but they were not enemies. They were not friendly towards each other. They were just waiting for someone if someone were to come along and unite them 71821, the banks of the creek in what is now the panhandle of nebraska, two nights before a meteor had shot through the sky left a giant red swath of clouds across the sky and in 1821 by the banks a baby was born and his father named him red cloud and red cloud was the man who would eventually unite these people. Tom will tell you about that. As bob just said it, red cloud was born in may of 1821. And he there were so many stories we have heard of in history of people, men and women that had a very difficult childhoods and have to rise above them and their resiliency and the strength they gain from their experiences made them into leaders, made them tougher than some of their rifles and that was certainly red clouds situation he was born in 1821, his mother he had a younger brother, little spider eventually. When red cloud was only 8yearsold his father died in d his father didnt die, you know, a war accident or anything, he died of alcoholism. As we are talking about the mid1820s and here is a sioux man biting debacle is him coming and when the traders, some of the explorers, but some of the early migrants and the people working their way west, there were three powerful diseases that they brought with them, smallpox, cholera and alcohol and the indians didnt have any immunity to any of these diseases. They were falling by the hundreds and red cloud had to go up without a father. An advantage that he had is his mother went back to her van that was run by old smoke who she called brother. Now, we dont know where they biologically brothers or was that just a relationship they had, brother and a sister but it indicates old smoke took in this woman and her fatherless children. Red cloud wasnt getting anything. He didnt have a father who was going to bring him up the ladder so to speak like crazy horse or sitting bull would have, so he had to learn everything. He had to become the best writer and hunter and eventually the best warrior, and over time even when he was a teenager, there is a section in the book where we talk about he went into the first battle when he was 16yearsold and there was a great excitement in the village as the party was being put together because for the first time he was putting on the war warpaint and getting ready for the battle and people in the village were saying red cloud is coming and he made his way onto his horse to join the party so at an early age, he showed quality and talent that were superior to most of the people in his tribe. In the 1830s and 1840s, he became he rose up the ranks and became a leader and a great warrior. Being a warrior was very important because we sort of liklike india to what was goingn in the great plains of the time it was sort of like warfare. The tribes, the crow, they were almost always at war with each other, and it wasnt just like okay we want to defeat you and conquer you, it was well we wanted this Hunting Ground. Okay we know that it belongs to you but not for long. Look out, here we come. So he is stealing horses and land and if you have the best Hunting Ground, your tribe had a better chance of survival because they were going to be more buffalo and more antelope, and one of the things red cloud displayed not only great courage and strength and all kinds of abilities, he demonstrated a great intelligence and empathy. When he came back from a successful hunting raid for example he didnt just keep everything for himself, he made sure that the elders got some of what he brought back. He made sure the families were not struggling to take care of themselves and that is some of the bounty that he brought back. He made sure the people in power at the tribe all spoke and the other elders were taken care of, and in this way he also started to gain the kind of respect he might not have otherwise have gone from being a fatherless person. So into the 1850s, he began to be viewed by them as not chief and i think that is important and one of the more interesting things that we found out in researching this book and im glad bob brought this up about the Research Process because that was fascinating to be taking these trips. It was sort of being on the trail, fly into omaha and getting in the car and spending to knows how much time you need to drive 2,000 or 3,000 miles to the dakotas and wyoming and nebraska where red cloud was born in nebraska and how he ended up in other states going to these Research Facilities i think probably my favorite was the one in wyoming and im not sure how familiar anyone is with northeast wyoming but its a small library. Its a small county Public Library yet it has this amazing History Collection of original documents. The diaries and journals that these wagon masters wives were keeping. But that was just to go on his trail and to sort of visit as he worked his way up the ranks and getting into the 1850s he wasnt seen as the chief. There was no chief. We are used to somebody that is an authority in the native american circles being a chief, but that was actually a white man and mentioned. Some of this we detailed in the book, for example when the army would be accompanied by officials from washington there might be certain territories that we wanted so we would propose okay here is a treaty that we are drawing up and it says you are going to give us this, this candidacy and we will give you this, this and this. The indians didnt have that concept that they owned with these officials coveted so they thought the whole thing was kind of curious to begin with and the other thing was they had no central figure that spoke for everybody, and the white officials have to have somebody on the document saying we are going to give you this 300,000 square miles. Basically they would designate somebody and say yeah, you coming you are the chief. Youre in charge. Me . Would like to do . You have to touch the pen. What that meanwhat advantage the whose document would be written and there would be a clerk with a fountain pen or feather pen, whatever. And of course a chief they chieu know, spotted tail wasnt going to just walk up and sit down and write down spotted tail signed on the dotted line said they would such depend which meant that they agreed to come and then the clerk would write the name and suddenly the treaty was valid. Suddenly the transfer of ownership had taken place. Red cloud wasnt a chief, that he became the most powerful warrior in the head of the society, and he was observing what was going on, even though the tribes spent most of their time fighting each other they couldnt help noticing that there were more and more white people showing up. Fort lair and he was probably the most prominent in that part in missouri, west of missouri, and it would be a way station as people coming from the east would stop and pick up more people come and drop off some people, get supplies to change horses or whatever and then they would go on. But the oregon trail was about. They would be going to oregon or other places. Certainly when gold was discovered in california it accelerated off to the west going through, and red cloud could see that increase in population of people coming across the territory and was doing several things. One was they were taking a big share of the buffalo come of the more buffalo that was shot and killed madness for the indian. He also saw that they were kind of polluting the area, too. They would eat part of a buffalo and they would use every part of the buffalo, the indians. The white immigrants would use part of it and whatever was left, a horse die died and they would leave the carcass right on the trail and it would rot. Also red cloud anticipated that they were going to want to go through and perhaps even occupy the black hills. For those that wonder and dont know the title of the book, the heart of everything that is another name for the black hills, and translated is the heart of everything that is. It was the heart of their existence. Thats where they eat the leave their ancestors came from an anp is the sacred land to them and it certainly couldnt be giving away. It couldnt simply just be occupied and taken advantage of by the white explorers and settlers and the army certainly. So red cloud became increasingly concerned that the indians were going to have to make some kind of stand and protect what they had come and h coming and he waa warlike person in the sense he had to wage war against other tribes but again that was for survival in food an and food ans family. He was married to a woman named pretty owl that they were married 59 years so he had a family to support, but he saw that coming. He sold this clash an thought tb mentioned the word empire before. There was a growing empire of the east and this empire that red cloud basically had become the head of a cause he was this intelligent and charismatic man and other indians evened the tribes respected him, they feared him that they respected him and he could see they were going to clash against each other. Something interrupted what he saw as i was the civil war. When it broke out in 1861, obviously you couldnt have the kind of presence in the west that you had because everybody was needed back east and that was kind of a hiatus for the indians of the planes because most of the white people were back east killing each other. They just didnt have time to kill and fight the indians because they were killing each other and it was kind of it lasted from 1861 to 1865. And when the civil war ended, suddenly there was a big change because this sense of manifest destiny could go back into full swing and the enormous increase of people started making their way west again and the whole coveting of the great plains and the black hills began all over again and i will turn it back over to bob. During the civil war, gold was being discovered all over the west. Montana, idaho, the front range of colorado and so they started pouring in and in red clouds lifetime i think there were four treaties that were broken. Okay we are going to stop here and sign the treaty. The gold would be discovered and say that treaty didnt count. Heres the new one. And he didnt trust them as far as he could throw. But with this being discovered all over he knew of was inevitable he was going to have to fight. And so, he started attacking the minors and he started attacking the trains on the oregon trail, and in cooperation during this hiatus that tom talked about how he had such a great name in the planes that even though, the warrioranotherwarriors from thed to ride with him they would say we want to ride with you and fight with you. So he had developed kind of this tribal facility that now he was going to use and turn it on, and what he had done that no editor in the en the end had done befoe had coopted others. The cheyenne committee arapahoe, some to some shoshone. The war department, they had worked in florida, they thought the cherokee but they never fought multiple tribes at once. And so red cloud were was a guerrilla war and he would attack and pick off a wagon train here and supply train there and ill trained. So the minors of course and settlers passing through an appeal to washington who started to send the soldiers west. We are going to send our soldiers off to pick off the savages, these prehistoric savages is not going to take long. And red cloud was winning and the more soldiers that came out, the more india and were attracted to his wa glory here d leave them so to speak and he was baffling. The u. S. Army officers couldnt figure out. Here was a man from before red cloud had set up three different attacks on a supply train 200 miles away and on a wagon train. This had never happened before. And he would attack and instead of celebrating as was the American Indian custom, he would attack the next day and the day after that and the warriors would just disappear. It was true guerrilla warfare and we didnt know how to handle it to be sent out more and more soldiers and more and more and o those soldiers were just hard fighting in the civil war where everyones penis had been hacked off an and the dead soldiers or live soldierwerelive soldiers id been tied together and bacon was a staple of the frontier and barrels of bacon hatheperils ofd over them and they were lit on fire. Eyeballs gouged out. I think the credit tom with this it might be the first time u. S. Soldiers were making a pact to kill each other rather than be captured by the indians. Thats how far this warfare was to them. So finally general grant and general sherman said enough is enough. We are going to send out an army to fight red cloud. But red cloud wasnt going to fight the army of the european term forcible terms they wanted. So they set out thousand seven entry. From the movie we think its the calvary. They lear learned how to ride oe fly. That was another advantage they had so in the summer of 1865 alone, 3,000 soldiers came to the west looking for red cloud and he would attack them and they could never find him so in 1866 this hardcharging captain said go find a red cloud, kill him and killed every male over the age of 12. He gets out there and these are savages, prehistoric. I could write for the entire nation and he tried to do that and he took out 81 and 18 and played a trap. That is the beginning of what came to be known as the red clouds more. The war would go on for another two years and there were many veterans sent out to capture while they still remained uncaptured and undead. They dont have such a National Debt during the war. We promise we will keep this one. Just tell us what you want and they have one demand and it was a pretty big demand and he gave it to the washington representatives and so would washington meet his demand or would they not . This was the key to his war and if you want to know what happened you would have to read the book yourself. [laughter] there is one thing that stuck with both of us and its really good stuff. Im just going to end with red cloud became a statesman, an advocate for the Indian Affairs and concerns and issues. One time when he was in washington meeting with government officials, he was asked about all of the things that hadnt come true. Im just going to read you one last quote and end with this but this is what he said. Hes a very intelligent man that came with that sense of humor. Of the white man made me a lot of promises an comments is thaty kept one. They promised to take my land and they took it. Thank you. [applause] if you have any questions we will be happy to answer one. I think that we were instructed that this microphone on either side. And if you want to ask your question and make your way to the microphone, go right ahead. You mentioned a touching the pen. On march 21 we are going to have a new Exhibit Opening cold, im sorri amsorry it just completeld my mind. [laughter] making their mark, story through signatures. When is it that the indians stopped touching the pen and started using pictographs like spotted horse . [inaudible] would you mind coming around to the microphone click most tribes had the count and stretched back to 1600 they would put a pictographs of the event of the year. Maybe it was a famine or a play but i dont think that it was after that they actually start started. No American Indian actually signed those treaties. I actually purchased your book. You were in Denver Colorado a couple months ago with the entire cover and i missed your lecture but i purchased the book at the end of it and i thought that it was a wonderful book. You mentioned the backdrop and the history of the whole nation and i thought that was fabulouss the way that you summarized it and brought together so many pieces. The it was almost a puzzle pieces and it was just such a nice picture so that was a wonderful book. Yes, sir. A question about the 1874 expedition into the black hills. It seems to have struck right at the heart of everything that red cloud had been trying to defend and it almost seems like there was a little or no opposition to that, and of course it started into the black hills and ended in a little big horn. But do you have any insight as to why there was no great battle for the black hills . I can tackle this one. You brought that up for a couple reason. One is a treaty that red cloud signed in 1868 to end the war read it anyway. Its pretty good. The treaty that he signed was still in effect when gold was discovered in the black hills. The miners and prospectors would try to flood into the black hills. For a while, the government made some attempt to keep them out, but they realized they arent going to be able to do that. It was headed by customer who was in the air and there was no battle, no resistance, no opposition going in there. But what was happening is his invasion to to speak of sitting bull and crazy horse two years later the result was little big horn, and the death of custer and his command was with a battle that they didnt participate in. They had already been to washington, and he had seen the very first place they took him when he got to this town it was the navy yard. So when they started pouring into the black hills, they said okay its time to fight him again. He had picked him out as the teenager at 22 or something so they said we have to do it again. They broke another treaty and by this time he had been to washington twice and he knew what was on the other side of the Mississippi River and he said we cant beat these people. Ii am not going to sacrifice my peoples lives which is why they never got involved. The happy winter. I wondered if during your research you had interviewed or talked to any people. You already mentioned spotted tail end of the resources at the university that may have been helpful in your research and i was just curious what those methods were and who do have talked to. We both took trips out west and visited several sites and in the historical societies and i had the pleasure of visiting with members of the red cloud family on the reservation going to be Education Center and still in touch with them i just got a letter from the greatgrandfather of red cloud. Its interesting because in the red cloud family there is no written institutional history because they didnt have a written history at the time these events were taking place. There was no tribal historian writing these things down, so much of what the members of the reservation no today about red cloud who is buried there, and a lot of it has been handed down from generation to generation, and so talking to them was very helpful and it wasnt like they could say i have piles and piles of material to share with you. We both spent time traveling at different sites. In particular crazy horse was the key to the massacre. Crazy horses great, great nephew, three of them they told us the tradition had been passed down and he stopped for a minute and said am i going to a trap, they enraged him and that is not in any official history or journal diary. Why should we not be that crazy horse great grandnephew. The tribal tradition to us was just as important as any. I call this my unfair question. Is there a Central Mission debate club message from the American Government today and especially when dealing with people unlike us. A few months ago posted a counsel of members of the white house and made the announcement that he was going to visit what he called the Indian Country, i think that in the preparation we hope to reach the heart of everything that is because so much of what our relationship is today with the Indian Tribes in this country especially the great plains and the one southwest you can see the roots of that relationship in the story not to get specific about it, but the prime rate reservation is a great grandson who is the tribal head died last year at the age of 93 is in the second poorest county in the United States of all of the counties in the United States. The Unemployment Rate is 80 . The conditions were appalling and that is like ground zero for the way that i dont want to indict just the federal government, but our society has treated the nations for centuries basically to the point where they are in a lot of ways barely hanging on. We dont want to paint everybody with the same brush but it is a very sad situation and to find out how this evolved it goes back to red cloud. Do the stories like yours i dont mean to use the word faith, but fewer feelings about the concept of ownership of real estate and what do you think about this stuff thats going on in washington. Its in the perfectly ideal world that we would all have. They would just laugh. They are giving us coffee and tobacco and blankets. Only the great spirit, but i dont obviously see how else it would work. Ive been a war correspondent and ive been to afghanistan for or five years in iraq. Basically when religion is not involved in are all overwhelmed. So i guess there has to be a concept of Land Ownership unless we are attacked by aliens. If the world came together like they brought the tribes together if the world came together we would need some kind of outside force, so thats probably not the answer that you were looking for but i dont know how else to put it. I havent read your book yet but when you talk about the sioux, you mentioned the seven pirates, but they have been divided by the major divisions that have the seven subgroups which red cloud and also listening to you talk about the revelations in the scalping, it sounded like it was a common practice but it was something that was imposed upon them as well. [inaudible] i dont know what you mean by imposed by them. They were doing this to each other [inaudible] anyway, so the way that you said it it made it sound like we were the only ones doing it. That and then also, its a great that you give credit to red cloud uniting the entire year but there were other native leaders at the time, many of the subdivisions you were right about red cloud this time. [laughter] i want to thank you for getting the effort it took to write the book. I got interested in the book because i read a review about it published in the Indian Country today and in the end. Com and it was published in the huffingtonpost. I thk that hes identified as the head of the american journalism society, Something Like that. Hes a prominent native journalist. So he had a critique of your book about how you didnt interview [inaudible] also the acknowledgments you have. You talk about you worked with people at pine ridge or the red cloud family, but his critique was about how you didnt consult with basically the scholars, historians in the Indian Country who have expertise in the area. Just in the acknowledgments and also speaking from experience, i know most of the Indian Tribes have Historic Preservation processes, and whereas you consulted with the historical societies which are the state entities that are concerned in the Historic Preservation and the Tribal Officers where that expertise is formalized. So basically your boo book is io that scholarly and its not a very is a good story that i would expect the National Archives to get i guess a more scholarly treatment of the subject matter because it matters a great deal to the people you are talking about. Lef with ec two things. One, i read that review. Somebody said you have to read this thing in the huffingtonpost. And i was angry and i went to our editor and i said you cant let these lies if someone is reviewing a book they have the responsibility of reading at first which he didnt do. When he says Something Like how they were not balanced enough without a fight at the massacre and writing about the sand creek massacre . I could open up to that chapter right now thats in the book and the other thing is when you talk about the expertise of the tribal repositories they would have, what is the expertise they would offer to us because they dont have records dating back to 1850. They dont have these records, they have some traditions that we have referred to but again its not like i could go to a Tribal Office. I went to a Tribal Office in the preservation and they do not have a library that says here is our view, heres our position of what happened at this time. There are none. I think they mentioned several historians, and there are some of the university of colorado and the university of minnesota, nebraska, oklahoma, new mexico and arizona. And you didnt really find that expertise reflected in the book and i would have to agree with what his criticism was. Thank you for reading it. That is what he did. The other critique was about the portrayal that you made of the tribal people particularly the sioux. I think there is a context that i saw in your reference to the portrayal there was kind of an idea that it was in retaliation there was this kind of exchange, but maybe you do overemphasize the savagery side of things, but i dont think its fair because i couldn could sit here and teu all about other atrocities by the United States government, which are not reflected as much in the book. [inaudible] i appreciate that. Yes, sir over here. You maam. Thank you for the presentation. Im excited to be here. My nephew in minnesota republican said great, so shes sending me a copy. But i wanted to ask you i read and hear a lot about suffering on the indian reservations and i dont know if this is in there but do you know if the bureau of Indian Affairs, the government are still doing anything about that . I can tell you that there is an office on the reservation and basically they do what they can. Its what kind of budget they have and the other resources they have. One of the things that most people dont realize is when there are things like sequestration and Government Shutdowns the first people heard of the indians because they are dependent on federal services and funding, and when it suddenly stops and is turned off, they literally some families have no food, they have no label for their furnaces. [inaudible] the local police force, the fire department. The first ones to be hit under Something Like the Government Shutdown the bureau of Indian Affairs, not blaming them for anything. Im sure they have people working for them who were very dedicated and tried to do the best they can, but its what budget is allocated to them, and the other part of it, too is how much does the federal government responded to the indian nations, what political power do they have. Thats one of the things that obviously the squeaky wheel gets the grease, and i think if the nations were able to gain more political power and put more pressure, they would probably i like to think its more response in the government. They were giving the worst land and i dont know what to say about it. Its an atrocity that we, our forebears, perpetrated. I dont know what else to say about it. Is the bureau on all of the reservations were just a few clicks i dont know if every reservation has the bureau of Indian Affairs on it. I would think most do, that i cant tell you for sure a definitive answer. On another story i was in arizona and i traveled some in the Bureau Representation that i couldnt cancel for every single reservation. Did you ever hear the line that George Custer said to the bureau, dont do anything until i get back . [laughter] are there any other questions . A story i hope some people will get the chance to look into is beyond the purview of our book, but again, our book is the reason behind it is this whole ongoing battle going on between the black hill tribes and the federal government over the treaty that was broken. There is literally over a billion dollars waiting in a federal escrow account for these tribes to take them in compensation for the black hills being stolen. The impasse is they want the hills back. Its lasted for decades now and its a fascinating story beyond our purview over a billion dollars with a difference that would make. Its a fascinating story, but we sort of dont bring the story allover red cloud is one of the staunch we want overland back and tom mentioned red cloud is a great grandson who just died over this past summer and it will take the Tribal Council one year to elect a new head man so to speak or representative that can speak to washington and it will be interesting to see where the money versus land ends up. Especially if he ends up going to the Indian Country. We really appreciate it. Thank you. [applause] we hope to see you upstairs at the archive books. [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] Rich Benjamin senior fellow at demos and the author of searching for which tobia. This week ararm goudsouzian and his book down to the crossroads civilrights black power i image of the university of memphis professor tells the story of james meredith, the first africanamerican admitted the university of mississippi who was shot upon his return to the state to promote voter registration. The ensuing civil rights battle as merideth recovered profit black Power Movement to the forefront. The program is about an hour